會計英語1－10課

1、 (海量營銷管理培訓(xùn)資料下載)會計英語110課text 1 accounting and its environmentdevelop an accounting vocabulary for decision making. accounting is a system for measuring, processing, and communicating financial information. as the “l(fā)anguage of business,” accounting helps a wide range of decision makers. accounting dat

2、es backs to ancient civilizations, but its importance to society has been greatest since the industrial revolution.apply accounting concepts and principles to analyze business transactions. the three basic forms of business organization are the proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation. w

3、hatever the form, accountants use the entity concept to keep the businesss records separate from the personal records of the people who run it. accountants at all levels must be ethical to serve their intended purpose. generally accepted accounting principles (gaap) guide accountants in their work.

4、among these guidelines are the entity concept, the reliability principle, the cost principle, the going-concern concept, and the stablemonetary-unit concept.use the accounting equation to describe an organizations financial position. in its most common form, the accounting equation is assets=liabili

5、ties + owners equity.use the accounting equation to analyze business transactions. transactions affects a businesss assets, liabilities, and owners equity. therefore, transactions are analyzed in terms of their effect on the accounting equation.prepare the financial statements. the financial stateme

6、nts communicate information for decision making by the entitys managers, owners, and creditors and by government agencies. the income statement presents a video of the entitys operations in terms of revenues earned and expenses incurred during a specific period. total revenues minus total expenses e

7、qual net income. net income or net loss answers the question, how much income did the entity earn, or how much loss did it incur during the period? the statement of owners equity reports the changes in owners equity during the period. the balance sheet provides a photograph of the entitys financial

8、standing in terms of its assets, liabilities, and owners equity at a specific time. it answers the question, what is the entitys financial position? the statement of cash flows reports the cash coming in and the cash going out during the period. it answers, where did cash come from , and, where did

9、it go?evaluate the performance of a business. high net income indicates success in business; net loss indicates a bad year.new words 11 (海量營銷管理培訓(xùn)資料下載)accounting 會計學(xué)，結(jié)算 measure 估量，衡量，計算process 初步分類，整理 apply to 把···應(yīng)用于transaction 交易 principle 原理proprietorship 獨資企業(yè)，所有權(quán) partnership 合伙關(guān)系，合

10、伙企業(yè)corporation 公司，企業(yè) entity 實體，統(tǒng)一的，權(quán)益ethical 合乎道德的 intended 預(yù)期的gaap 普通會計原理 guideline 方針，指南entity concept 主體概念 reliability principal 可信性原則cost principal 成本原則 going-concern concept 持續(xù)經(jīng)營概念stable-money-unit concept 穩(wěn)定貨幣單位的概念 equation 等式 owners equity 投資者權(quán)益financial statement 財政報表 agency 機構(gòu)income stateme

11、nt 損益報表 video 說明revenues 總收入 incurrent 遭受minus 減去 balance sheet 資產(chǎn)負債表，決算表indicate 表明，暗示 expenses 開支，消費text 2 recording business transactiondefine key accounting terms: account, ledger, debit, and credit. the account can be viewed in the form of the letter “t”. the left side of each t-account is its

12、debit side. the right side is its credit side. the ledger, which contains a record for each account, groups and numbers accounts by category in the following order: assets, liabilities, and owners equity (and its subparts, revenues and expenses).apply the rules of debit and credit. assets and expens

13、es are increased revenues are increased by credits. liabilities, owners equity, and revenues are increased by credits and decreased by debits. the sidedebit or creditof the account in which increases are recorded is that accounts normal balance. thus the normal balance of assets and expenses is a de

14、bit, and the normal balance of liabilities, owners equity, and revenues is a credit. the withdrawals account, which decreases owners equity, normal has a debit balance. revenues, which are increases in owners equity, have a normal credit balance. expenses, which are decreases in owners equity, have

15、a normal debit balance.record transactions in the journal. the accountant begins the recording process by entering the transactions information in the journal, a chronological list of all the businesss transactions.post from the journal to the ledger. the information is then posted-transferred-to th

16、e ledger accounts. posting references are used to trace amounts back and forth between the journal and the ledger. businesses list their account titles and numbers in a chart of accounts.prepare a trial balance is a summary of all the account balance in the ledger. when double-entry accounting has b

17、een done correctly, the total credits in the trial balance are equal.set up a chart of accounts for a business. the first step in accounting is to set up the chart of accounts.analyze transactions without a journal. decision makers must often make decisions without a complete accounting system. they

18、 can analyze the transactions without a journal.we can now trace the flow of accounting information through these steps:business transactionà source documents à journal entry à posting to ledger à trial balance.new wordsledger 分類帳 debit 記入借方的款項，借方assets 資產(chǎn) liabilities 債務(wù)subpart 分

19、類 chronological 按時間順序的transfer 轉(zhuǎn)移 chart 圖表accountant 會計text 3 measuring business income: the adjusting processdistinguish accrual basis accounting from cash-basis accounting. in accrual-basis accounting, business events are recorded as they affect the entity. in cash-basis accounting, only those eve

20、nts that affect cash are recorded. the cash basis omits important events such as purchases and sales of assets on account. it also distorts the financial statements by labeling as expenses those cash payments that have long-term effects, such as the purchases of buildings and equipment. some small o

21、rganizations, use cash-basis accounting, but the generally accepted method is the accrual basis.apply the revenue and matching principles. businesses divide time into definite periods-such as a month, a quarter, and a year-to report the entity's financial statements. the year is the basic accoun

22、ting period, but companies prepare financial statements as often as they need the in- formation. accountants have developed the revenue principle to determine when to record revenue and the amount of revenue to record. the matching principle guides the accounting for expenses.make adjusting entries

23、at the end of the accounting period. adjusting entries are a result of the accrual basis of accounting. these entries, made at the end of the period, update the accounts for preparation of the financial statements. one of the most important pieces of business information is net income or net loss, a

24、nd the adjusting entries help to measure the net income of the period. adjusting entries can be divided into five categories: prepaid expenses, depreciation, accrued expenses, accrued revenues, and unearned revenues.prepare an adjusted trial balance. to prepare the adjusted trial balance, enter the

25、adjusting entries .next to the unadjusted trial balance and compute each account's balance.prepare the financial statements from the adjusted trial balance .the adjusted trial balance can be used to prepare the financial statements. the there financial statements are related as follows: income,

26、shown on the income statement, increases the owner's capital, which also appears on the statement of owner' s equity. the ending balance of capital is the last amount reported on the balance sheet.new wordsaccrual n. 自然增長,自然增長額 accrual-basis accounting 權(quán)責發(fā)生制 cash-basis accounting 現(xiàn)金收付制 omit

27、vt. 省略，刪 distort vt. 曲解 label vt. 把列為 definite adj. 明確的,確切的 accounting period 結(jié)算期 revenue principle 收益原則 matching principle 配比原則 adjusting entries 調(diào)整分錄 update vt . 使現(xiàn)代化 net income 純收入 prepaid expenses 待攤費用 depreciation n.貶值 accrued expense 應(yīng)計費用 accrued revenues 應(yīng)計收入 unaccrued revenues 未實現(xiàn)收入 adjusted

28、 trial balance 經(jīng)調(diào)整過的試算表 unadjusted trial balance 未經(jīng)調(diào)整過的試算表 text 4 completing the accounting cycle prepare an accounting worksheet, the accounting cycle is the process by which the accountants produce the financial statements for a special period of time. the cycle starts with the beginning account b

29、alances. during the period，the business journalizes transactions & posts them to the ledger accounts. at the end of the period, the trail balance is prepared, and the accounts are adjusted in order to measure the periods net income or net loss. completion of the accounting cycle is aided by use

30、of a work sheet. this multicolumned document summarizes the effects of all the activity of the period. use the work sheet to complete the accounting cycle. the work sheet is neither a journal nor a ledger but merely a convenient device for completing the accounting cycle. it has columns for the trai

31、l balance, the adjustments, the adjusted trail balance, the income statement, and the balance sheet. it aids the adjusting process, and it is the place where the periods net income or net loss is first computed. the work sheet also provides a data for the financial statements & the closing entri

32、es. it is not, however, necessity. the accounting cycle can be completed from the less elaborate adjusted trail balance. close the revenue, expense, and the withdrawal accounts. revenue, expenses, and withdrawal represent, increases and decreases in owners equity for a specific period. at the end of

33、 the period, their balances are closed out to zero, and, for this reason, they are called temporary accounts. assets, liabilities, and capital are not closed because they are the permanent account. their balances at the end of one period become the beginning balances of the next period. the final ac

34、curacy check of the period is the postclosing trail balance. correct typical accounting errors. accountants correct errors by making correct journal entries. classify assets and liabilities as current or long-term. the balance sheet reports current and long-term assets and current and long-term liab

35、ilities. it can be presented in report format or account format. use the current & debt ratios to evaluate a business. two decision-making aids are the current ratiototal current assets divided by total current liabilitiesand the debt ratiototal liabilities divided by total assets.new wordsaccou

36、nting cycle 會計循環(huán) account balance 帳戶余額journalize 記日記帳 ledger 分類帳，分戶帳ledger account 分戶帳目 completion 完成，結(jié)束multicolumned 欄目縱橫的 worksheet 備忘單，工作底稿compute 計算，估算 closing entries 項目終結(jié)elaborate 詳盡闡述的 withdrawal 提款temporary account 臨時帳戶 permanent account 永久帳戶postclosing trail balance 結(jié)帳后試算 current 流動的，通用的repo

37、rt format 報告試 account format 帳戶試ratio 比率 current ratio 流動比率debt ratio債務(wù)比率 divide 整除 text 5 merchandising and the accounting use sales, gross margin, and operating income to evaluate a company. the major revenue of a merchandising business is. sales revenue, or net sales. the major expense is cost of

38、 goods sold. net sales minus cost of goods sold is called gross margin, or gross profit. this amount measures the business' s success or failure in selling its products at a higher price than it paid for them. the invoice is the business document generated by a purchase or sale transaction. most

39、 merchandising entities offer discounts to their customers and allow them to return unsuitable merchandise. they also grant allowances for damaged goods that the buyer chooses to keep. discounts and returns and allowances are contra accounts to sales revenue. account for the purchase and sale of inv

40、entory. the merchandiser's major asset is inventory. in a merchandising entity the accounting cycle is from cash to inventory as the inventory is purchased for resale, and back to cash as the inventory is sold. compute cost of goods sold and gross margin. cost of goods sold, or cost of sales, is

41、 the cost of the inventory that the business has sold. it is the largest single expense of most merchandising businesses. gross margin equals net sales revenue minus cost of goods sold. adjust and close the accounts of a merchandising business. the end-of-period adjusting and closing process of a me

42、rchandising business is similar to that of a service business. in addition, a merchandiser adjusts inventory for theft losses, damage, and accounting errors. prepare a merchandiser's financial statements. the income statement may appear in the single-step format or the multiple-step format. a si

43、ngle-step income statement has only two sections-one for revenues and the other for expenses-and a single income amount for net income. a multiple-step income statement has subtotals for gross margin and income from operations. both formats are widely used. use the gross margin percentage and the in

44、ventory turnover ratio to evaluate a business. two key decision aids for a merchandiser are the gross margin percentage and the rate of inventory turnover .increases in these measures in these measure usually signal an increase in profits. new words merchandising business 商品流通企業(yè) sales revenue = net

45、sales 銷售凈收入 cost of goods sold= cost of sales 銷售產(chǎn)品成本，銷售成本 minus 減去 gross margin = gross profit 毛利潤 invoice 發(fā)票 discount 折扣 allowance 折讓 return 退貨 inventory存貨 end-of-period 期終 theft loss 失竊造成的損失 single-step format單步驟化格式 multistep format多步驟化格式 subtotal 小計，部分和 percentage比例，比率 turnover周轉(zhuǎn) gross margin per

46、centage 毛利潤比例 rate of inventory turnover 存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率 text 6 accounting information systemsdescribe the features of an effective accounting information system. an effective accounting information system should capture and summarize transactions quickly, accurately, and usefully. it should generate a variet

47、y of accounting reports, including financial statements and trial balances, that aid management in operating a business. the four major aspects of a good accounting system are (1) control over operations, (2)compatibility with the particular features of the business, (3) flexibility in response to c

48、hanges in the business, and (4) a favorable cost/benefit relationship such that benefits outweigh costs.understand how computerized and manual accounting systems are used. computerized accounting systems process inputs faster than do manual systems and can generate more types of reports. the key com

49、ponents of a computerized accounting system are hardware, software, and company personnel. account numbers play a bigger role in the operation of computerized systems than they do in manual systems, because computers classify accounts by account numbers. both computerized and manual accounting syste

50、ms require transactions to be classified by type. computerized systems use a menu structure to organize accounting functions. posting, trial balances, financial statements, and closing procedures are carried out automatically in a computerized accounting system. computerized accounting systems are i

51、ntegrated so that the different modules of the system are updated together.understand how spreadsheets are used in accounting. spreadsheets are electronic work sheets whose grid points, or cells, are linked by means of formulas. the numerical relationships in the spreadsheet are maintained whenever

52、changes are made to the spreadsheet. spreadsheets are ideally suited to detailed computations as in budgeting.use the sales journal, the cash receipts journal, and the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger. manual accounting systems use special journals to record transactions by category. credit sal

53、es are recorded in a sales journal, and cash receipts in a cash receipts journal. posting goes to the general ledger and to the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger, which lists each customer and the amount receivable from that customer. the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger is the main device

54、for ensuring that the company collects from customers.use the purchases journal, the cash disbursements journal, and the accounts payable subsidiary ledger. credit purchases in a manual system are recorded in a purchases journal and cash payments in a cash disbursements journal. posting from these j

55、ournals is to the general ledger and to the accounts payable subsidiary ledger. the accounts payable subsidiary ledger helps the company stay current in payments to suppliers. new wordsaccounting information system 會計信息體系 accurately 準確，精確 generate導(dǎo)致，產(chǎn)生 aspect方面 compatibility 一致性，和諧性flexibility 機動性，靈

56、活性outweigh 超過manual 用手操作的component 組成部分，成分hardware 硬件software 軟件personnel全體成員，全體職員menu 菜單，目錄automatically 自動地integrate使一體化module 組件，模塊spreadsheet 電子工作表grid point 格點formula 程式numerical數(shù)字的budgeting 預(yù)算journal日記賬cash receipt 現(xiàn)金收訖發(fā)票category 種類，類目credit 貸款，賒欠general ledger 總分類賬 subsidiary ledger 明細分類賬，輔助帳賬disbursement付出款 cash disbursement 現(xiàn)金付出款 purchase購買，購置 purchase journal 購買議事錄supplier 供應(yīng)者text 7 internal control, cash transaction, and ethical issues1 define internal control. internal controls should safeguard assets, ensure accurate accounting records, promote o