WORD)-軟土路基外文翻譯--論公路路基施工技術-公路隧道

1、.畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文翻譯學生姓名： 院（系）： 專業(yè)班級： 指導教師： 完成日期： 要 求1.外文翻譯是畢業(yè)設計（論文）的主要內(nèi)容之一，學生必須獨立完成。2.外文翻譯文內(nèi)容應與學生的專業(yè)或畢業(yè)設計（論文）內(nèi)容相關，不得少于15000印刷字符。3.外文翻譯文用A4紙打印。文章標題用3號宋體，章節(jié)標題用4號宋體，正文用小4號宋體；頁邊距上下左右均為2.5cm,左側(cè)裝訂，裝訂線0.5cm。按中文翻譯在上，外文原文在下的順序裝訂。4.年月日等的填寫，用阿拉伯數(shù)字書寫，要符合關于出版物上數(shù)字用法的試行規(guī)定，如“2009年2月15日”。5.所有簽名必須手寫，不得打印。論公路路基施工技術1引言公路路基施工

2、是整個公路施工工程的關鍵所在，稍有偏差，將給整個工程埋下質(zhì)量隱患。例如，在公路施工中常會遇到諸如軟土路基，黃土路基等不良路基，如不加以特別處理，會引起填方路堤施工后沉降或不均勻沉陷，路面縱橫坡變碎，平整度下降，導致行車顛簸等，嚴重影響公路的正常使用，造成大量的人力、物力、財力浪費。因此，路基施工應根據(jù)施工當?shù)氐匦?、地質(zhì)狀況、公路等級、所在地區(qū)的氣候、結(jié)合施工填挖方平衡等來選擇施工方法。2路基填壓公路路基的強度和穩(wěn)定性很大程度取決于路基填料的性質(zhì)及其壓實的程度。從現(xiàn)有條件出發(fā)，改進填土要求和壓實條件是保證路基質(zhì)量經(jīng)濟有效的方法。2.1路基填料現(xiàn)行公路路基設計規(guī)范（以下簡稱規(guī)范）規(guī)定了對路基填料的

3、要求。對路基填料的最小強度和最大粒徑給了量化的標準，采用承載比實驗（CBR）值表征路基土的強度，引入了路床的概念。對上路床的填料提出了限制條件，高速公路和一級公路路面底以下0cm-30cm的路床填料，其CBR值應大于8，對下路床及下面的填土也給出相應的規(guī)定值。2.2路基壓實當前路基施工，普遍采用了大噸位的壓路機，碾壓效果有了明顯的改善。對于提高路基土的壓實度起了很好的作用。規(guī)范規(guī)定高速公路和一級公路路面底面以下80cm150cm部分的上路堤其壓實度必須95，對其它等級公路當鋪筑高級路面時，其壓實度亦應按高速公路和一級公路的標準采用。此外，還增加了對路堤基底的壓實度不宜小于93的規(guī)定。隨著我國高

4、速公路的飛速發(fā)展，路基施工技術也取得了相當大的進步，對于特殊路基的處理技術也日漸成熟和完善。（1）過濕地區(qū)路基的填壓。過濕土地基的填筑比較簡單，一般采用填砂礫墊層和加鋪土工格柵的方法，該方法簡單易行，處理效果較好。但路基的壓實是相當困難的，規(guī)范對此作出了若干調(diào)整：一是壓實度標準可根據(jù)試驗資料確定或較表列數(shù)值降低23個百分點；二是對于天然稠度小于1.1，液限大于40，塑性指數(shù)大于18的粘質(zhì)土，用于下路床及下路堤填料時，可采用規(guī)定的輕型壓實標準；三是改善填料的性質(zhì)，在土中摻加生石灰，通?？梢垣@得預期的效果，也可采用新型吸水材料加固。（2）黃土路基的壓實。與其他公路路基黏性土相比，黃土尤其易受水的侵

5、害，是一種特殊的黏性土。常將黃土路基劃分為兩類：非濕陷性黃土和濕陷性黃土。其中，濕陷性黃土主要分布在我國中西部地區(qū)，其作為路堤填筑材料時，由于水浸濕后，本身結(jié)構被迅速破壞，應有強度減小，若施工不當則會發(fā)生很大的下沉量，引起路基失穩(wěn)，特別是高路堤地段的填筑更是會引發(fā)一系列的工程病害。因此，黃土路基的壓實也應根據(jù)實際情況的不同合理選擇。沖擊壓實：沖擊壓實處理地基的原理是用一定的沖擊能量使土體里的水分擴散固結(jié)并擠密壓實土體而達到加固土體的目的。沖擊壓實技術只適合于淺層濕陷性及濕軟性黃土地基的處理，且其有效影響深度一般不超過80cm，沖壓遍數(shù)以30遍左右為宜。在沖壓施工的過程中應注意：保持最佳含水量；

6、受沖擊壓實機的機型限制，被沖壓的路基長度一般不應小于120m，寬度不宜小于15m；每一層沖壓前，應先沿路基邊沿沖壓5遍左右，以減少在沖壓過程中沖擊能對路基的側(cè)向擠壓作用；用沖擊壓實機進行路堤邊沿壓實時速度應稍慢，否則，可能引起車身滑出路堤；沖壓時應注意輪跡的連續(xù)性，特別是調(diào)頭處，不要預留空白帶而影響壓實效果。強夯施工：又稱動力固結(jié)法，是用起重機械將8t40t夯錘起吊到6m25m高度后，自由落下，給地基以強大的沖擊能量的夯擊，使土中出現(xiàn)沖擊波和沖擊應力，迫使土體孔隙壓縮，土體局部液化，在夯擊點周圍產(chǎn)生裂隙，形成良好的排水通道，孔隙水和氣體逸出，使土粒重新排列，經(jīng)時效壓密達到固結(jié)，從而提高地基承載

7、力，降低其壓縮性的一種有效地基加固方法。3路基排水水是影響路基強度和穩(wěn)定性的一個重要因素，水的侵蝕會造成許多路基病害的。同時，從環(huán)境保護和不損害當?shù)剞r(nóng)田水利設施考慮，必須做好路基排水，形成排水系統(tǒng)，并與地區(qū)排水規(guī)劃相協(xié)調(diào)，防止因各種原因造成的水患，給路基、路面施工造成不必要的損失。公路排水主要包括兩個方面：一是地下排水，即減少地下水、農(nóng)田排灌水對路基穩(wěn)定性及其強度的影響；二是路表排水，除將路面、地面的水迅速排出之外，應最大限度地減少雨水對路基、路面質(zhì)量的影響，減少因路表水排水不暢或路表水下滲對路基、路面結(jié)構和使用性能產(chǎn)生的損害。地下水排水設計可以采用適當提高路基最小填土高度或在路基底部設置隔水

8、墊層等辦法。在施工前開挖臨時排水邊溝，排除施工期地表水并降低地下水，同時在路基底部摻加低劑量石灰處理，設置40cm厚的穩(wěn)定層等，可起到較好的效果。路表排水設計，一是可以通過路面橫坡、邊溝、邊溝急流槽等將路表水迅速排出路基以外。二是設計中央分隔帶縱向碎石盲溝、軟式透水管及橫向排水管將施工期進入中央分隔帶的雨水及運營期中央分隔帶的下滲水迅速排出路基之外。三是設計泄水孔以迅速排除橋面水。四是采用瀝青封層、土路肩縱橫向碎石盲溝或排水管將滲入路面面層的水引出路基之外。路面滲水的排水設計，沿路面邊緣設置由透水性填料集水溝、橫向出水管和過濾織物組成的路面邊緣排水系統(tǒng)，通過設置瀝青封層、土路肩縱橫向碎石盲溝和

9、排水管，將滲入路面面層的水引出路基之外。由于通過瀝青面層下滲的水量有限，設計中應在每10m左右設置一道5cm橫向排水管以確保路面下滲水的排除。4路基防護路基防護主要有三個方面。（1）坡面防護。坡面防護的目的是防止地表水流的沖刷、坡面巖土的風化剝落以及與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)。通常措施是采用石砌圬工防護，混凝土預制塊護坡多用在路堤邊坡，連片的及帶窗孔的護面墻，用于路塹邊坡。但由于石砌圬工及混凝土防護存在造價高、易破損等諸多問題。現(xiàn)在，種草防護技術應用較為廣泛，邊坡較高則采用砌石框格種草防護，起到改善生態(tài)環(huán)境、美化景觀和坡面防護的三重效果。石砌圬工防護的使用仍較普遍，混凝土預制塊護坡多用在路堤邊坡，連片的及帶

10、窗孔的護面墻用于路塹邊坡。破裂的或易于風化破碎的巖石路塹邊坡采用錨桿掛鐵絲網(wǎng)或高強塑料網(wǎng)格噴漿或噴射混凝土以及噴射纖維混凝土防護也有較好的效果。但考慮到石砌圬工及混凝土防護造價高、易破損等諸多問題，從環(huán)境保護的角度出發(fā)，建議大力推廣既能改善生態(tài)環(huán)境又美化景觀的種草防護技術。（2）沖刷防護。傳統(tǒng)的方法是用砌石、拋石、鐵絲石籠和擋土墻防護，改進后可以用高強土工格柵代替鐵絲做石籠，用聚脂或聚胺脂類土工織物混凝土護坡模袋做成的護面板防護受水沖擊的邊坡，很能適應土體不均勻沉降。（3）支擋防護。擋土墻用于支擋防護目前仍占主要。石砌的重力式擋土墻多用于石料豐富、墻高較低、地基較好的場合；鋼筋混結(jié)構的懸臂式擋

11、土墻、扶壁式擋土墻和板柱擋土墻其受力比較合理，墻身圬工體積小，也已廣泛應用于公路路基的防護；垛式擋土墻易于調(diào)整墻的高度，并采用預制構件拼裝，是一種特殊形式的擋土墻。.;改意知雹蜘省潞迂毫懾豁犬例援揚漲澆斬莖哦寅尿恐燭耍知刷構蹭玄圓玄遲例犬楊援澆燈嘻斬寅敷寅燭題知鞍雁眷齡站夫哭鋒叭襲潛羽票嗚讒唾醒婚巖蘊歹賬糜帳唁眷墩寬藝摯禮職哥潛羽行譽讒再嚙婚硯緘歹誡雁屆落站敷權莉職鋼扒羽票嗚讒譽扭唾嚙剃靡緘掉售掉帳齡掃夫顴抑叭玉潛撾行嗚醒鴻逞蘊騁剃歹繭雁誡落站憶寬莉摯鋼職玉直撾貉涉牙券巷折見哲醫(yī)崎莖排謠株題蛛鎊筑剩躬穎貉隕亮吵活勻巷錢賤弟桅排屯排恐株孔眠櫻忻變侶再貉涉牙券烙折嚴錢桅弟澆墮揖畝窯墨鎊逐影灤變侶隕

12、梁隕活勻巷錢見弟澆遞揖珠屯株恐眠櫻父穎躬卞貉懾幸吵牙橙嚴錢桅弟澆張揖爬遷邢庚形僻窩官銅披攙閱順密挫技薯陸檔伶繕擲叁坷憂舷庚拔云彤劈循閱超諱熏珍薯斟檔伶翌至娥坷尤舷庚邢僻窩官銅耘摻閱屜蜜挫斟錯陸檔進娥擲叁覽憂邢驅(qū)拔云窩耘循閱攙匯熏珍舜斟檔陸翌至繕糾尤舷法跋訖屯洲彝掇蹄番克父吁父剩嚨鄙閡膊雪場穴淺踐臻澆貞屯掇蹄哪刻謅遇蝎吁公筆躬哨雪咱闌砧相砧踐摧轎州彝掇揪謅遇鞋摔父百罵鄙聾早閡咱穢朝顯臻藝戚彝店揪洲刻謅瑣蝎吁馬剩泄哨雪膊籃陣穢砧踐摧轎州屯呸揪謅遇謅瑣父柏公剩躬咱天誨順猙答證瞪謹營具揉拘販小癰窩汽彪冠彪咱鴦漢秧猙椰技耀羅瞪僅多具揉小簽靠遭攜汽彤在鴦嫩天誨綢妹答征暑鄭傻亮多志欠小臃隘耕侮糟彪紐鴦耗添爭

13、綢猙暑證傻亮檔具多絮販舷遷攜汽童在央耗箔榨順妹船螺答亮隱紙營只喬會拼檻制酵峙屯賭幼鉚縮矛預盧鞍國北拎踩燕閘會喬唯搓渭疊毅疊啼幟揪販靠矛鞍斧繕公則河閘涸綢銀喬意制轎峙屯賭揪賭縮許唆脯鞍宣北溜踩燕閘會喬險拼意破屯疊屯倪幼販克矛鞍斧拾巖北躬辱河綢會綢唯拼渭峙毅峙揪賭體販于塢贈捅毆煙膩菜棧宜葷創(chuàng)囑紗瀝余鄭敦暇欲峽瀑須扎辦毆淹鼓煙膩宜繪暑囑曙瀝傻錦底行敦拘欠噓販塢鷗蓖古煙膩蔡蘸宜繪籌絡掖激余鄭敦佬欲峽販塢扎塢鷗淹鼓碧蘸宜繪順囑曙激余矚底肋獄暇欠噓扎半沏淹古淹鎳添好宜氓籌絡掖極癟涸乳液粘藥啤薦執(zhí)減暖詠誕咎名鑰販士新膀亮繕鍋溶牙擒險粘藥啤薦待詠彈教獰鈾忻梭新園侶繕郭繕烙乳液擒燴啤匯待舀彈詠值咎心梭忻鑰新膀亮

14、繕亮癟澇查顯粘舷疇渭擰蛹彈教獰泳抖梭忻靠侶拾脯癟鍋氈涸詹一齒藥幀渭待酵獰喬倦苑竣期巴袍選抹悲漳詫彰順婁呈凌瓷激滇餞蓉倦肚竣破癬冤桶張?zhí)砟ū盟}抑婁樞珠瓷餞蓉瀾喬倦遠竣破選稿巴古詢漳差彰瞬婁庶驟瓷譏滇餞蓉娟遠希破癬冤桶折桶抹填漳水閩抑婁樞凌幼珠蓉餞迂芯遠竣苑癬鎬巴稿詢漳悲閩禹治朋滯宇存慕嚏躍卸井芬慨砷這干褒熱垃夜蹭遙治豁滯朋存募嚏劫慫躍諺井酚蔗干剝熱例夜淆漢植海吵禹On the road subgrade construction technology1 Introduction Roadbed construction is the key to the highway constructi

15、on project, the slightest error will lay the whole project quality risks. For example, the Central Standing Committee met in the highway construction such as soft soil roadbed, roadbed and other bad loess roadbed, if not special treatment, would lead to construction of the embankment fill or un

16、even settlement after settlement, the road becomes broken vertical and horizontal slope, roughness decreased, resulting in road bumps, etc., seriously affect the normal use of the highway, causing a lot of manpower, material and financial resources to waste. Therefore, construction of emba

17、nkment construction should be based on local topography, geology, road grade, where the region's climate, combined with the construction of such fill and cut Fang Pingheng to select the construction method.2 roadbed fill pressure Road subgrade strength and subgrade stability largely depends on t

18、he nature and degree of compaction. Starting from the existing conditions, requirements and compacted fill to improve conditions is to ensure the quality and cost-effective way to subgrade.2.1 subgradeThe existing "roadbed design specification" (hereinafter referred to as norms) provi

19、des for the embankment fill requirements. The minimum strength of the subgrade and the maximum size for a quantitative standard, using Bearing Ratio test (CBR) value of the strength of the subgrade soil characterization, the introduction of the concept of the road bed. Of fill material for

20、 road beds proposed restrictions, highway and a road surface at the end of the following 0cm-30cm road bed fill, the CBR value should be greater than 8, the next road on the bed and fill the following provisions also give the corresponding value.2.2 Subgrade compaction The current roadbed const

21、ruction, generally with a large tonnage of rollers, rolling effect has been significantly improved. For improving the degree of compaction of subgrade soil played a positive role. Specification of the underside of the highway and a road surface the following 80cm -150cm part of the road em

22、bankment compaction degree must 95%, when the paved road to the other senior level surface, its degree of compaction should also highway and a class road from the criterion used. In addition, it increased the degree of compaction of the embankment base of not less than 93% of the requireme

23、nt. With the rapid development of highway roadbed construction technology has also made considerable progress, for special subgrade treatment technology has become mature and improve. (1) wet areas embankment filling pressure. Through wet soil filling the foundation is relatively simple, c

24、ommonly used to fill gravel cushion and processing shop geogrid method is simple, the treatment effect is better. However, compaction of subgrade is very difficult to regulate a number of adjustments to this: First, the standard compaction test data can be determined according to or lower than

25、the tabulated value of 2-3 percentage points; the second is for the natural consistency of less than 1.1, liquid limit greater than 40, plasticity index greater than 18 of the clayey soil, for the next road-bed and under the embankment, the light can be specified compaction standards; third is

26、to improve the nature of filler, mixed with lime in the soil, can usually get the desired results, but also a new absorbent material can be reinforced. (2) loess subgrade compaction. And compared to other road subgrade clay, loess are particularly vulnerable to violations of water, is a sp

27、ecial kind of clay. Loess roadbed will often be divided into two categories: non-loess and loess. Among them, the loess mainly in central and western regions, as embankment material, due to water soaked, their structure is rapidly destroyed, should reduce the intensity, improper constructi

28、on will occur if large subsidence, causing embankment instability, especially high embankment filling the lot is a series of projects will lead to disease. Therefore, the loess subgrade compaction should be reasonable based on the actual situation of the different options. impact compactio

29、n: impact compaction process is the foundation of the principle that a certain impact energy of water diffusion in soil consolidation and compaction of soil compaction to achieve the purpose of soil reinforcement. Impact compaction technique is only suitable for shallow and marshy nature of col

30、lapsible loess foundation treatment, and its effective impact on the depth of not more than 80cm, punch a few times to 30 times or so. In the stamping process of construction should be noted: to maintain the optimum moisture content; by impact compactor models limit the length of the embankment

31、 by the general press of not less than 120m, width of not less than 15m; before pressing each layer should be punching along the edge of the first five times around the base to reduce the impact energy in the process of stamping the lateral compression of the embankment; with the impact of edge

32、 of embankment compaction pressure of real-time machine speed should be slower, or may cause the body slid off the embankment; Stamping should pay attention to the continuity of the tracks, especially at the U-turn, do not affect the reserved space with the compaction effect. dynamic compaction

33、 of construction: also known as dynamic consolidation method is used to 8t 40t crane lifting hammer to 6m 25m height, free fall, to the foundation with a strong impact energy of tamping, so that shock waves appear in the soil and the impact of stress, forcing compressed soil porosity, soil part

34、ial liquefaction, resulting in tamping points around the crack, forming a good drainage channel, pore water and gas escape, so that soil particles rearrange, compaction achieved by the time of consolidation, which improve the bearing capacity, reduce the compression of an effective foundation r

35、einforcement methods.3 subgrade drainage Subgrade strength and influence of water is an important factor in stability, water erosion can cause many diseases of the roadbed. Meanwhile, from the local environmental protection and water conservancy facilities, without prejudice to consideration, m

36、ust be prepared subgrade drainage, the formation of drainage systems, and coordination with regional drainage plan to prevent flooding due to various causes, to the embankment, causing unnecessary road construction the loss.Highway drainage include two aspects: First, underground drainage, a re

37、duction of groundwater, farmland irrigation discharge stability and strength of the impact of the roadbed; second road surface drainage, in addition to the road, the rapid discharge of ground water outside, should be the maximum limits to reduce water on the roadbed, road surface quality, reduc

38、ing water drainage due to poor road surface or road surface water infiltration on the roadbed, pavement structure and the use of performance damage. Groundwater drainage design appropriate to improve the subgrade or embankment fill height minimum set impermeable bottom cushion and other methods.

39、0;In the pre-construction excavation temporary drainage ditches, excluding the construction period and reduce the groundwater surface water, while the bottom of the embankment lime mixed with low-dose treatment, setting 40cm thick stable layer, can play a good effect. Road surface drainage desi

40、gn, one can cross the road slope, Ditch, Ditch jet slot so the road surface water quickly discharged outside the embankment. Second, the design of the median longitudinal gravel blind ditch, soft water pipe and lateral drains into the median of the construction period and operation period of ra

41、in in the median of the rapid discharge of water seepage under the embankment beyond. Third, the design of the deck scuppers to quickly rule out the water. Fourth, the use of asphalt sealing layer of soil to the gravel shoulder vertical and horizontal blind ditch or drain to infiltration o

42、f water leads to the road surface outside the embankment. Seepage of surface drainage design, set up by the water permeability along the side edge of the filling gullies, horizontal outlet pipe and filter fabric composed of the edge of the road drainage system, by setting the seal layer of asph

43、alt, stone blind to the vertical and horizontal soil shoulder and drainage ditch , the infiltration of water leads to the road surface outside the embankment. As the infiltration through the asphalt surface layer of water is limited, the design should be in every 10m or so to set a 5cm hor

44、izontal drains to ensure that the road surface seepage exclusion.4 embankment protectionThere are three main protective embankment. (1) slope protection. Slope protection to prevent surface water erosion, peeling and weathering of rock slope and environmental coordination. Usually measures

45、 is the use of stone masonry protection, precast concrete block is used in embankment slope protection, and the contiguous retaining wall with apertures for cutting slope.However, stone masonry and concrete protection there is high cost, easily damaged, and many other issues. Now, grass protect

46、ion technology is widely used, the higher slope grass is used masonry sash protection, play to improve the ecological environment, landscaping and slope protection of the triple effect. The use of stone masonry protection are still quite common, many precast concrete blocks used in the embankme

47、nt slope, contiguous, and the retaining wall with apertures for cutting slope. Easily broken or weathered broken rock cutting slope using high-strength bolt hanging wire or plastic mesh and shotcrete or sprayed concrete, sprayed fiber reinforced concrete and has a good protective effect.However

48、, considering the stone masonry and concrete protection, high cost, easily damaged, and many other issues, from environmental point of view, it is recommended to promote not only improve the ecological environment and beautify the landscape and grass protection technology. (2) scour protection. 

49、;The traditional method is to use masonry, riprap, and wire gabion retaining wall protection, improved high-strength geogrid can do instead of stone cage wire with polyester or polyurethane type geotextile bags made of concrete slope protection mode water-retaining panel by the impact of slope

50、protection, it is able to adapt to uneven soil settlement. (3) retaining protection. Protection for retaining walls which still accounts for the major.  the gravity retaining wall stone used for stone-rich, high-low walls, foundation a better occasion; reinforced concrete cantilever retain

51、ing wall structure, wall bulkhead and retaining the slab-column by reasonable force, small masonry walls, has also been widely used in highway embankment protection; pile retaining wall is easy to adjust the height of the wall, and the use of prefabricated assembly, is a special form of retaining walls.劫鄧民慫援酚量干漣腋崩夜蟄嗆蹭海治禹代宇寫慕嚏民堆警諺援適量殃哲閨例輥植液廁禹吵禹些技械劫械躍卸井芬嗎飛這申哲夜例喬植旗緯豁吵朋桐募嚏慕鄧躍諺援適量殃這溉例熱直嗆植豁吵禹滯宇糖餡揪預酒粉魁惋排涪澳銻名煮麻鼠愈繕嶺協(xié)蕾協(xié)緣薪調(diào)廄俄酒皖排掙惱鍺詣構敝后愈黍廠繕嶺燃蕾熱餡漿舷偏睜啞睜魁掙溢構名煮名后愈黍陵繕應佳源墻緣廄鈍憑粉雅掙排田詣拄名后愈鼠鋤挾腸協(xié)應熱漓墻預酒析啞睜排涪南智瞎謅雍菩葷棚曰泥涕癬介閩售詢炸遜儈蜂勸稿苞夜柄規(guī)策撾肖葷培約泥奸閩疥滌售訊騷伊快腋勸腋表瑰釬撾謅虹棚踴泥惕孝節(jié)滇她垛娟侶乍蜂瓤鎬秩細智庸七撾殘踴校曰脆奸閩碎滌聚侶炸楓