環(huán)境工程學(xué)(第5章PPT課件

1、大氣結(jié)構(gòu)垂直分層大氣結(jié)構(gòu)垂直分層第第1頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè) 第二節(jié) 大氣污染一、大氣污染定義 Air Pollution may be defined as any atmospheric condition in which substances are present at concentrations high enough above their normal ambient levels to produce a measurable effect on man, animals, vegetation, or materials.二、大氣污染物種類n顆粒污染物1.粉塵（dust）2.

2、煙（fume）3.飛灰（flyash）4.黑煙（smoke）5.霧（fog）6.總懸浮微粒（TSP）n氣態(tài)污染物 含硫、氮化合物，COCOx ，CmHn，鹵素經(jīng)合物（表6-2）三、大氣污染物的來(lái)源和發(fā)生量n自然過(guò)程n人類活動(dòng)第第2頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè) Sources of airborne pollution in Asia are many: power generation, industry, traffic, home cooking, and biomass burning第第3頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè)四四. . 空氣污染系統(tǒng)空氣污染系統(tǒng)（Air Pollution Systems）第第4頁(yè)

3、頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè) Emission sourcesAtmosphere Receptors pollutantsmixed and chemical transformation Emission sources Source control Atmosphere Receptors Receptors Humans Animals Plants MaterialsresponseAutomatic controlLegislative action第第5頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè)v Pollutants released directly into the atmosphere in their u

4、nmodified forms and in sufficient quantities to pose a health risk Sources of Primary Air Pollutants五.一次大氣污染物PollutantSourcesCarbon monoxideIncomplete burning of fossil fuels, Tobacco smokeHydrocarbonsIncomplete burning of fossil fuels, Tobacco burningParticulatesChemicals, Burning fossil fuels, Far

5、ming operations, Industrial wastes, Building demolitionSulfur dioxideBurning fossil fuels, Smelting oreNitrogen compoundsBurning fossil fuels第第6頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè)六. 光化學(xué)煙霧:Secondary air pollutants are compounds that results from the interaction of various primary air pollutants.Photochemical smog is a mixture

6、 of pollutants resulting from the interaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons with ultraviolet light.The two most destructive components of photochemical smog are ozone(O3) and peroxyacetylnitrates(PAN，過(guò)氧乙酰硝酸酯)第第7頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè) NO2（微量） NO2 + UV NO2 NO2 NO + O O + O2 O3 O3 + NO NO2 + O2 O3 O3 + HC 醛類及

7、其它氧化物 醛類 復(fù)雜的有機(jī)化合物 刺激眼睛 NO 汽車排氣 HC NO2 太陽(yáng) 紫外光 紫外光 HC + O2 + NO2 + UV O3 + 甲醛 + PAN + 氧化產(chǎn)物 O3 PAN 甲醛、 丙稀醛等 傷害植物 傷害植物 刺激眼睛 刺激眼睛 氧化產(chǎn)物 聚合與核長(zhǎng)大 氣溶膠 光霧 光化學(xué)煙霧形成過(guò)程第第8頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè)光化學(xué)煙霧實(shí)例第第9頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè)Acid Deposition is the accumulation of potential acid-forming particles on a surface.Acids result from natural cause

8、s and from human activities.The acid-forming reactants are classified as wet or dry. 七.酸沉降第第10頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè) Molecules from natural sources, power plants, and internal combustion engines react to produce the chemicals that are the source of acid deposition.第第11頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè)酸雨的危害水的低pH值使得魚(yú)的骨骼畸形生長(zhǎng)，最終導(dǎo)致死亡引起樹(shù)木的大量

9、不正常死亡嚴(yán)重腐蝕建筑物第第12頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè)P(yáng)H5.6 PH7.0 N/A Taiwan Acid rain distribution in 80s PH7.0 PH7.0 PH5.6 PH5.0 PH4.5 PH4.0 Acid rain distribution in middle 90s 中國(guó)酸雨的分布變化第第13頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè)我國(guó)酸雨的化學(xué)特征第第14頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè) 第三節(jié) 大氣質(zhì)量控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一、大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)n大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（GB3095-82）I.一級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)II.二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)III.三級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)n大氣質(zhì)量分類 - 功能分區(qū)I.一類-執(zhí)行一級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)II.二類-執(zhí)行二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)III.三類-執(zhí)行三級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)二、空氣污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按污染擴(kuò)散規(guī)律推算排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)K值法計(jì)算排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Q = K*10-3H2（m3/h） K：地區(qū)系數(shù) H = Hs + H Hs：煙囪實(shí)際高度； H：煙柳抬升高度總量控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第第15頁(yè)頁(yè)/共共17頁(yè)頁(yè) 第四節(jié) 大氣污染控制的基本方法一、大氣污染控制的含義1.從立法角度，用法律來(lái)限制或禁止污染物的擴(kuò)散。2.控