阿根廷頁(yè)巖氣提供給我們的水源管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)及注意事項(xiàng)

1、阿根廷頁(yè)巖氣提供給我們的水源管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)及注意事項(xiàng)原文：jpt2015-12 page89-90water management: lessons learned andconsiderations for a shale play in argentina摘要：recently, exploration and development of shale plays in argentina, suchas the vacamuerta, have begun. to achieve commercial production, this typeof reservoir must be stim

2、ulated by hydraulic fracturing using large volumes ofwater. this paper discusses aspects of water logistics necessary during thewell-completion phase, fracture-treatment designs applied in vacamuerta,and laboratory studies performed on flowback and produced water to helpevaluate the potential for wa

3、ter reuse.近期阿根廷已經(jīng)在vacamuerta等地開始勘探和開發(fā)頁(yè)巖氣。這種類型的儲(chǔ)層想要實(shí)現(xiàn)商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，必須使用大量的水進(jìn)行水力壓裂。本文從基本方面論述丫完井階段的水物流、應(yīng)用于vacamuerta的壓裂處理設(shè)計(jì)。同時(shí)介紹了壓裂返排液和產(chǎn)出水實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究，可幫助評(píng)估水的循環(huán)使用額潛力。introduction介紹well stimulation using hydraulic fracturing has been used widely forproducing oil and gas reservoirs in argentina since the 1960s. thissti

4、mulation technique has been applied in the five hydrocarbonproducing basins shown in fig. 1, as well as in a variety of formations and types ofreservoirs, such as conventional, tight, and, more recently, shale. themajority of shale exploration and development has been in the vacamuertaformation, but

5、 work has also been assessed in other formations, such as losmolles, cacheuta, d-129, and agrio. experience gained related to watermanagement in these shale plays during the completion of more than 40 wells（more than 200 hydraulic fractures） by different operators is presented inthe paper. furthermo

6、re, laboratory studies were conducted on treated anduntreated flowback water, and assessment of its use as fracturing-fluid wateris presented.自60年代起，水力壓裂增產(chǎn)措施己廣泛應(yīng)用于阿根廷的石汕與天然氣生產(chǎn)。這種增產(chǎn)技術(shù)己經(jīng)應(yīng)用于五個(gè)產(chǎn)油氣盆地（圖1所示），適用于多種儲(chǔ)層和油藏類型，例如傳統(tǒng)的輕質(zhì)油以及近期的頁(yè)巖氣。大多數(shù)的頁(yè)巖氣勘探和幵發(fā)都在vacamuerta氣藏，但在其他區(qū)塊也在進(jìn)行評(píng)估，如 los molles、cacheuta、d-129和a

7、grio。本文提出了頁(yè)巖氣藏水資源管理的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)源于不同運(yùn)營(yíng)商的40多口井（200多個(gè)水力壓裂裂縫）的完井階段。此外，實(shí)驗(yàn)室研宄對(duì)處理和未經(jīng)處理的返排水做了了分析,評(píng)估其作為壓裂液的可行性。water sources and stimulation水資源和增產(chǎn)措施given the economic potential of the vacamuertaplay, the focus lies onthis reservoir. the primary sources of water in the neuquen basin used to develop these hydroca

8、rbon resources are rivers (neuquen, limay, andcolorado), lakes, reservoirs (cerro colorado and pellegrini) z or groundwatersources, such as wells with low salinity. these types of wells for water supplyneed a permit from the regulatory authority, and produced water is notsuitable for human consumpti

9、on or?farming.鑒于 vacamuerta氣藏其遠(yuǎn)景區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)潛力，重點(diǎn)開發(fā)的區(qū)域在此處。開發(fā) neuqudn盆地汕氣最初所用的水源主要來(lái)自河流(neuqudn、umay、colorado),湖泊、水庫(kù)(cerro colorado 和 pellegrini)和地下水(如低鹽度井水)。這些類型的供水井需要相關(guān)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的許可證，生產(chǎn)出的水不適合人類食用或農(nóng)業(yè)使用。types of systems. the following systems used fresh water andcontained chemical additives to perform variousfuncti

10、ons:系統(tǒng)的類型。以下系統(tǒng)通過(guò)在淡水中加入不冋化學(xué)添加劑來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)各種功能：? swcontained a friction reducer and friction-reducer breaker? sw包含減阻劑和減阻劑解聚劑? lgcontained a gelling agent, buffer, and breaker? lg包含膠凝劑、緩沖劑和解聚劑? xlconsisted of a buffer, gelling agent, crosslinker, and breaker? xl包含緩沖劑、膠凝劑、交聯(lián)劑和解聚劑additionally, each of the fluid

11、systems also typically contained a biocide,clay inhibitors, and surfactant additives.此外，每個(gè)流體系統(tǒng)通常還會(huì)含有抗微生物劑、粘土抑制劑和表面活性劑添加劑。types of treatment. the most common hydraulic-fracturing treatmentsperformed in different plays in argentina were hybrid fracturing designs. thegreatest volumes of water by stage

12、correspond to reservoirs of gas and wetgas in hybrid treatment designs for both sw/lg (los molles) and sw/lg/xl(vaca?muerta).處理的類型。在阿根廷不同的油氣田中，混合壓裂設(shè)計(jì)是水力壓裂處理的類型屮最常見(jiàn)的。最大水量階段對(duì)應(yīng)于干氣藏和濕氣藏長(zhǎng)混合處理設(shè)計(jì) sw/lg (los molles)和 sw/lg/xl (vaca?muerta)oa statistical analysis regarding the type of hydraulic fracture inva

13、camuerta was performed for six fields, a, b, c, d, e, and f. thirteen wellsand more than 65 hydraulic fractures were analyzed. in general, averagewater volume per stage varied according to the fluid reservoir; for oil wells,the average water volume was 1300 m3; it was 1850 m3 for wetgas and 2180m3 f

14、or gas wells. the fracturing treatments were primarily hybrid sw/xl,although some cases used sw/lg/xl.lg was commonly used as a contingency in the transition from sw to xlnormally, the completion of a vacamuerta well involved a total water volumeof approximately 6500 m3 for vertical wells and approx

15、imately 14 500 m3 for horizontal wells.統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表明，在vacamuerta的水力壓裂裂縫的類型分六種：a、b、c、d、e和f。13 口井和65多條水力壓裂裂縫被用于分析。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，每級(jí)壓裂的平均水量是根據(jù)儲(chǔ)層流體的不同而不同的，對(duì)于油井來(lái)說(shuō)，平均水量為1300立方米，對(duì)于濕氣井是1850立方米而干然氣井則是2180立方米。壓裂處理主要是先混合sw / xl系統(tǒng),盡管某些情況下使用sw / lg /xl系統(tǒng)。lg系統(tǒng)通常是作為一個(gè)從sw轉(zhuǎn)為到xl系統(tǒng)時(shí)的應(yīng)急過(guò)渡。通常，完成一口 vacamuerta直井涉及的總水量約有6500立方米，水平井約有14500立

16、方米。logistics水物流during the past 5 years, there has been substantial progress related towater management and logistics for sustainable development of argentina'sshale plays. a variety of water-storage systems and methods for transferringwater have been used in the neuquen basin, primarily in the v

17、acamuerta.在過(guò)去的五年里，為丫阿根廷頁(yè)巖氣的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，水資源管理和物 流能力己經(jīng)有了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)步。各種各樣的儲(chǔ)水系統(tǒng)和輸水方法用于neuqu en盆地主要在vacamuerta貞巖氣。currently, the most common storage systems used are mobile fracturetanks and circular tanks. pit usage is restricted for environmental reasons.目前最常用的存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)是移動(dòng)壓裂罐和圓形水罐。由于環(huán)境原因水池 的使用受到限制。first vertical well第一

18、個(gè)垂直井the completion of the first well in vacamuerta consisted of fourhydraulicfracture stages, requiring of 7600 m3 of water. alternatives wereevaluated for the logistics and water management, and it was decided toinstall a transfer system through pipes and a water-storage location close tothe well t

19、o be stimulated. awater well (groundwater with low salinity) in the same field was usedfor source water. a circular tank for water storage was located in the vicinity.the operator performed the laying of 4-in. pipe from the water well to thewater storage location, where two circular tanks were insta

20、lled.在vacamuerta的第一口井的完井的設(shè)計(jì)由四級(jí)水力壓裂組成，需用水7600立方米。在評(píng)估水物流及管理方案后，決定通過(guò)管道和儲(chǔ)水器在措施井的附近位置建立一個(gè)傳輸系統(tǒng)。水井（低鹽度地下水）打在同一個(gè)區(qū)域用于取水。一個(gè)圓形水罐也被置于附近。操作員執(zhí)行4的鋪設(shè)。管道連接 水井至儲(chǔ)水器所在的位置，那里安裝y兩個(gè)圓形的儲(chǔ)罐vertical and horizontal well直井和水平井the second vertical well in vacamuerta consisted of fourhydraulic-fracture stages, requiring 8000 m3 of

21、 water. for the stimulation ofthis well, it was decided to drill a new water well close to the wellsite and apply the same water-management strategy.在vacamuerta的第二口直井同樣設(shè)計(jì)了四級(jí)水力壓裂，需8000立方米的水。為了完成該井的壓裂措施，設(shè)計(jì)者決定在井場(chǎng)附近新鉆水井，并且采用同第一口井相同的水管理方案。the first horizontal-well completion consisted of six fracture sta

22、ges,consuming 13 000 m3 of water. part of the infrastructure built for thevertical well was used for the horizontal well. because of the amount ofwater needed, a new circular tank with greater capacity was required.第一個(gè)水平井的完井由六級(jí)壓裂組成，消耗13000立方米水。為直井建造的部分基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施用于該水平井。由于用水量大，必須增加一個(gè)容量更大的新圓形水罐。laboratory st

23、udies evaluated different alternatives for the use ofnontraditional waters as fracturing fluids. the tests?included實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究評(píng)估了對(duì)使用非傳統(tǒng)水作為壓裂液的不同方案。測(cè)試包括:? detailed water (physical/chemical) analysis?詳細(xì)的水(物理/化學(xué))分析? clay-swelling and -inhibition testing?粘土膨脹和抑制測(cè)試? evaluation and development of xl fluids prop

24、pant-transport capacity? xl液體運(yùn)輸支撐劑能力的評(píng)估和改進(jìn)? damage by gel residue and total suspended solids (tss)?凝膠殘?jiān)涂倯腋∥?tss)的傷害? use and reuse of flowback,produced, and treated water?返排液、生產(chǎn)水和處理過(guò)的水的使用和再利用physical/chemical analysis.flowback and produced water have similarcharacteristics, which differentiate them

25、 from fresh water. in general, thesewaters have higher values of specific gravity, lower ph values, higher levels oftotal dissolved solids (tds) and tss, and significant ca, mg, na? k, fez b? andba?concentrations.物理/化學(xué)分析。返排液和生產(chǎn)水有著可與淡水區(qū)分的相似特征。一般 來(lái)說(shuō)，這些水體比重大、ph低、總?cè)芙夤腆w(tds)和總懸浮物含量高,鈣、鎂、鈉、鐘、鐵、鋇濃度明顯較高。act

26、ion as clay inhibitor. during the exploration phase of thevacamuerta, a routine capillary-suction-time test was performed for each wellin a new field; the intention was to understand the degree of water sensitivityand select the best clay stabilizer and concentration.粘土抑制劑測(cè)試。在vacamuerta的勘探階段，要為新區(qū)的每一

27、口井執(zhí)行例行得毛細(xì)管吸收時(shí)間測(cè)試，其0的是了解儲(chǔ)層的水敏程度以優(yōu)選粘土穩(wěn)定劑的種類和濃度。the following clay stabilizers have been tested and used in these fields:以下粘土穩(wěn)定劑己經(jīng)經(jīng)過(guò)測(cè)試并應(yīng)用于這些油田:? quaternary ammonium salt (liquid)季銨鹽(液體)? inorganic salt, kci (solid)? new ultralow-molecular-weight cationic organic polymer recentlyapplied toreplace the qu

28、aternary ammonium salts?新超低分子量陽(yáng)離子有機(jī)聚合物的應(yīng)用近期取代了季銨鹽fracturing fluid. referring to the xl fluid tests performed, the base fluidused was fresh water and the system used guar/borate. the pumping oflarge volumes of sw or linear gel before an xl gel has a cooling effect, whichmakes the xl systems subject t

29、o background temperatures of approximately120°f and spacing of approximately 30 to 45 minutes.壓裂液測(cè)試。指的是xl流體測(cè)試，基液使用淡水和瓜爾豆/硼酸系統(tǒng)。在xl凝膠產(chǎn)生冷卻效果前，注入大量的sw或線狀凝膠，使xl系統(tǒng)維持在大約120° f的溫度條件和約30到45分鐘間距。blend of water (flowback untreated) . the first test performed usedthe normal fracturing fluid (guar/bora

30、te) with a mixture of waters. theresults were not satisfactory because of gel-hydration and -crosslinkingproblems that resulted in unstable fluids at surface and bottomhole conditions.moreover, increasing the ph of the system generated filaments, flocculants,and precipitates, although borate systems

31、 usually work in high ph.混合的水(未經(jīng)處理的返排液)。第一個(gè)測(cè)試使用常用的壓裂液(瓜爾膠/硼酸)與水的混合物。測(cè)試結(jié)果并不令人滿意，因?yàn)槟z水合物和交聯(lián)的問(wèn)題造成不穩(wěn)定的液體表面和井底條件。此外，盡管硼酸系統(tǒng)通常在 高ph值條件下工作，增加混合物系統(tǒng)的ph值產(chǎn)生絲狀物、絮凝劑和沉淀。treated water (flowback) . the previously obtained results led to thedecision to evaluate the fluid with 100% treated flowback water. slightchang

32、es in ph adjustment and concentration of the crosslinker were made tothe fluid.處理的水(返排液)。根據(jù)前面得到的結(jié)果，決定評(píng)估以100%處理后 的排液水組成的流體，對(duì)流體進(jìn)行輕微的ph值調(diào)整和交聯(lián)劑的濃度的改變。a reduced viscosity profile was observed between the fluids formulatedwith blends of water and those formulated with 100% treated flowback water.在混合水和那些使用

33、100%的處理過(guò)的返排水的配方之間觀察到粘度 降低。proppant-transport capacity. two types of tests were conducted to analyze transport capacity. the first was a conditional static (settling) test,and the second was under dynamic conditions with a slurry viscometer. thesettling test revealed that, overall, the guar/ borate s

34、ystem currently used inoperations in the vacamuerta lost its carrying capacity after the first 2 hours.the slurryviscometer test indicated that lowpolymer fluid formulations using100% nontraditional treated water demonstrated good proppant-transportcapacity, despite having low viscosity values.支撐劑運(yùn)輸

35、能力。進(jìn)行了兩種類型的測(cè)試分析運(yùn)輸能力。首先是一個(gè)靜態(tài)條件測(cè)試(沉降)，第二個(gè)是在動(dòng)態(tài)條件下泥漿粘度計(jì)。沉降測(cè)試顯示，總體而吉vacamuerta目前實(shí)際使用的瓜爾膠/硼酸系統(tǒng)兩小時(shí)后失去 承載能力。懸浮液粘度測(cè)試表明，使用100%非傳統(tǒng)處理水的低分子配方 液盡管粘度值低，但具有良好支撐劑運(yùn)輸能力。conclusions結(jié)論in general, hybrid fracturing-treatment designs dominate the fluid typesused in argentina s shale plays. the waterstorage systems that ha

36、ve beenprimarily used are mobile fracturing storage and circular tanks, which areusually at the wellsite being stimulated. most water is delivered by transporttrucks. an integrated water-management plan was developed to supportwell completions in vacamuerta using sources of water close to the wellsi

37、te,pipeline transfer systems, and a storage system. for a large scaledevelopment, an integrated water management plan must be implemented,taking into account rivers, lakes, water wells, and synergies with otherregional operators. nontraditional water sources analyzed(flowback/produced) for the vacamuerta revealed substantial tds and tssand signific