《中國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易》(漢英對(duì)照白皮書)要點(diǎn)

1、中國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易China s Foreign Trade中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室Information Office of the State CouncilThe People s Republic of China2011 年 12 月 北京December 2011, Beijing目錄Contents前言Foreword一、中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的歷史性進(jìn)步I. Historic Progress in China s Foreign Trade二、中國(guó)外貿(mào)體制的改革與完善II. Reform of and Improvements to China s Foreign Trade Sys

2、tem三、中國(guó)外貿(mào)發(fā)展對(duì)世界的貢獻(xiàn)III. The Development of China s Foreign Trade Contributes to the World Economy四、促進(jìn)對(duì)外貿(mào)易基本平衡增長(zhǎng)IV. Promoting Basically Balanced Growth of Foreign Trade五、構(gòu)建全方位互利合作經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系V. Constructing All-round Economic and Trade Partnerships with Mutually Beneficial Cooperation六、實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的可持續(xù)發(fā)展VI. Realizin

3、g Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade結(jié)束語Conclusion前言Foreword和平、發(fā)展、合作是當(dāng)今世界潮流。改革開放以來，中國(guó)順應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化趨勢(shì)，不斷擴(kuò)大對(duì)外開放， 在平等互利的基礎(chǔ)上積極同世界各國(guó)開展經(jīng)貿(mào)合作。 經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展， 對(duì)外貿(mào)易 成為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)最為活躍、 增長(zhǎng)最快的部分之一， 中國(guó)也成為躋身世界前列的貿(mào)易大國(guó)。 中國(guó) 對(duì)外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展， 將中國(guó)與世界更加緊密地聯(lián)系起來， 有力推動(dòng)了中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)， 也促 進(jìn)了世界的繁榮與進(jìn)步。Peace, development and cooperation are the trends in t

4、oday s world. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy more than 30 years ago, China has conformed to the trend of economic globalization by opening wider to the outside world and promoting economic and trade cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.

5、 Through years of development, foreign trade has become one of China s most dynamic and fastest-growing sectors, placing China among the world s largest trade countries. China s foreign trade development has strengthened the nation s ties with the rest of the world, effectively pushed forward the co

6、untrysmodernization, and promoted world prosperity and progress.2001 年中國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織。 10 年來，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)融入全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的進(jìn)程加快，中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的活力進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。在中國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織10 周年之際，中國(guó)政府發(fā)表白皮書，對(duì)中國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易情況作一系統(tǒng)介紹。China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. During the past decade, China has quickened its integration into the global e

7、conomy while its foreign trade has been further invigorated. On the 10th anniversary of Chinas accession to the WTO, the Chinese governmentissues this White Paper to give a comprehensive introduction to China s foreign trade development. (More)一、中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的歷史性進(jìn)步I. Historic Progress in China s Foreign Tr

8、ade1949 年中華人民共和國(guó)成立以后，堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主、自力更生，逐步開展對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易 交流，但受到當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)際政治環(huán)境和國(guó)內(nèi)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制等因素制約，對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展相對(duì)緩慢。After the founding of the People s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, China adhered to the principle of independence and self-reliance, and gradually carried out economic and trade exchanges with foreign countries. How

9、ever, hindered by the international political environment at that time and the country s planned economic system, China s foreign trade development was relatively slow.1978 年，中國(guó)進(jìn)入改革開放的新時(shí)期。大力發(fā)展對(duì)外貿(mào)易，成為中國(guó)加快現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、改變落后面貌、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和提高綜合國(guó)力的重要途徑。 30 多年來，中國(guó)利用世界經(jīng)濟(jì)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)期繁榮、 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化深入發(fā)展的機(jī)遇， 擴(kuò)大對(duì)外開放， 吸引利用外商投資， 引進(jìn)先進(jìn) 技術(shù)，改

10、造提升國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)，在全面參與國(guó)際分工和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中，實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)外貿(mào)易的跨越式發(fā)展。In 1978 China entered the new period of reform and opening up. Devoting major efforts to the development of foreign trade became an important approach to accelerate modernization, shake off backwardness, promote the growth of economy, and improve comprehensive nat

11、ional strength. Over the past 30 years or so, seizing the opportunity of the world economys long-term prosperity and the deepening economic globalization, China has opened wider to the outside world, attracted and utilized foreign investment, introduced advanced technology, transformed and upgraded

12、domestic industries, and achieved rapid development in foreign trade through all-round participation in the international division of labor and competition. 貨物貿(mào)易總量躋身世界前列。1978年，中國(guó)貨物進(jìn)出口總額只有 206億美元，在世界貨物貿(mào)易中排名第32位，所占比重不足1%。2010年，中國(guó)貨物進(jìn)出口總額達(dá)到29740億美元，比1978年增長(zhǎng)了 143倍，年土增長(zhǎng)16.8%。其中，出口總額 15778億美元，年均 增長(zhǎng)17.2%;進(jìn)口

13、總額13962億美元，年均增長(zhǎng)16.4%。中國(guó)出口總額和進(jìn)口總額占世界貨 物出口和進(jìn)口的比重分別提高到10.4涮口 9.1%,連續(xù)兩年成為世界貨物貿(mào)易第一出口大國(guó)和第二進(jìn)口大國(guó)。 -China's total trade volume in goods ranks high globally. In 1978 the total value of China'simport and export was only 20.6 billion U.S. dollars, ranking 32nd in world trade and accounting for less than

14、 1 percent of the world 's total. In 2010 the total value of China 's import and export reached 2.974 trillion U.S. dollars, 144 times as much as that in 1978, averaging an annual growth of 16.8 percent. In 2010 the total value of China 's export was 1.5778 trillion U.S. dollars, showing

15、 an a 17.2 percent annual growth on average, and the total value of its import was 1.3962 trillion U.S. dollars, showing a 16.4 percent annual growth on average. In 2010, the total volumes of China's export and import accounted for 10.4 percent and 9.1 percent of the world's total, respectiv

16、ely. By the end of 2010 China had been the world 's largest exporter and second-largest importer for two consecutive years.圖t W幫一加“I年中居掛沌逃F 情涅(Figure 1 China's Import and Export of Goods 1978-2010) 貨物貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了根本性變化。中國(guó)出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)在 20世紀(jì)80年代實(shí)現(xiàn)了由初級(jí)產(chǎn)品為主向工業(yè)制成品為主的轉(zhuǎn)變，到 90年代實(shí)現(xiàn)了由輕紡產(chǎn)品為主向機(jī)電產(chǎn)品為主的 轉(zhuǎn)變，進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)以來，以電子

17、和信息技術(shù)為代表的高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品出口比重不斷擴(kuò)大。外貿(mào)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體除了國(guó)有企業(yè)外，還包括外商投資企業(yè)、民營(yíng)企業(yè)等，后二者的進(jìn)出口總額目前均已超過國(guó)有企業(yè)。20世紀(jì)80年代至本世紀(jì)初，中國(guó)加工貿(mào)易蓬勃發(fā)展，成為外貿(mào)的半壁江山。在中國(guó)外貿(mào)發(fā)展中，外商投資企業(yè)和加工貿(mào)易發(fā)揮了十分重要的作用。 -The structure of China's trade in goods has fundamentally changed. China's export commodity structure shifted from the primary products dominated to m

18、anufactured goods dominated in the 1980s, and from mainly light industrial and textile products to mainly mechanical and electronic products in the 1990s. In the new century, China's export of high-techproducts, led by electronics and information technology commodities, has been increasingly exp

19、anded. In addition to state-owned enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises and private enterprises also engage in foreign trade, and their total value of import and export has each exceeded that of the state-owned enterprises. From the 1980s to the early 21st century, China's processing trade f

20、lourished, accounting for half of the country 's foreign trade volume. Throughout China's foreign trade development, foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade have played very significant roles.表I 19802010年中國(guó)出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)1980 年1990 年2000 午2010 年企領(lǐng)億美元)比市 (%)金翻 (億美元)比重 (%)金額 (億美元比建 (%)余摘 必元)比

21、值 (%)出口商品總額I8L2100.0620.92492 Jtoo. 015777.5KXJJI初級(jí)產(chǎn)品91J50.3158.925.6254.610.2817.25.2I.W制成品90.149.746L874.42237.589.814962.204.8化學(xué)品及公關(guān)產(chǎn)品1L26.237.36.012L04.9875.95,6按期料分為制或品4().022.1125.820 J425.517J2491.515.8機(jī)械及運(yùn)輸設(shè)備R.44.755.99.0826 G33.17803.3493雜項(xiàng)M品28.415.7126.920.4862.834.63776.823.9未分類的其他商品2.11.

22、2116.318J2.2打11170J機(jī)電產(chǎn)品13.97.7H0.917.9】053 J42.39334.359.2高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品*370.414.94924,13L2聿注：機(jī)電產(chǎn)品和高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)乩中包含部分相電亶疊的商必 故據(jù)來源：中國(guó)海關(guān)統(tǒng)it(Table 1 China;s Export Commodity Structure 1980-2010) 形成全方位和多元化進(jìn)出口市場(chǎng)格局。改革開放后，中國(guó)全方位發(fā)展對(duì)外貿(mào)易，與世界上絕大多數(shù)國(guó)家和地區(qū)建立了貿(mào)易關(guān)系。貿(mào)易伙伴已經(jīng)由1978年的幾十個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)發(fā)展到目前的231個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)。歐盟、美國(guó)、東盟、日本、金磚國(guó)家等成為中國(guó)主要貿(mào)易伙伴。新世

23、紀(jì)以來，中國(guó)與新興市場(chǎng)和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的貿(mào)易持續(xù)較快增長(zhǎng)。2005年至2010年，中國(guó)與東盟貨物貿(mào)易占中國(guó)貨物貿(mào)易比重由9.2%提高到9.8%,與其他金磚國(guó)家貨物貿(mào)易所占比重由4.9%提高到6.9%,與拉丁美洲和非洲I貨物貿(mào)易所占比重分別由3.5%和2.8%提高至IJ6.2%和 4.3%。- -China has formed an all-round and diversified import and export market. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy, China has been promoting f

24、oreign trade on all fronts, and established trade relations with the vast majority of the world's countries and regions.China's trade partners have increased from a small number of countries and regions in 1978 to 231 countries and regions now. The European Union (EU), the United States, the

25、 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Japan, and the other BRIC countries have become China's major trade partners. In this new century China's trade with newly emerging markets and developing countries has maintained sustained and relatively rapid growth. In China 's total tr

26、ade in goods from 2005 to 2010 the proportion of trade with ASEAN increased from 9.2 percent to 9.8 percent, with other BRIC countries from 4.9 percent to 6.9 percent, with Latin America from 3.5 percent to 6.2 percent, and with Africa from 2.8 percent to 4.3 percent.圈工Ml年中屬前十大斑臉貿(mào)易伙伴貨喻及物土重(Figure 2

27、China's Top 10 Cargo Trade Partners in 2010)- 服務(wù)貿(mào)易的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不斷增強(qiáng)。加入世界貿(mào)易組織后，中國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)入新的發(fā)展階段，規(guī)模迅速擴(kuò)大，結(jié)構(gòu)逐步優(yōu)化，排名也進(jìn)入世界前列。旅游、運(yùn)輸?shù)阮I(lǐng)域的服務(wù)貿(mào) 易增勢(shì)平穩(wěn)，建筑、通訊、保險(xiǎn)、金融、計(jì)算機(jī)和信息服務(wù)、專有權(quán)利使用費(fèi)和特許費(fèi)、咨 詢等領(lǐng)域的跨境服務(wù)以及承接服務(wù)外包快速增長(zhǎng)。2001年至2010年，中國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易總額(不含政府服務(wù))從719億美元增加到3624億美元，增長(zhǎng)了 4倍多。中國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易出口在世界服 務(wù)貿(mào)易出口中的比重從2.4%提高到4.6%, 2010年達(dá)1702億美元，從世界第12

28、位上升到第4位；服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)口比重從2.6%提高到5.5%, 2010年達(dá)1922億美元，從世界第 10位上升到第3位。- -China's international competitiveness in services trade has been enhanced. With its WTO entry, China's trade in services entered a new stage of development. With its scale rapidly enlarged and its pattern gradually optimized, Chin

29、a's trade in services now ranks among the top in the world. China's trade in tourism, transport and other fields has maintained a steady growth momentum. China's cross-border services in construction, communications, insurance, finance,computers and information, royalties and license fee

30、s, consultation and related fields, as well as service outsourcing, have been growing rapidly. From 2001 to 2010 China's total services tradevalue (excluding government services) witnessed a more-than-five-fold growth from 71.9 billion U.S. dollars to 362.4 billion U.S. dollars. China's prop

31、ortion in world services trade exports rosefrom 2.4 percent to 4.6 percent, worth 170.2 billion U.S. dollars in 2010, and jumped from the 12th place in the world to the 4th; China's proportion in world services trade imports increased 3 1M1-3010年中國(guó)服普國(guó)曷進(jìn)出口情況3500口堂口 lLr ¥from 2.6 percent to 5

32、.5 percent, worth 192.2 billion U.S. dollars in 2010, moving from the 10th place in the world to the 3rd.士如心I 1 1(XM)物喇和”.中國(guó)花務(wù)三墳力MO(Figure 3 China's Services Trade Imports and Exports 1982-2010)對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展有力推動(dòng)了中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)，中國(guó)成長(zhǎng)為一個(gè)開放的經(jīng)濟(jì)體。參與國(guó)際分工與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，引進(jìn)先進(jìn)技術(shù)、設(shè)備和管理，利用外商直接投資，極大促進(jìn)了中國(guó)技術(shù)進(jìn)步和 產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)，提高了企業(yè)管理水平和市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。加工

33、貿(mào)易迅速發(fā)展壯大使中國(guó)勞動(dòng)力充裕的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)得以發(fā)揮，加快了中國(guó)的工業(yè)化和城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程。對(duì)外貿(mào)易直接帶動(dòng)就業(yè)人口超過 8000萬，其中60%以上來自農(nóng)村，就業(yè)者的收入和生活得到顯著改善。對(duì)外貿(mào)易與國(guó)內(nèi)投 資、消費(fèi)一起，成為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的三大引擎。China's foreign trade development has greatly pushed forward the country's modernizationdrive. China has grown into an open economy. Participation in the international div

34、ision of labor and competition, introduction of advanced technology, equipment and management methods, and utilization of foreign direct investment have greatly promoted China's technological progress andindustrial upgrading, and also improved the management and market competitiveness of its ent

35、erprises. The rapid growth of processing trade has brought into play China's comparative advantage of an abundant labor force, and accelerated the country ;s industrialization and urbanization. Foreign trade has directly contributed to the employment of over 80 million Chinese people, more than

36、60 percent of whom are from rural areas, and employees' income and living standards have been remarkably improved. Foreign trade, domestic investment and domestic consumption have become the three major engines propelling China 's economic growth.圖4之步移一2«1年中閨主要服勢(shì)頊口遇出口 iMlif隹情況(Figure 4

37、The Growth of China 's Total Import and Export Volume in Major Service Sectors 2005-2010) (More)中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的歷史性進(jìn)步是與國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)形勢(shì)的發(fā)展變化緊密聯(lián)系在一起的。20世紀(jì)80年代前后，和平與發(fā)展成為時(shí)代主題。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化不斷推進(jìn)，資金、技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品、 市場(chǎng)、資源、勞動(dòng)力等要素在世界范圍內(nèi)的流動(dòng)和配置更加活躍。以信息、通訊為主導(dǎo)的科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步使生產(chǎn)效率得到極大的提高，國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移不斷深化和發(fā)展。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步、國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移和各國(guó)之間加強(qiáng)合作等為中國(guó)融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)提供了歷史性機(jī)遇。中國(guó)

38、政府順應(yīng)時(shí)代潮流，以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，實(shí)行改革開放，發(fā)展與世界各國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作， 積極合理有效利用外資，充分發(fā)揮比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，促進(jìn)了國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈分工的深化，為對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了有利條件。在這個(gè)進(jìn)程中，外國(guó)企業(yè)尤其是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的跨國(guó)公司在中國(guó)獲得大量投資機(jī)會(huì)，其擁有的資本、技術(shù)、管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)和銷售渠道等要素實(shí)現(xiàn)增值，分享了中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長(zhǎng)的成果。中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展得益于改革開放，得益于經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化，得益于堅(jiān)持走互利合作共贏道路。中國(guó)的發(fā)展離不開世界，世界的繁榮穩(wěn)定也離不開中國(guó)。The historic progress in China 's foreign trade has been closel

39、y connected with the changes in the international and domestic situations. Starting in the 1980s, peace and development became the theme of the times. With the acceleration of economic globalization, the flow and allocation of capital, technology, products, markets, resources, labor force and simila

40、r elements became more dynamic around the world. Scientific and technological progress, led by information and communications technology, has greatly improved production efficiency; international industrial transfer has continuously deepened and developed. Economic globalization, scientific and tech

41、nological progress, international industrial transfer and strengthened cooperation between countries have provided historic opportunities for China 's integration into the world economy. The Chinese government, conforming to the trend of the times and taking economic construction as the central

42、task, has implemented the reform and opening up policy, developed economic and technological cooperation with other countries, vigorously and rationally utilized foreign investment, brought its comparative advantage into full play, promoted the deepening of the division of labor in the international

43、 industrial chain, and provided favorable conditions for its own foreign trade development. During this process foreign enterprises, and multinational corporations in particular, have obtained abundant opportunities to invest in China, added value to their capital, technology, management experience,

44、 marketing channels and other elements, and shared the fruits of China s rapid economic growth. China s foreign trade development benefits greatly from its reform and opening up, from economic globalization, and from taking the path of cooperation and mutual benefit. China cannot develop itself in i

45、solation from the rest of the world, and global prosperity and stability cannot be maintained without China s participation.中國(guó)仍然是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。 與世界貿(mào)易強(qiáng)國(guó)相比， 中國(guó)出口產(chǎn)業(yè)仍處于全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的 低端， 資源、能源等要素投入和環(huán)境成本還比較高，企業(yè)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、 一些行業(yè)的抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能 力相對(duì)較弱等。 實(shí)現(xiàn)由貿(mào)易大國(guó)向貿(mào)易強(qiáng)國(guó)的轉(zhuǎn)變， 將是一個(gè)較為長(zhǎng)期的進(jìn)程， 還需要付出 艱苦努力。China remains a developing country. Compare

46、d with other world trade powers, China s export industry remains at the low end of the global industrial chain. Chinas resource and energyinputs and environmental cost are relatively high, while the international competitiveness of enterprises and the risk-resistance of some industries are relativel

47、y weak. Chinas transformationfrom a large trading country to a strong trading power will be a comparatively long-term process requiring arduous efforts.二、中國(guó)外貿(mào)體制的改革與完善11. Reform of and Improvements to China s Foreign Trade System改革開放前， 中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易實(shí)行指令性計(jì)劃管理和國(guó)家統(tǒng)負(fù)盈虧。 改革開放以來， 中國(guó) 外貿(mào)體制經(jīng)歷了由指令性計(jì)劃管理到發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ)性作用、

48、由經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)高度壟斷到全面 放開、 由企業(yè)吃國(guó)家 “大鍋飯” 到自主經(jīng)營(yíng)和自負(fù)盈虧的轉(zhuǎn)變。在中國(guó)爭(zhēng)取恢復(fù)關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易 總協(xié)定締約方地位和加入世界貿(mào)易組織的談判過程中， 在中國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織后， 中國(guó)的 外貿(mào)體制逐步與國(guó)際貿(mào)易規(guī)則接軌， 建立起統(tǒng)一、 開放、 符合多邊貿(mào)易規(guī)則的對(duì)外貿(mào)易制度。Before China adopted the reform and opening up policy in 1978, its foreign trade was governed by mandatory planning, and the state absorbed both the profits

49、and the losses of enterprises. Since the reform and opening up policy was initiated, China s foreign trade system has completed the transformation from mandatory planning to giving full play to the fundamental role of the market - from state monopoly to full openness, and from indiscriminate egalita

50、rianism to giving enterprises discretionary management power and making them responsible for their own profits and losses. During the negotiations over the restoration of its GA TT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) membership and entry into the WTO, and after it became a WTO member, China gra

51、dually adopted international trade practices, and established a unified, open foreign trade system compatible with multilateral trade rules.改革開放初期， 中國(guó)外貿(mào)體制改革主要是改革單一計(jì)劃管理體制， 下放外貿(mào)管理權(quán)和經(jīng) 營(yíng)權(quán)， 實(shí)行外匯留成制度并建立外匯調(diào)劑市場(chǎng)。 吸收外商直接投資， 使外商投資企業(yè)作為新 的經(jīng)營(yíng)主體進(jìn)入外貿(mào)領(lǐng)域， 打破了國(guó)有外貿(mào)企業(yè)的壟斷。 此后， 中國(guó)推行了外貿(mào)經(jīng)營(yíng)承包制， 用指導(dǎo)性計(jì)劃逐步取代指令性計(jì)劃。按照國(guó)際貿(mào)易通行規(guī)則，建立了

52、出口退稅制度。 1992 年 10 月，中國(guó)明確提出建立社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的改革目標(biāo)。根據(jù)這一目標(biāo)，對(duì)財(cái)政、稅收、金融、外貿(mào)和外匯體制進(jìn)行了全面改革。 1994 年 1 月，中國(guó)政府取消對(duì)出口的所有財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼， 進(jìn)出口企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥耆载?fù)盈虧。 人民幣官方匯率與市場(chǎng)調(diào)劑匯率并軌， 實(shí)行以市場(chǎng)供求為基礎(chǔ)、 單一的、 有管理的浮動(dòng)匯率制度。 外貿(mào)經(jīng)營(yíng)領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了企業(yè)股份化和進(jìn)出口代理制試點(diǎn)。同年， 中華人民共和國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易法正式頒布實(shí)施，確立了維護(hù)公平、自由的對(duì)外貿(mào)易秩序等原則，奠定了對(duì)外貿(mào)易的基本法律制度。 1996 年 12 月，中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)了人民幣經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目下可兌換。 與此同時(shí)， 中國(guó)多次大幅度自主降低

53、關(guān)稅， 減少配額和許可證等非 關(guān)稅措施。這些改革使中國(guó)初步建立起以市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)為基礎(chǔ)，充分發(fā)揮匯率、稅收、關(guān)稅、金 融等經(jīng)濟(jì)杠桿作用的外貿(mào)管理體制和調(diào)控體系。During the initial period of reform and opening up, China s foreign trade system reform focused on the transformation of its unitary planning, transfer of management and operation power in foreign trade to lower levels, imp

54、lementation of the system of allowing enterprises to retain a certain portion of foreign exchange earnings, and establishment of a foreign exchange coordination market. China absorbed foreign direct investment to introduce foreign-invested enterprises as new business entities in its foreign trade se

55、ctor, breaking the monopoly of state-owned foreign trade enterprises. After that, China introduced a responsibility system in doing foreign trade, gradually replacing mandatory planning with guided planning. The state also set up an export tax rebates system in line with the general practice of inte

56、rnational trade. In October 1992, China clearly put forward the goal of reform toward a socialist market economy. A comprehensive reform of the systems of finance, taxation, banking, foreign trade and foreign exchange was carried out accordingly. In January 1994, the Chinese government discontinued

57、all export subsidies, making all import and export enterprises fully responsible for their own profits and losses. The official and market-regulated exchange rates of Chinas currency, the Renminbi(RMB), coexisted in a unitary and managed floating exchange rate system based on market demand and suppl

58、y. Foreign trade enterprises were incorporated, and pilot programs for the import and export agency system were carried out. In the same year, the Foreign Trade Law of the People s Republic of China was promulgated, establishing principles such as safeguarding a foreign trade order of equity and freedom, and a basic legal system for foreign trade. In December 1996, China realized current account convertibility for the RMB. Meanwhile, China voluntarily made significant tariff cuts, and reduced non-tariff