定語從句Word-文檔

1、定語從句word-文檔語法專題：定語從句基本概念：定語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中像形容詞一樣起修飾或限定作用的句子。eg: students who are interested in english may attend the lecture. 先行詞：被定語從句修飾的是先行詞。先行詞可以是一個詞、短語、或是整個句子。 john passed the exam, which made his parents happy.students who are interested in english may attend the lecture.關(guān)系詞： 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞是關(guān)系詞。分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系

2、副詞。定語從句的種類： 1. 限制性定語從句：通常與主句緊密相連，譯為“的”如果去掉整個句子所表達(dá)的意思就不完整了。eg: this is the book that i want to read. 2. 非限制性定語從句：在結(jié)構(gòu)上通常與主句用逗號隔開，如果去掉的話不影響主句的意思。eg: the book, whose cover is very beautiful, belongs to him.關(guān)系詞的作用：1. 引導(dǎo)定語從句，連接主從句。 2. 指代先行詞。 3. 在定語從句中充當(dāng)成分。 關(guān)系代詞：主、賓、表、定。 關(guān)系副詞：狀關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例 句備 注關(guān)系代 詞who人主、賓d

3、o you know the man who is talking with your mother?the boy (who) you are taking care of is my brother.who，whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時，常可以省略，但介詞提前時后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that，whowhose + n. = the + n. of whom =of whom the n.如指物用whicheg: i saw a tree whose leaves were black. i sat next to a girl whose name was m

4、arry.whom人賓語mr. smith is the person with whom i am workingthe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人或物定語（的）i like those books whose topics are about history.the boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate. that人或物主，賓，表（不用于非限和介詞后）a plane is a machine that can fly.she is the pop star (that) i w

5、ant to see very much.which物主，賓，表the book (which) i gave you was worth $10.the picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人或物主，賓he is such a person as is respected by all of us.this is the same pen as i lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略，常用于the same as, such as, as as, soas 結(jié)構(gòu)中關(guān)系副 詞when時間時間狀語i will

6、never forget the day when we met there.可用prep. + whichwhere地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語this is the house where i was born.可用prep.+ whichwhy原因原因狀語i cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which考點(diǎn)解析： 只能用that做關(guān)系詞的情況：(1) 限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞被強(qiáng)調(diào)，如被any, every, each, few, little, no, some, the only, the very等修飾。eg: h

7、e is the only man that i want to see.(2) 先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything, everything時； he told me everything that he knows.(3) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級所修飾抑或先行詞本身就是形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞時。eg: this is the most interesting book that i have read. this is the first book that he has read.(4) 先行詞既有

8、人又有物時。eg: we talked about the persons and things that we remembered. (5) 當(dāng)句中已有who, which時，為避免重復(fù). eg： who is the man that is making a speech? （6）先行詞在主句中作表語，關(guān)系詞在從句中作表語時。eg: marry is no longer the girl that she used to be. 只能用which做關(guān)系詞的情況：(1) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指前面的某事物或前面的整個主句并在句中做主、賓語時。eg: he had failed in th

9、e exam, which made his father angry. (2) 在介詞后面，用which指代事物。 this is the room in which my father lived last year. (3) 當(dāng)先行詞本身是that 時。eg: what is that which is flying in the sky?由as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的幾種常見情況： (1) as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，說明整個主句的內(nèi)容，和which引導(dǎo)定語從句代替整個句子的區(qū)別是：which不能放在句首，而as則可以在句首、句中，as有“正如”、“就象”之意，而which則沒有此意。eg: t

10、hey won the game, as we had expected.they won the game, which we hadnt expected.as is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. (2）當(dāng)先行詞前有the same，such修飾時，或在 “so / asas”結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“那樣以致”，后用關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。eg: he is not such a fool as he looks.dont read such books as you cant understand. (3) 在such

11、as結(jié)構(gòu)中，as為關(guān)系代詞，替代先行詞，引導(dǎo)的是定語從句；在suchthat結(jié)構(gòu)中，that為連詞，引導(dǎo)的是一個完整的結(jié)果狀語從句。eg: thats the same tool as i used last week.（同類工具，不是同一把）thats the same tool that i used last week. (同一把) 定語從句中的主謂一致：(1) 關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由先行詞決定。eg: the man who lives downstairs speaks english fluently. the students who are in gra

12、de 3 are going to climb the hill tomorrow. (2）當(dāng)先行詞為one of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，定從的謂動用復(fù)數(shù)動詞； 當(dāng)先行詞為the (only)one of the +復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，定從的謂動用單數(shù)動詞。 eg: he is the only one of the students that is never late .他是學(xué)生中唯一從不遲到的學(xué)生。 he is one of the students that are never late .他是從不遲到的學(xué)生之一。 關(guān)系副詞相關(guān)考點(diǎn)：(1) 當(dāng)先行詞為situation,

13、case, point, job, condition等表示情況、方面的模糊化、抽象化的地方并且從句中缺少狀語時，常用where引導(dǎo)定從。eg:can you think of a situation where we can use this word correctly?after graduation she reached a point in her career where she needed decide what to do.(2) the way 做定語從句的先行詞時，如果定從中少狀語，用that、in which或×來引導(dǎo)定語從句。如果少賓語用that 、whi

14、ch 或×。如少主語用that 、which。 eg: i do not like the way that / in which / × he spoke to me. the way (that / which )he told us is useful.關(guān)系副詞= 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞(prep. + which/whom)： we could expect good decisions from you. we thought you were such a person.=we thought you were a person from whom we could

15、 expect good decisions. . you were to buy dog food with the money. the money is gone. =the money with which you were to buy dog food is gone.how to choose the right prepositions examples: 1. he will never forget the day on which he failed in the exam2. this is the hero of whom we are proud. he is th

16、e man on whom i think you can depend 3. air, without which man cant live, is really importantconclusion：1、_.he will never forget the day _ which he failed in the exam.now the internet is a popular channel (渠道）_ the public voice their opinions and show their strength.a. at which b. at that c. through

17、 which d. through that2、_. this is the hero _ whom we are proud he is the man _ whom i think you can depend 1).is this the book _ _ you spent 10 yuan 2). is this the book _ _ you paid 10 yuan3). he gave me some reference books _ _ i am not very familiar. 3. _.air, _ which man cant live, is really im

18、portantmr. tom is the boss of us, _ _ i am working. 1. 1949 was the year _ which the was founded.2. it is a famous school _ which he graduated 3 years ago.3. that was the pen _ which he wrote the letter. 4. do you remember the day _ which we met the first time?5. the sun gives us heat and light, _ w

19、hich we cant live.注意：在短語動詞中介詞不能提前,如：look for, look after, take care of等 i saw the watch which you are looking for the old man whom i am looking after is better .基本結(jié)構(gòu)的拓展 1. 名詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞 this is the teacher whose daughter is a famous doctor. =this is the teacher _ is a famous doctor.recently i bought an

20、 ancient chinese vase（花瓶）, _ was very reasonable（合理的）. a. which price b. the price of which c. its price d. the price of whose 2. 數(shù)詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞(含基數(shù)詞，序數(shù)詞，分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)） we have three foreign teachers, _are from canada. (其中的兩個） the factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad

21、. a. of which b. which of c. of them d. of that 3. 代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞（代詞有all, both, none, neither, either, some, any等） the old woman has two sons, _ are teachers.（兩個都是） last week, two persons came to see the house, _wanted to buy it.a. both of they b. both of whom c. both of them d. all of whom 4. 形容詞最高級/比較

22、級+介詞+關(guān)系代詞 china has thousands of islands, _ is taiwan island.（其中最大的） there are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high. a. the larger b. the larger of them c. the larger one that d. the larger of which 5. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞+名詞 he spent four years in college, _ he studied medicine.（在那段時間內(nèi)） 6. 復(fù)雜介詞+關(guān)系

23、代詞 常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜介詞有：as a result of, at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front of, in case of, on account of等。eg：we got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.解題基本步驟：1.判斷是否為定語從句；2.找出從句中所缺成分(主語、賓語、定語、表語、狀語)從而判斷是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞；3.找出先行詞(看是人、物或者是其他狀語)注：缺主語：從句中謂語動詞前沒有主語。 缺賓語：1.從句中

24、謂語動詞為及物動詞，后無賓語時；2.從句中介詞后無賓語；3.從句中謂語動詞為后可跟雙賓語的動詞 缺表語：從句中系動詞后無表語時； 缺定語：從句中的主語與先行詞表所屬關(guān)系時； 缺狀語： 1.被動語態(tài)中；2.主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的句子里；3.謂語動詞為不及物動詞的句子里。既缺先行詞，又缺引導(dǎo)詞的情況，如：1)isthisfactory_wevisitedlastyear?2)isthisthefactory_wevisitedlastyear?a.thatb.whichc.theone解析：此類題目我們應(yīng)先將其變?yōu)殛愂鼍洹?)變后為：thisfactoryis_wevisitedlastyear。再有其漢語

25、意思“這個工廠是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那一個”?？芍?)中缺少先行詞，答案中只有項theone這個代詞可以充當(dāng)。故1)答案 c。2)變?yōu)殛愂鼍浜鬄椋簍hisisthefactory_wevisitedlastyear。由此可知此句缺少引導(dǎo)詞。切先行詞在從句中作賓語，因此答案為a或b。選擇引導(dǎo)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞是學(xué)習(xí)定語從句的難點(diǎn)。巧用以下口決，可化難為易。一看指人還是物，二看介詞在何處；三看句中作何用，四看否屬特殊。定語從句t一、考點(diǎn)聚焦 1、功能：相當(dāng)于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語2、位置：定語從句置于被修飾詞之后those who are willing to attend the part

26、y, sign here please.3、先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞（1）先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞，如:some-, any-, every-和no與-boy, -thing的合成詞；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代詞。數(shù)詞也可以作先行詞，人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。（2）先行詞與關(guān)系詞是等量關(guān)系。必須注意兩點(diǎn)：先行詞在從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的數(shù)由先行詞而定。this is the place which is worth visiting.關(guān)系詞在從句句子中充當(dāng)了成分，其意思就是先行詞的意義，所以在從句中不能重復(fù)其意。there are man

27、y places we can visit（them）in china.4、關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的都稱關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why。that偶爾也作關(guān)系副詞。5、確定關(guān)系詞的步驟（1）先找關(guān)系詞，看先行詞指的是什么。（2）看關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧?、在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時，下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用that而不用which（1）先行詞被形容詞最高級 序數(shù)詞 數(shù)詞幾種詞修飾或被 only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修飾時。（2）先行詞為all、much、litt

28、le、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代詞時。（3）先行詞中既有人又有物時。he was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.（4）先行詞在主句中作表語關(guān)系詞在從句中作表語時。the village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.（5）當(dāng)主句中含有疑問詞which時。which are the books that you bought for me 7、宜用which而不用that的情況（1）在非限制性定語從

29、句中（2）在關(guān)系詞前有介詞時（3）當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時（4）當(dāng)關(guān)系詞離先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時8、關(guān)系詞who與that指人時，也有不同情況分別用不同的關(guān)系詞（1）當(dāng)主句是there be句型時，關(guān)系詞用who。（2）先行詞是為anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等詞時，關(guān)系詞用who。（3）當(dāng)主句是who作疑問詞時，關(guān)系詞用that。who is that girl that is standing by the window?（4）whom在從句中只作賓語，可被who取代。9、whose作關(guān)系詞既指人又指物，在從句中作定語。如：do you know whose st

30、ory is very moving there is a room, whose window faces the river.there is a room, the window of which faces the river.10、關(guān)系代詞as,在從句中作主語、賓語和表語。（1）先行詞被such和the same修飾，或句型as many（much）中，從句都用as 引導(dǎo)。such books as you bought are useful.the school is just the same as it was 10 years age.注意：區(qū)別such that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果

31、狀語從句。they are suchlovely children that we love them much.the same that 引導(dǎo)定語從句。i want to use the same tool that you used just now.（2）無先行詞的定語從句用as和which引導(dǎo)。區(qū)別：意義上：as 含有“這點(diǎn)正如一樣”。位置上：as 從句可置句首，也可在另處。he didnt pass the exam, as we had expected.there is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out

32、.as is known, the earth is round, not flat.11、關(guān)系副詞when與where、why、thatwhen 指時間 = in / at / on / during whichwhere指地點(diǎn) = in / at / from / whichwhy指原因 = for which當(dāng)先行詞為way、day、reason、time時，可用that作關(guān)系副詞。（非正式場合）i dont like the way that / in which / he talks.當(dāng)time作先行詞時，關(guān)系詞可以省掉。this is the first time i have g

33、iven you a lesson in french.12、必須注意的問題（1）關(guān)系詞作主語時，從句中謂語的數(shù)。（2）注意區(qū)別定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句。定語從句中關(guān)系詞作從句成分，復(fù)合句。強(qiáng)調(diào)it無意義，that / who不是引導(dǎo)詞。強(qiáng)調(diào)it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思講得通則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，講不通則不是。it is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定語從句)it was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）（3）定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。定語從句引導(dǎo)詞被稱為關(guān)系詞

34、，that充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語。有時可省略。同位語從句引導(dǎo)詞被叫做連詞，that不能充當(dāng)任何成分，不可省。word came that their army was defeated.(同位語)we expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定語)（4）關(guān)系詞在從句中省略的情況。關(guān)系詞作賓語，前無介詞時。關(guān)系詞作表語。（5）限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的翻譯。（6）關(guān)系詞前有介詞或復(fù)雜介詞，關(guān)系詞只能是which和whom。（7）幾個特殊的定語從句句型：he is the only one of the students

35、who has got very good marks in the match.（句中one為先行詞）he is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students為先行詞）is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday he stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.

36、it may rain, in which case the match will be put off.'二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. the film brought the hours back to me _ i was taken good care of in that faraway village.（nmet 2001） 解析：答案為c。本題考查分隔定語從句的關(guān)系詞的選擇。作好本題的關(guān)鍵是要能辨認(rèn)出該定語從句的先行詞the hours和關(guān)系詞被介詞短語to me所分隔。定語從句的先行詞是表時間的名詞hours, 并且關(guān)系詞在從句中用作狀語，故應(yīng)選擇表示時間的關(guān)系副詞wh

37、en。2. _ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.(nmet 2001) 解析：答案為b。本題考查as引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句。as作“正如”解時，引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句來修飾整個句子。當(dāng)as在從句中作主語時，常用于下列短語：as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced等。要注意掌握作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法。3. after living in pairs for fifty years he returned to t

38、he small town _ he grew up as a child.(nmet 1996) 解析：答案為b。本題考查限制性定語從句中關(guān)系詞的選擇。定語從句的先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞短語the small town, 且關(guān)系詞不作定語從句中的主語和賓語而作地點(diǎn)狀語，因此定語從句必須用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。要注意分清先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，然后選擇適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞。 english play my students acted at the new years party was a great success.a. for which b. at which c. in which d.

39、on which解析：答案為c。考定語從句。主句部分應(yīng)是the english play at the new years party was a great success.從句補(bǔ)全為獨(dú)立句子應(yīng)是my students acted in the play。所以應(yīng)選in which，其余介詞不妥。 were dirty marks on her trousers she had wiped her hands.a. where b. which c. when d. that解析：答案為a。本題考地點(diǎn)狀語從句，用where引導(dǎo)。句意是“她的褲子上她擦過手的地方有臟痕”。此處不能用時間狀語從句，

40、排除c，本題易被誤認(rèn)為考定語從句，意為“在她擦過手的褲子上有臟痕”。定語從句修飾trousers，也只能用where。b和d可引導(dǎo)定語從句，但只作主、賓等成分。定語從句缺少狀語，不缺主語、賓語，故不可用。 journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, the sailing time was 226 days.a. of which b. during which c. from which d. for which解析：答案為a。本題考定語從句，關(guān)系代詞which指代the journey，定語從句恢復(fù)為獨(dú)立句子應(yīng)是：th

41、e sailing time of the journey was 226 days,故選of which。1. dont talk about such things of _ you are not sure. a. which b. what c. as d. those 2. is this the factory _ you visited the other day a. that b. where c. in which d. the one 3. is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last friday a. that

42、 b. where c. which d. the one 4. is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago a. that b. where c. which d. the one 5. the wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. a. that b. where c. in which d. in that 6. the freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. a. at which b.

43、 on that c. in which d. of what 7. this book will show you _ can be used in other contexts. a. how you have observed b. what you have observed c. that you have observed d. how that you have observed 8. the reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. a. because b. why c. that d. whether 9. ill t

44、ell you _ he told me last week. a. all which b. that c. all that d. which 10. that tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. a. whose b. of which c. in which d. on which 11. i have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. a. as b. that c. which d. what 12. he failed in the examination, _ made hi

45、s father very angry. a. which b. it c. that d. what 13. were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night. a. which b. whom c. who d. that 14. the girl _ an english song in the next room is toms sister. a. who is singing b. is singing c. sang d. was singing 15

46、. those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. a. learn b. who c. that learns d. who learn 16. anyone _ this opinion may speak out. a. that againsts b. that against c. who is against d. who are against 17. didnt you see the man _ a. i nodded just now b. whom i nodded just now

47、c. i nodded to him just now d. i nodded to just now 18. can you lend me the novel _ the other day a. that you talked b. you talked about it c. which you talked with d. you talked about 19. is there anything _ to you a. that is belonged b. that belongs c. that belong d. which belongs 20. - “how do yo

48、u like the book” - “its quite different from _ i read last month.” a. that b. which c. the one d. the one what 21. mr. zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them. a. the ones b. ones c. some d. the others 22. the train _ she was travelling was late. a. which b. whe

49、re c. on which d. in that 23. he has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept. a. where b. in which c. under which d. which 24. antarctic _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. a. which b. where c. that d. about which 25. its the third time _ late this month. a.

50、that you arrived b. when you arrived c. that youve arrived d. when youve arrived 26. it was in 1969 _ the american astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon. a. that b. which c. when d. in which 27. may the fourth is the day _ we chinese people will never forget. a. which b. when c. on which d. abo

51、ut which 28. we are going to spend the spring festival in guangzhou, _ live my grandparents and some relatives. a. which b. that who where 29. the hotel _ during our holidays stands by the seaside. a. we stayed at where we stayed at c. we stayed in that we stayed 30. is it in that factory _ “red flag” cars are produced?a. in which where which d. that 31. it is the suez canal _ separates asia _ africa.a. which, to b. where, from c. that, fro