電氣工程與自動化專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻變電站設(shè)計變電站建設(shè)的一般要求

1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）1、外文翻譯是畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的主要內(nèi)容之一，必須學(xué)生獨立完成。2、外文翻譯譯文內(nèi)容應(yīng)與學(xué)生的專業(yè)或畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）內(nèi)容相關(guān)，不得少于xxxx 卬刷符號。3、外文翻譯譯文用a4紙打印，需包含中文翻譯和英文原文。4、年月日等的填寫，用阿拉伯數(shù)字書寫，要符合關(guān)于出版物上數(shù)字用法的試行 規(guī)定,如“2017年5月26日”。5、所有簽名必須手寫，不得打印。附件：外文資料翻譯譯文變電站建設(shè)的一般要求變電站（所）在電源系統(tǒng)的工業(yè)企業(yè)是一個至關(guān)重要的因素。他們 接收，轉(zhuǎn)換和發(fā)送電能。根據(jù)能源和需求,變電站分為中央配電變電站 電壓為110-500kv；主要降壓變電所電壓為110-220/6-10

2、-35kv；深 入口變電站為110-330/6-10kv；二次變電站的電壓為6-10kv；車間變 電所電壓為6-10/0.38-0.66kvo在主要的降壓變電所，電源能量轉(zhuǎn)化電 壓為u0-220kv,通常使用6-10kv（w時為35kv變電所）的電壓分配 給企業(yè)和被用來滿足高壓服務(wù)。中央配電變電站從電力系統(tǒng)接收能量并分發(fā)它（不包括或者包括 部分變換）給企業(yè)不同區(qū)域，通過空中電纜和地下電纜線路電壓為 110-220kvo中央分配變電站站不同于主配電變電它是一個更強大的 電力設(shè)施，它的電壓大部分在110220kv的電壓。它可以簡化初級電 壓、中級電壓或地區(qū)的開關(guān)電路。中低級別變電站改造能量來自 6

3、-1 okv的電壓，它的二次側(cè)電壓為380/220或660/380。升壓變壓器變電站用于將電廠產(chǎn)生的能量轉(zhuǎn)化使發(fā)電機產(chǎn)生的 電壓升高，從而有效地減少在遠距離輸電能量的損失轉(zhuǎn)換器變電站的 目的是為了將直流轉(zhuǎn)換成交流（有時相反）和轉(zhuǎn)換成能量時改變頻率。 轉(zhuǎn)換器變電站的能量轉(zhuǎn)換是用半導(dǎo)體整流器來變頻的。帶半導(dǎo)體整流 器的轉(zhuǎn)化器變電站是最經(jīng)濟的。6-10rv的配電變電站主要依據(jù)主配 電變電站（有時依據(jù)中央配電變電站）o 110-220kv變電站系統(tǒng)區(qū)域的 劃分時，根據(jù)變電站設(shè)備功能劃分時是有學(xué)問的，6-lokv的變電站 設(shè)備劃分在變電站的入口。根據(jù)變電站變的位置，電站設(shè)備在可以露天或室內(nèi)。6-10kv

4、變電 站的在電纜的類型主要是供給輸出線。在35-220rv變電站空中線路 樣式，在變電站架線和接線,主要注重供電生產(chǎn)的可靠和經(jīng)濟。用工業(yè)的方式建設(shè)變電站，是使用大量的數(shù)塊和在電氣工程組織 和工廠電氣工程等行業(yè)的車間的位置進行組裝。變電站通常是專為不 連續(xù)操作的責任人員所設(shè)計，但用的是基本的自動設(shè)備和信號裝置。當建立變電站結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分，應(yīng)當采用薄型建造結(jié)構(gòu)以及由彎段 組成的組件（板材、地板等）。這些元件是預(yù)先安裝區(qū)外面建造區(qū)域并 且只是在這個位置組裝。這樣可以有效的削減變電所建造成本。變電站基本電路概念設(shè)計的選擇，是根據(jù)企業(yè)的供電系統(tǒng)特點得 到的。變電站電壓特性主要入口，變壓器和輸岀電纜線路導(dǎo)線

5、或當前 導(dǎo)體的二次電壓變電站安裝的設(shè)備和元件，設(shè)備和元件的若干種可 能的組合是非常好的。當闡述了變電站的電路時爭取切換裝置最大的 簡化利數(shù)目的最小化。這樣的變電站更可靠、經(jīng)濟。電路簡化是采用 自動接入或自動轉(zhuǎn)入儲備的方法，允許快速和無錯誤的自動接入每一 個元件和使用設(shè)備。當設(shè)計工業(yè)企業(yè)全電壓變電站時，下面的基本因素都要考慮在內(nèi)。1.優(yōu)先使用采用兩編組的單總線系統(tǒng)可以確保可靠的和經(jīng)濟的供 應(yīng)電力。2 配套建設(shè)和變電站廣泛使用。3變電站使用自動化并且支持遙測技術(shù);如果變電站的設(shè)計并不 支持使用自動化或遙測、線路安而且不允許添加設(shè)備，確保以后沒有 過度投資和返工。4使用簡單、便宜的裝置，有絕緣裝置的

6、斷路器、短路開關(guān)、過載保護隔離器、保險絲，預(yù)期到他們的交換容量可考慮大幅度削減昂 貴的器件需要和臨界油、真空、螺線管和空氣開關(guān)電路使用。變電站 和開關(guān)電路,采用這樣的設(shè)備的每個生產(chǎn)線服從個體變壓器、裝配、 允許他們同時的斷開而不破壞斷開連接的生產(chǎn)流程的機制的線條。變電站的線路的意義，最重要的一點是要妥善安排與選擇轉(zhuǎn)換器 件（開關(guān)、隔離者、電流限制器等、避雷器、高低壓熔斷器），這決定了 變電站的冃的、功能和意義。很多年以前，科學(xué)家們對電仍只有很模糊的概念。他們之中不少 人認為電是一種“流體"，這種流體就像水流經(jīng)管道一樣流過導(dǎo)線。但 他們并不了解是什么東西使電流動。他們之中的許多人覺得電

7、是有某 種極小的微粒構(gòu)成的，但試圖把電分離成單個的小顆粒他們卻束手無 策。此后，以為偉大的美國科學(xué)家密利坎于1909年，真正地稱出了 單個的電粒子的重量并算出它的電荷而使科學(xué)界震驚不已。這可能是 人類做過的最細致的計量工作之一，因為一個單個的電粒子的重量僅 為一磅的百萬分之一，百萬分之一的一半左右的重量。要合成一磅重 需要的電粒子數(shù)將要比大西洋的全部水的水滴數(shù)還要多。這些電粒子，他們對我們并不陌生，因為我們知道他們就是電子。 當大量電了擺脫原了跑出來并通過導(dǎo)線運動時，我們把這種現(xiàn)象說成 是電通過導(dǎo)線“流動二是的，早先的科學(xué)家所說的電的“流體"只不過 是沿著導(dǎo)線流動的電子。那么，如何能

8、使一些單個的電子擺脫原子的束縛而跑出來呢？而且，又怎樣能使這些自由電子沿導(dǎo)線運動呢？第一個問題的答案就在于原子本身的結(jié)構(gòu)上。某些原子的結(jié)構(gòu)使 他們很容易失去電子。例如，一個銅原子在正常情況下有29個電子, 它們排列在核子周圍的4個不同的軌道上。最里層的軌道上有2個電 子。第二層較大的軌道上有8個電子。第三層軌道上擠滿18個電子。 而外層軌道上只有一個電子。正是這個外層電子，銅原子不斷丟掉它, 因為這個電了受原子的約束不那么緊。它忽而游離而去，并被另一游 離的電子所替代，然后，這后一個電子也游離而去。結(jié)果，在銅導(dǎo)線中自由電了在銅原了之間向四面八方漂浮。所以, 盡管對你們的普通的肉眼來說，銅導(dǎo)線看

9、來是完全不動的，但在它內(nèi) 部卻不斷地進行著大量的活動。如果導(dǎo)線把電輸送到一盞電燈或者另外某個電氣設(shè)備那里，這些 電子就不會雜亂無章地到處跑來跑去，而是它們中的許多電子將會向 一個方向奔去-從導(dǎo)線的一端奔向另一端。這就把我們引向第二個問題，如何才能使自由電子沿導(dǎo)線運動 呢？好啦，人們已經(jīng)找到幾種方法來做到這一點。一種就是化學(xué)方法。 伏特電堆，或者叫電池，就是能使電流在導(dǎo)線中流動的一種化學(xué)裝置。 另一種方法就是電磁法。法拉第和亨利發(fā)現(xiàn)了怎樣能把磁鐵用來使電 在導(dǎo)線中流動的辦法。磁鐵幾乎每個人都見過馬蹄形磁鐵之所以這樣叫他是因為他們的形 狀做成馬蹄形的?？赡苣銈兌加么盆F做過試驗，并且看到它是怎樣吸

10、起按釘，小釘子或者其他一些小鐵件的。人們了解磁鐵已經(jīng)幾千年了。據(jù)傳說，兒千年前有個名叫麥格尼斯的牧羊人住在地中海的克里 特島上。他有一根牧羊人用的帶鐵頭的棍杖。一天，他發(fā)現(xiàn)一塊奇形 怪狀的黑石頭黏在鐵頭上。后來，當又發(fā)現(xiàn)許多這種石頭時，人們就 叫它們?yōu)榇盆F。這些就是天然磁鐵。近年來，人們已經(jīng)掌握怎樣使用鐵來制成磁鐵。尤其重要的是， 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何使用磁鐵推動電子通過導(dǎo)線-也就是怎樣使電流動。在我們討論這點之前，磁鐵有某些特性我們應(yīng)當了解。如果把一 塊玻璃放在馬蹄形磁鐵的端部，然后把一些鐵粉末撒在玻璃上，那么 鐵粉自己就會排成許多線。如果用一根棒做的話，就更容易看岀這些 鐵粉排成的線條了。這些實

11、驗演示了科學(xué)家們所謂的磁力線。他們解 釋說。磁鐵通過磁鐵兩端之間延伸出來的磁力線起作用。但是，在電子周圍似乎也有磁力線。把一根導(dǎo)線穿過一塊硬紙板, 在紙板上撒上鐵粉，并把電池與導(dǎo)線連通在一起，這點就可以得到證 明。由于運動的電子的磁性的結(jié)果，鐵粉就會繞導(dǎo)線周圍形成一些圓 環(huán)。因此，我們可以看到，在運動考的電子和磁性之間有一種關(guān)系。 磁性就是由電子的運動引起的。當然，電子并不是在磁棒里真的“流動二但它們卻是在運動，在 繞鐵原子核做旋轉(zhuǎn)運動。然而，在磁鐵中，原子都排列的使它們的電 子都向同一方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。也許可打一個恰當?shù)谋扔?，就像許多小孩在他 們頭頂上以順時針方向甩動系在線上的小球一樣。附件：外文原

12、文general requirements to construction of substationsubstations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprises. they serve to receive , convert and distribute electric energy .depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for

13、 a voltage of 110-500kv;main step-down substations fori 10-220/6-10-35kv;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10kv;distribution substations for 6-10kv;shop transformer substations for 610/0.38-0.66kv.at the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from

14、110-220kv usually to 6-1 okv(sometimes 35kv) which is distributed among substations of the enterprise and is fed to high-voltage services.central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep e

15、ntrances at a voltage of 110220kv over the enterprise territory .central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kv;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the

16、 power to an individual object or region low-and medium-power shop substations transform energy from 6-10kv to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380.step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decrease

17、s losses at a long-distance transmission .converter substations are intended to convert ac to dc (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another converter substations with semi

18、conductor rectifiers are most economic distribution substations for 6-10kv are fed primarily from main distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations).with a system of dividing substations for 110-220kv, the functions of a switch-gear are accomplished by switch-gears for 6

19、1 okv at deep entrance substationsdepending on location of substations their switch-gear may be outdoor or indoo匚 the feed and output lines at 6-1 okv substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35220kv substations of the aerial type when erecting and wiring the substations ,major attention is give

20、n to reliable and economic power supply of a given production.substations are erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .substations are usually designed

21、for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.when constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections

22、these elements are pre-made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site this considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a powersupply system of the enterprise substations feature primary voltage entrances .trans

23、formers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .substations are mounted from equipment and elements described below .the number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great whenelaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum si

24、mplification and minimizing the number of switching devices such substations are more reliable and economic .circuitry is simplified by using automatic reclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.when d

25、esigning transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages , the following basic considerations are taken into account:1 preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;2. wide use of unitized constructions

26、and busless substations;3.substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work.4.use of simple and ch

27、eap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .substation and switchcircuitries are so made that using the equipmen

28、t of each production line is fed from individual transformers assemblies ,the lines to allow their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.when elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properlychooseandarrangeswit

29、chingdevices(switches isolators ,current limiters ,arresters ,highvoltage fuses).the decision depends on the purpose ,power and significance of the substation.many years ago, scientists had very vague ideas about electricity. many of them thought of it as a sort of fluid that flowed through wires as

30、 water flows through pipes, but they could not understand what made it flow. many of them felt that electricity was made up of tiny particles of some kind ,but trying to separate electricity into individual particles baffled them.then, the great american scientist millikan, in 1909,astounded the sci

31、entific world by actually weighing a single particle of electricity and calculating its electric charge. this was probably one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by man,for a single electric particle weighs only about half of a millionth of a pound. to make up a pound it would take more of

32、 those particles than there are drops of water in the atlantic ocea n.they are no strangers to us, these electric particles, for we know them as electrons when large numbers of electrons break away from their atoms and move through a wire,we describe this action by saying that electricity is flowing

33、 through the wire.yes,the electrical fluid that early scientists talked about is nothing more than electrical flowing along a wire.but how can individual electrons be made to break away from atoms? and how can these free electrons be made to along a wire? the answer to the first question lies in the

34、 structure of the atoms themselves some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily. an atom of copper, for example ,is continually losing an electron, regaining it(or another electron),and losing it again. a copper atom normally has 29 electrons, arranged in four different orbits about

35、 its nucleus the inside orbit has 2 electrons. the next larger orbit has 8.the third orbit is packed with 18 electrons and the outside orbit has only one electron.lt is this outside electron that the copper atom is continually losing, for it is not very closely tied to the atom. it wanders off, is r

36、eplaced by another free-roving electron, and then this second electron also wanders away.consequently,in a copper wire free electrons are floating around in all directions among the copper atoms.thus, even through the copper wire looks quite motionless to your ordinary eye, there is a great deal of

37、activity going on inside it. if the wire were carrying electricity to an electric light or to some other electrical device, the electrons would not be moving around at random. instead, many of them would be rushing in the same direction-from one end of the wire to the other;this brings us to the sec

38、ond question .how can free electrons be made to move along a wire? well ,men have found several ways to do that .one way is chemical. volta,s voltaic pile,or battery, is a chemical device that makes electricity(or electrons)flow in wires. another way is magnetic faraday and henry discovered how magn

39、ets could be used to make electricity flow in a wire.magnetsalmost everyone has seen horseshoe magnets-so called because they are shaped like horseshoes. probably you have experimented with a magnet, and noticed how it will pick up tacks and nails, or other small iron objects men have known about ma

40、gnets for thousands of years.several thousand years ago, according to legend, a shepherd named magnes lived on the island of crete, in the mediterranean sea .he had a shepherds crook tipped with iron. one day he found an oddly shaped black stone that stuck to this iron tip.later, when many other suc

41、h stones were found, they were called magnets(after magnets).these were natural magnets.in recent times men have learned how to make magnets out of iron. more important still, they have discovered how to use magnets to push electrons through wires-that is, how to make electricity flow. before we discuss t