(完整word版)高一化學(xué)必修一化學(xué)方程式及離子方程式小結(jié)

1、必修一化學(xué)方程式及離子方程式小結(jié)1、硫酸根離子的檢驗(yàn)：BaCL + Na2SQ = BaSO4J+ 2NaCI SO4+ Ba = BaSO4J2、碳酸根離子的檢驗(yàn)：CaCl2+ Na2CO = CaCO3J+ 2NaCI CO3+ Ca = CaCOJ3、碳酸鈉與鹽酸反應(yīng)：NQCO + 2HCI = 2NaCI + H2O + CQfCO32-+ 2H+= CQf+ H2O4、 木炭還原氧化銅：2CuO + C亠2Cu + CO2?5、鈉與非金屬單質(zhì)反應(yīng)：4Na+O=2NstO2Na+O亠NQQCa+2Na 2NaCI6、 鈉與水反應(yīng)：2Na+2HO=2NaOH+Hf 2Na + 2H2O

2、= 2Na+ 2OH + H2?7、 氧化鈉的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì)：2Na，O+（O 2NsbQNQO+HB 2NaOHNaO+Sd NQSONQO+C樂(lè)NQCONaO+2HCk2NaCI+fO&過(guò)氧化鈉的主要反應(yīng)：2NsbQ+2H8 4NaOH+2?;2NsbQ+2CQ=2N&CO+QNQQ+HSQ（冷、?。?NQSQ+HQ必修一化學(xué)方程式及離子方程式小結(jié)9、氯氣的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì)：CI2+H2Y2HCI （或光照）3C+2P 2PCI3Cl2+PCl3PCI53CI2+2Fe * 2FeCl3CI2+2Na 2NaCICl2+CCuCl2CI2+2FeCI2=2FeCl3Cl2+ 2F

3、e2+= 2Fe3+ 2CI-Cl2+2NaBr=Br2+2NaCI Cl2+2Br=Br2+2CICI2+ 2KI=2KCI + I2Cl2+ 2I-= 2CI-+ I2 +Cl2+H2O=HCI +HCIO Cl2+ H2O = Cl + H + HCIO2HCIO照-2HCI+02fCI2+SQ +2H2O=H2SQ +2HCI Cl2+ S02+ 2出0 = 2CI+ SO?+ 4HCl2+2NaOH=NaCI+NaCIO+HOCl2+ 2OH=Cl+ CIO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(CIO)2+2H2O2Ca(OH)2+2CI2=2Csi+2CIO+2CI

4、+2HtOCa(CIO)2+CO+H2O=CaCOj+2HCIOCa2+2CIO+CO2+H20=CaCQj+2HCIQ10、鐵及其化合物的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì)：2Fe + 3CI22FeCl33Fe + 202亠FesQFe + FeS3Fe+4H2Q(g)Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCI=FeCl2+HtfFe+2H+= Fe2+ H2T2+2+Fe + CuS04= FeS04+ Cu Fe + Cu = Fe + Cu4Fe(OH)2+ O2+ 2H20 = 4 Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3亠F62Q+3HO2FeCl2+ Cl2=2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22FeCl3+C

5、u=2FeCl2+CuCLFeCl3+ 3KSCN = Fe(SCN)3+ 3KCl Fe + 3SCN= Fe(SCN)3(紅色溶液)Fe + 2Fe3+= 3Fe2+2Fe3+ Cu = 2Fe2+ Cu2+Fe3+ 30H-= Fe(OH)3J11、碳及其化合物的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì)：2C+0(少量)丿里2C0C+0(足量)亠CQC+C2C0C+HO絲CO+H生成水煤氣)C+2HSQ(濃)=CQT+2SQf+2H0C +4HN0(濃) =CQf+4NQT+2H202co+0點(diǎn)2C0C0+Cu0 Cu+C03C0+FeQ亠2Fe+3C0CQ+H28HbCQCQ+Ca(0H)2(過(guò)量)=CaCQj

6、+H2QCa2+ 2QH-+ CQ2= CaCQs；+ H2QCQ + 2QH= CQs2+ H2Q2CQ(過(guò)量)+Ca(QH)2=Ca(HCG)2CQ + QH-= HCQsCQ+NH+NaCI+H28 NaHCQX+NHCI（侯氏制堿法）12、氮?dú)?、氨氣及硝酸的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì)：催化劑2+3気亍2NH2+Q奧！=2NQM+3Mg MgM 2NQ+d 2NQ 3NQ+H8 2HNC3+NQ4NH+5Q化劑4NQ+6bDNH+HCI=NHCI(白煙)NH + H2QNHH2NH+ QHNHHCQ NHf+H2Q+CQTNHCNH+HCI 2NHCI + Ca(QH) CaCb + NHsf+ H2

7、Q NH+ QH丄NHsf+H2Q寥執(zhí)貳肝并AA4HNQ4NQf+Qf+2H.Q 4HNQ；濃)+C = CQf+4NQf+2H2Q + 2+4HN(3+Cu=Cu(NQ)2+2NQf+2H22NQ3+ Cu + 4H = Cu + 2NQ2T+ 2H2O 8HNG+3Cu=3Cu（NO）2+2NOT +4H2O 2NO3-+ 3Cu + 8H+= 3Cu2+ 2NOT+ 4H2O 13、硫及其化合物的化學(xué)性質(zhì):S+HH2SS+F FeSS+2C=Cu2S3S+6NaQH2Na2S+NaSQ+3fQ 3S + 6QHSQ + 2H2S=3S+2HQSQ+H8 HzSQ2NaQH+SQ少量）=N

8、aSQ+fQ SQ2+ 2QH-= SQ32-+ H2QNaQH+SQ足量）=NaHSQ SQ2+ QH-= HSQ3-催化劑2SQ+Q= 2SQ2HzSQ（濃）+CCQT+2SQ2T+2HQ2HzSQ（濃）+Cu丄CuSQ+SQT+2H.QNQSQ+HSQ = Na2SQ+ SQ2T+ H2Q SQ32-+ 2H+= SQ2T+ H2Q14、鋁及其化合物主要化學(xué)性質(zhì)：4AI+3Q22Al2Q（純氧）2AI+Fe2QAl2Q+2Fe2AI+3H2SQ=Al2（SQ4）3+3H2T2AI + 6H = 2AI3+ 3H2T2AI+2NaQH+2HQ2NaAIQ+3H2T或2AI+2NaQH+6H

9、Q2NaAI（QH）4】+3出T2AI+2QH+6H2Q=2AI（QH）4+3HJS+Q點(diǎn)燃SQ2S2+ SQ32+ 3H2QAl 2Q+3fSQ=Al2(SO4)3+3H2O Al 2Q+6H+=2AI3+3H2OAl 2Q+2NaOH+3H 2NaAI(OH)4 Al 2Q+2OH+3H2O=2AI(OH)42AI2Q(熔融)w 3O2T+ 4Al2Al(OH)3丄AI2Q+3HOAl(OH)3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H.O Al(OH)3+3H =Al3+3H.OAl(OH)3+NaObkNaAI(OH)4 Al(OH)3+OH=Al(OH)4AlCl3+3NaOH= Al(OH)3J

10、+3NaCl Al3+ 3OH-= Al(OH)3JAlCl3+3NHHzO=Al(OH)3J+3NHCI Al3+ 3NH3.H2O = Al(OH)3J+3NH+AlCl3+3NaHCO AI(OH)3J+3COfAl3+ 3HC0 = Al(OH)3J+ 3COT15、硅及其化合物主要化學(xué)性質(zhì)：Si(粗)+2Cl2丄SiCl4SiCl4+2亠Si(純)+4HClSi(粉 g 丄SiO2Si+2NaOH+HO= NQSQ3+2H2 Si + 2OH-+ H2O = SiO32-+ 2H2T2C+SiQ亠Si+2CO(制得粗硅)4HF+SiQ=SiF4+2H2OSiO2+CaO CaSiO3

11、SiO2+2NaOH= NaSiOs+HO (常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃)SO+NQCO NS2SQ3+COSiO2+CaCO= CaSiQ+CO2NaOH+Si8 NQSO+HOSiO2+ 2OH-= SiO32-+ H2ONs2SiO3+ CQ+ H2O = H2SiO3J+ NQCQ SiO32+ CQ + H2O = H2SQ3；+ CQ216、鎂、銅等單質(zhì)及化合物的性質(zhì)：2Mg+Q 2MgOMg + 2H2O = 2Mg(OH)2j+ H2?Mg + Cl2MgCb2Mg +CQ 2MgO+CMg + H2SC4=MgSQ + H2?Mg + 2H+= Mg2+ H2?MgQ + 2HCI = MgCl2+H2Q MgQ + 2H+= Mg2+ H2QMgQHR + 2HCI = MgCl2+2H2Q Mg(QH)2+ 2H = Mg2+ 2H2QMgCb+2NaQH= Mg(QH),J+2NaCI Mg2+ 2QH= Mg(QH)2J2Cu +Q亠2CuQ2Cu +S = CuzSCu+ CI2 CUCI2CuQ+HSQ=CuSQ+HQ CuQ +