虛擬語氣（講解版） (2)

1、GrammarSubjunctive Mood 虛擬條件句可分為兩類：虛擬條件句可分為兩類： 一類是敘述與現(xiàn)實事實相反的情況， 一類是敘述與過去事實相反的情況。另外，還有一類用于推測將來的情況，也稱作推測條件句。（一）虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句。虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句。 表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)時表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)時，條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞用從句中的謂語動詞用“過去式過去式（be的過去式用were）”，而主句中的謂語動詞用“would（should, could, might）+動詞原形?！?Example If I had time ,I would certainly go to

2、the movies. If I were you, I should study English. If he had time, he would attend the meeting.表示與過去的事實相反的假設(shè)時表示與過去的事實相反的假設(shè)時，條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用從句的謂語動詞用“had +過去分詞過去分詞”，主句中的謂語動詞用“would（should, could, might）+have +過去分詞”。 Eg: If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the examination. If she had wo

3、rked harder ,she would have succeeded . The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.表示表示與將來事實相反與將來事實相反的假設(shè)時，的假設(shè)時， 條件條件從句和主句從句和主句所用的謂語動詞懷所用的謂語動詞懷“表示與現(xiàn)在事表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)實相反的假設(shè)”的謂語動詞相同，或者條件從句中用的謂語動詞相同，或者條件從句中用“were to/should+動詞原形動詞原形” oror過去式。過去式。 If you came tomorrow, we would have the

4、meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.If he should do it ,he would use another way.在不同時間下，虛擬語氣的三種形式。在不同時間下，虛擬語氣的三種形式。I. I.與現(xiàn)在事實相反與現(xiàn)在事實相反 Were mightWere mightIf+If+主語主語+ + 過去式動詞過去式動詞 wouldwould 過去式助動詞過去式助動詞 ， 主語主語+ could + V+ could + V Should Should II.II.與過去事實相反與過去事實相反 mi

5、ght might would + have + would + have + 過去分詞過去分詞If +If +主語主語+had +had +過去分詞過去分詞, , 主語主語 + could+ could Should Should III.III.與將來事實相反與將來事實相反 Were mightWere might if + if + 主語主語+ + 過去式助動詞過去式助動詞 shouldshould were to +v were to +v 主語主語+ would + V+ would + V Should + v. Could Should + v. Could 注：注：虛擬語氣中助

6、動詞虛擬語氣中助動詞bebe一般用一般用werewere，不用，不用waswas。當(dāng)條件狀語當(dāng)條件狀語從句行為和主句表示的行為從句行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間來調(diào)整。的時間來調(diào)整。 1.If you had worked hard, you would be very tired. 2.If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour.3.If I were you ,I wouldnt have misse

7、d the film last night. 4.If you had spoken to him last time you saw him, you would know what to do now.以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式:省略省略if,用用“were, had, should +主語主語”. 例如例如: Were I in school again, I would work harder. Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomor

8、row, I would come.但在虛擬條件狀語從句中但在虛擬條件狀語從句中,省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式不能用動詞的縮略形式, 如我們可以說如我們可以說: Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy. 但不能說但不能說 Werent it for the expense, I would go to Italy.含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類隱含式虛擬條其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類隱含式

9、虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if if引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來表示含蓄引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有虛擬條件的手段有 : :( (二二) )、含蓄虛擬條件句、含蓄虛擬條件句 1.1.用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句用用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句用 without / but for（要不是、（要不是、如果不是）如果不是） /but that(若非若非)/ in case of（假如，如果發(fā)生）（假如，如果發(fā)生）/ In the absence of （如果沒有）（如果沒有）/under more favorable condition表示表示“要不是要不是”、“如果沒有如果沒有

10、”等等，表示條件虛擬，表示條件虛擬例例句：句： But for the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. =If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. 1）. Without air, nothing could live. 要是沒有空氣，什么也要是沒有空氣，什么也不能生存。不能生存。 2）. But for your help, I couldnt have done it

11、. 3）. But that she was afraid, she would have said no. If only 引導(dǎo)的是引導(dǎo)的是省略了省略了表示結(jié)果的主句的虛擬表示結(jié)果的主句的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)已成為慣用法，表達愿望一種不真實的語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)已成為慣用法，表達愿望一種不真實的條件，譯成條件，譯成“要是要是就好了！就好了！”從句從句用用過去時表示現(xiàn)在沒有實現(xiàn)過去時表示現(xiàn)在沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望，的愿望，對對過去沒有實現(xiàn)的或不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句就用過去過去沒有實現(xiàn)的或不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句就用過去完成時完成時。 If only I had taken his advice.我要是聽他的話就好我要是

12、聽他的話就好了了 If only I were a bird我如果是一只鳥就好了我如果是一只鳥就好了 If only I could speak several foreign languages.2. 虛擬語氣用于虛擬語氣用于 if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中三）動詞不定式短語。 一般一般intended/meant/hoped /wished /planned/或或was/were +不定式完成式或不定式完成式或had intended/meant/hoped /wished /planned/+不定式的一般式表示虛擬不定式的一般式表示虛擬 。E.g.1.I intended I

13、 should call on you , but I was busy at that time.2.I am sorry ,but I really didnt mean to hurt.3.I had planned to travel to Canada, but I had something more important to cope with.四）情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣 Must have done一定做了一定做了(用肯定句用肯定句) Could have done可能（疑問句）本能夠做但沒做（肯定句）可能（疑問句）本能夠做但沒做（肯定句）May/might have do

14、ne 也許做了也許做了Should /ought to have done 應(yīng)該做但沒做應(yīng)該做但沒做Shouldnt/oughtnt to have done 本不該做本不該做Neednt have done 本不必做本不必做Could he have been told the time?有人告訴他時間了嗎？有人告訴他時間了嗎？ 我本能夠幫你，但當(dāng)時很忙。I could have helped you but I was busy then. I didnt pass the exam, (本不應(yīng)該玩如此多的本不應(yīng)該玩如此多的) I ought not to have played so m

15、uch. I didnt hear the phone, I must have been sleeping. 在主語從句中，謂語動詞的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)用在主語從句中，謂語動詞的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)用“ should should 十動詞原形十動詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等如此等句型：It is /was+ 形容詞/過去分詞/名詞 + that +should + do常用的形容詞常用的形容詞* natural , appropriate (適當(dāng)?shù)?,advisable (合適的), preferable (可取的), better (更好)* n

16、ecessary, important, imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本質(zhì)的), vital (必不可少的)* probable , possible * desirable (極好的)五）虛擬語氣用于主語從句五）虛擬語氣用于主語從句 常用的過去分詞常用的過去分詞:required (需要的需要的), demanded (要求要求), requested (被請求被請求的的), desired (要求要求)* suggested (建議建議), recommended (推推薦薦)* ordered (命令命令)常用的名詞常用的名詞：

17、a pity 、 a shame，no wonder，etc例如例如 It is necessary that we should clean the room every day. It was a pity that you should be so careless It will be desired that she should finish her homework this afternoon 在上述三種主語從句中，在上述三種主語從句中，should意為意為“應(yīng)該應(yīng)該”,“竟然竟然”,可以省去，但不可換用可以省去，但不可換用would.主句所用動詞的時態(tài)不限主句所用動詞的時態(tài)不

18、限 注意：注意：這種從句表示的是事實如果說話人對這種這種從句表示的是事實如果說話人對這種事實表現(xiàn)出驚奇的情感，就可用虛擬語氣反之，如事實表現(xiàn)出驚奇的情感，就可用虛擬語氣反之，如果不表示驚奇等情感果不表示驚奇等情感That從句也可用陳述語氣，例從句也可用陳述語氣，例如：如： It is strange that he did not come yesterday. It is a pity that you cant swim六六)虛擬語氣用于賓語從句虛擬語氣用于賓語從句1.1.“wishwish” 在賓語從句中在賓語從句中 V-edV-ed. . 表現(xiàn)在表現(xiàn)在 wish + wish + 主語

19、（賓語從句中的主語）主語（賓語從句中的主語）+ had + v-ed + had + v-ed 表過去表過去 could/would/ could/would/ might + V.might + V.表將來表將來“wish +賓語從句”表示不能實現(xiàn)的愿望,漢語可譯為“可惜”. “就好了”, “悔不該”, “但愿”等. I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish you could go with us. We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier. V-ed V-ed 表現(xiàn)在或?qū)肀憩F(xiàn)在或

20、將來would rather +would rather +主語主語( (從句中從句中)+ )+ had + had + 過去分詞表過去過去分詞表過去例例 a . I would rather you came tomorrow than today. b I would rather you hadnt said that . c. I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.2. 2. would/had rather would/had rather would sooner/prefer+object clause would sooner/

21、prefer+object clause 在虛擬語氣中的用法表在虛擬語氣中的用法表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。3. 作作advise, order, demand, plan, propose, suggest, request, insist等表示等表示“計劃，要求，命令計劃，要求，命令”動詞的賓語從句動詞的賓語從句,其后賓語從其后賓語從句謂語句謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動詞原形動詞原形”.Eg:They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be with drawn immediate

22、ly.He insisted that all of us should clean the blackboard after class.He ordered that the students wash the cloths every week by Themselves.注意：注意：suggest表示表示“暗示暗示”時不需要用虛擬語氣；時不需要用虛擬語氣； insist表示表示“堅持認(rèn)為堅持認(rèn)為”時也不需要用虛擬語氣時也不需要用虛擬語氣 e.g.: Her pale face suggests that she is ill. He insists that he didnt stea

23、l money.作作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動詞要用其謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動詞原形動詞原形”.例如例如: We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. My idea is that we (should) exercise first七七)虛擬語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句虛擬

24、語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句 如果從句表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，用過去完成時，指現(xiàn)如果從句表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，用過去完成時，指現(xiàn)在狀況，則用過去時，指將來則用過去將來時在狀況，則用過去時，指將來則用過去將來時例如：例如： He looks as if he were an artist. He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England Even if he were here，he could not solve the problem They talked as if they had been fr

25、iends for years. She looks as if she would cry.八八)虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在 as if(as though)，even if( even though)等引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句中的應(yīng)用等引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句中的應(yīng)用例如例如： She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。 The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he inj

26、ure himself.He kept quiet lest he (should) disturb her. I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper.由連接詞由連接詞in case, so that ,in order that ,unless, in case, so that ,in order that ,unless, lest ,for fear thatlest ,for fear that引起的狀語從句中，謂語動詞要用引起的狀語從句中，謂語動詞要用虛擬形式，即虛擬形式，即should(might, would)+should(might, would)+動詞原形動詞原形，注意：注意：在以在以lest lest 引導(dǎo)的從句，謂語用引導(dǎo)的從句，謂語用should +should +動詞原形，動詞原形，shouldshould有時可省有時可省. . 若若in order that/so thatin order that/so that的主句是現(xiàn)在時，的主句是現(xiàn)在時，從句也可用從句也可用can/may+can/may+動詞原形。動詞原形。Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I Ask h