英文文章摘要寫法.

1、Scientific Paper WritingGeneral KnowledgeGeneral KnowledgeWhat is a scientific paper? A scientific paper is a written report describing original research results. Papers are a central part of research. Structure of a Scientific Paper A scientific paper should have, in proper order: Title, Authors na

2、me, Abstract and Key words, Body Acknowledgements (selective) References Appendix (selective)Body Introduction( Background) Materials and Methods (Experiments), Results, and Discussion ConclusionsTitle and Authors NameTitleThe title should contain three elements: 1. the name of the organism studied;

3、 2. the particular aspect or system studied; 3. the variables manipulated. Example The Research on the Resistance characteristic of Gas-liquid Separator by Numerical Stimulation 通過數值模擬對水氣分離器的阻力特性的研究Tips for writing a Title less than ten words The title is written in the middle of the first line, als

4、o can be written in two or three lines if it is longer. The title should be noun phrase or noun expression Using v.ing for necessary uses of Verbs. Should reflect the factual content of the paper Be Straightforward Let the Titles first word be a key word if you can The Title should be short, it also

5、 should not be general. Compare: “Study on Anti-microbial Agents. Effects of a Variety of Anti-microbial Agents on Four Bacterial Cultures SCI高被引論文題名分析高被引論文題名分析名詞性詞組的形名詞性詞組的形式式 Title: Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation slen mode（震蕩模式中X射線衍射數據的分析方法） Author(s): Otwinowski Z,

6、Minor W Source: MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, krstlrfi PT A METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY enzamld 276: 307-326 1997酶學方法美國 Elsevier SCI被引17146次，該題名堪稱準確、簡潔、清楚的典范，即用7個實詞和2個虛詞清晰地說明了論文的研究角度為“Processing”,對象是“X-ray diffraction data”, 操作的變量是：collected in oscillation mode.SCI高被引論文題名分析：系列題名高被引論文題名分析：系列題名 系列題名（Serie

7、s Title）是指主題名相同，但文章序號和副題名不同的系列論文的題名系列題名 Density-Functional Thermochemistry .the role of exact exchange 密度函數的熱化學：3.正解交換的作用Examples The Effect of Temperature ON Germination of Corn Does Temperature Affect Germination of Corn? Temperature and Corn Germination: Implications for Agriculture Lost Between

8、Light and Shade: An Interpretation of the images and structure of The Hollow Men 斑斑竹淚連瀟湘從唐詩的斑竹意象淺窺神話的詩性重構Authors Name Format for foreign journals: Given Name + Family Name Chinese requirement: follow the order of Pingyin e.g. Li Xue More than one people: one space /comma between the two namesAbstrac

9、t WritingIntroduction An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in abbreviated form.Parts of an Abstract Motivation and Problem statement: :Why

10、do we care about the problem and the results? What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work? Approach:How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Results:Whats the answer? Conclusions:What are the implications of your answer? Length 100150 words，15 of the f

11、ull paper U.S.A.: 250 words for master thesis abstract，350 words for Doctor dissertation abstract.第一部分第一部分 摘要的內容摘要的內容一、說明性摘要 簡明介紹論文涉及的議題和論點，主要概括論文的涉及范圍、研究方向和研究目的，不涉及論據和結論。 容易理解，但無法提供更多的詳細信息Sample 1Role of Pathway in Self-Access CentersAbstract This article discusses some roles for self-access pathwa

12、ys, particularly in cultures which have no tradition of self-study. It suggests how pathways might influence the design and running of self-access centers, and gives an illustration of how pathways were designed and employed in a center in China. Feedback is based on mini-survey distributed to thirt

13、y users.Analysis: 1. main points (1) roles for self-access pathway (2) influence to the design and running of self-access center (3) how pathway were designed and employed in a centre in China 2. original materialSample 2 From the aspects of English title, authors signature and affiliation, English

14、abstract and English keywords, the paper describes the writing characteristics, patterns and some errors that should be avoided in abstract writing. At the time, it stresses paying attention to the objectiveness, science and language style of abstract writing. The standardization of English abstract

15、 writing will be beneficial to the sci-tech papers to be quoted by International abstract journals, and to the impacts of scientific research in China. 使用范疇 一般在一般在科研科研論文中不予使用論文中不予使用 刊登在文獻索引期刊中 討論性文章、綜述性文章、圖書或某些會議論文集二. 信息性摘要 是原文內容要點的總結，報道原文獻中的具體內容：問題闡述：交代文章的研究內容所使用的研究手段和方法：交代研究過程主要研究結果和結論、以及建議等。要求 結構

16、完整，語言簡潔易懂，反映論文的基本面貌，一般情況下能夠代替閱讀論文全文。 重點突出文中提及的新發(fā)現(xiàn)，新結論。 要注解標題，給出答案，描述步驟，突出與傳統(tǒng)研究的差異。 此類文摘篇幅稍長，一般為100250詞，多者可達500詞1000詞。寫摘要的順序 第一步：以 To elucidate the mechanism., To investigate. ,或者for the purpose of .開頭來講述你這樣研究的目的，一般做為主句的一個狀語成分 . was carried out . 講述你研究的內容或者研究的核心關注點 第二步： technologies were applied in 闡

17、述研究過程或者方法 第三步：The resulted showed that ., 講述你這樣研究得出的主要研究結果。 第四步： The result of the present work implied that. 講述由你的研究結果得出的結論。Example 納米納米ZnO生長及性質分析生長及性質分析 Growth and Properties of Nano ZnO Abstract: By using low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor phase d e p o s i t i o n （ L P - M O C V D ） tech

18、nology, ZnO nanorods(納米柱) were grown with ZnO particles as catalyst on Si （111） substrates surface. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, photoluminescence （PL） were used to characterize the crystalline quality, crystal structure, surface properties and opt

19、ical properties of the ZnO nano-rod samples. The results show that ZnO nano-rods have a preferential c-axis orientation. (軸擇優(yōu)取向性) Oxygen partial pressure was found to have important influence on the growth of ZnO nanorods. When oxygen partial pressure is low, the growth of ZnO is based on VLS growth

20、 mechanism; when oxygen partial pressure is high, the growth of ZnO is based on VS growth mechanism; ZnO growth can be optimized by changing the flow rate of N2O. 摘要: 利用低壓金屬有機化學氣相沉積（LP-M0cVD）技術，在表面含有ZnO顆粒作為催化劑的si（111）襯底上制備了ZnO納米柱陣列。采用X射線衍射（XRD）、喇曼光譜 (Raman)、掃描電子顯微鏡（SEM）、光致發(fā)光（PL）譜分析了樣品的晶體結構質量、表面性質和光學

21、性質。結果表明，生長出來的納米ZnO具有較好的軸擇優(yōu)取向性。發(fā)現(xiàn)氧分壓對ZnO納米柱的生長有重要影響：當氧分壓較低時，生長基于VLS機制；當氧分壓較高時，生長基于VS機制；通過對N2O流量的控制可實現(xiàn)對ZnO納米材料的可控生長.使用范疇 研究或試驗報告 研究論文及專題論文第二部分第二部分 摘要的撰寫要求摘要的撰寫要求Writing Principles 行文原則Principle A.B.C. A: Accuracy B: Brevity C: ClarityA: Accuracy Accurate expression by right wordse.g. symtom -sigh safe

22、ty - security safety precautions, safety belt, safety valve, safety island, safety operation (安全，平安) Security Council， security category，security van （安全，保障，保護） B: Brevity Use short sentences mostlye.g. The onset of chronic leukemia is frequently so insidious that it is accidently discovered when a

23、blood count is obtained for other reasons or when the patient reports to his physician that he has noted a few enlarged lymph notes or felt, while bathing, a firm left quadrant abdominal mass. Change the long one into short: The onset of chronic leukemia is frequently so insidious. It is accidently

24、found when a blood count is obtained for other reasons. Sometimes the patients own discovery of a few enlarged lymph notes a firm left quadrant abdominal mass may lead to its diagnosis. Get rid of the unnecessary words in a sentence. e.g. English language is about one-half redundant. to: English is

25、half redundant.C: Clarity Well-structured, not exaggerated, specifically describede.g. The cross-section was (6.250.26)*10-24cm2*not: the cross-section was measured. Be objective Do not use following words: perhaps, maybe, likely, possibly, probably Do not use tendentious comments 縮短摘要的方法 1. 摘要中的第一句

26、話盡量不要與題名重復。e.g. A Wave Function for the H Center in LiF. A wave function for the H center in LiF(白血病抑制因子) is proposed assuming a linear combination of appropriate molecular orbits(分子軌道).A linear combination of appropriate molecular orbits is assumed. The 2. 取消一些不必要的詞句。 e.g. in this paper, it is repo

27、rted that, Extensive investigations show that. The author discusses , This paper conerned with. 3. 減少或取消對過去研究情況的描述或者不必要的背景信息。 可以對物理量單位及通用詞語適當簡化。 e.g. 3km for Three kilometers, 5s for five seconds U.S. for the United States第三部分第三部分 摘要的文體摘要的文體語言特點語言特點u謂語動詞很簡單而句子其余成份相對復雜。u大量使用be和have的變化形式做謂語動詞。u使用不提及人的

28、陳述句。1. 盡量使用短句子，但也應避免簡單單調。 e.g. An enhancement, which is named as ABC, is proposed to get a more powerful object-oriented method. 改為：An enhancement, ABC, is proposed. It is a more powerful object-oriented method.2. 用預置短語分開或者用連字符斷開名詞組，避免長形容詞修飾名詞 3. 造句時盡量使動詞靠近主語。e.g. The de-colorization in solutions of

29、 the pigment in dioxane, which were exposed to 10 h of UV irradiation, was irreversible. 改成 : The de-colorization was irreversible after 10 h of UV irradiation while the pigment was dissolved in dioxane. 4. 盡量應用重要的事實開頭，避免短語或者從句開頭e.g. From data obtained experimentally, fuel consumption in a reactor c

30、ore was determined. 改成： Fuel consumption in a reactor core was determined from data obtained experimentally 5. 刪繁就簡， 用合適的短語代替從句，用合適的詞代替短語e.g. has been found to increase increased was considered to be was it would seem that seemingly 6. 摘要中盡量避免使用第一人稱we，I為主語。e.g. In this paper, we discuss the applicat

31、ion conditions of this method The application conditions of this method are discussed.摘要的時態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時（主要時態(tài)） 一般過去時 現(xiàn)在完成時一般現(xiàn)在時 敘述研究方法和目的Example： This article sets out four of the main misconceptions, discusses why they have arisen, and why they can be so described. 介紹研究背景中不受時間影響的普遍事實。Example Coffee has se

32、veral metabolic effects that could reduce the risk of gallstone formation.咖啡具有幾種可降低膽石形成的代謝作用。 報道研究結果Example： The results show that the period of induction and the patent period of stressor can be initially confirmed by the electrical conductivity of medium and the variability of soluble protein in t

33、omato. 陳述結論，提出建議或是描述一般規(guī)律Example： In doing this, the article attempts to define some important characteristics of communicative language teaching as it is practiced at present.一般過去時一般過去時 介紹研究過程：Example： In order to separate and extract the substance, tomato was firstly cultured in totally nutrient so

34、lution, then shifted to the incompletely nutrient solution till the period of 3 leaves and core.現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時 描述已做過的工作，以表達延續(xù)性Example： Man has not yet discovered an effective cure for the common cold.（人類至今尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)一種有效治療感冒的方法。） 介紹研究背景中某種研究動向Example： The patients have been followed for 15 to 32 years since th

35、e beginning of their disease.EI 數據庫建議 用過去時態(tài)敘述作者工作； 用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)敘述作者結論。靈活選用不同時態(tài) 原則： 以基本時態(tài)為基礎（一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時），根據句子需要選用Example： However, little has been done on how to make the operation schedules after the job sequences have been determined.摘要的語態(tài) 目前，英文摘要仍以被動語態(tài)具多，這種語態(tài)“可以在主語部分集中較多的信息，起到信息前置，語義鮮明突出的效果?！?主動語態(tài)有增長的趨勢

36、，認為“主動語態(tài)表達的語句文字清晰、簡捷明快，表現(xiàn)力強，動作的執(zhí)行者和動作的承受者一目了然，往往那給人一種干凈利落、涇渭分明的感覺?！闭械恼Z法修辭(1) 力求簡捷 at a temperature of 250 to 300 at 250 to 300 centigrade kilo Pascal at a high pressure of 2 kPa at 2 kPa has been found to increase increased from the experimental results, it can be concluded that the results show(2

37、) 能用名詞作定語的不用動名詞作定語，那用形容詞作定語的不用名詞作定語 measuring accuracy measurement accuracy experiment results experimental results(3) 可直接用名詞或名詞短語作定語的情況下，要少用of句型 accuracy of measurement measurement accuracy structure of crystal crystal structure(4) 可用動詞的情況盡量避免用動詞的名詞形式 Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was m

38、ade Thickness of plastic sheet was measured (5) 一個名詞不宜用多個前置形容詞來修飾，可改用復合詞，兼用后置定語 thermal oxidation apparent activation energy apparent active energy of thermo-oxidation (熱氧化的表面活性能量)Exercise A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene has been carried out using differe

39、ntial scanning calorimetry. (用DSC 研究聚丙烯的熔融行為) The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase(固體拉伸取向). At extrusion ratio (ER ) greater four, two melting peaks were observed. With increasing ER, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperatur

40、e. The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less (兩個熔融峰及其隨拉伸比的變化). It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character(存在不同晶體).此例回答了如下四個問題： 回答做了什么? （研究工作范圍） 用DSC 研究聚丙烯的熔融行為 回答怎樣做的?

41、 （實驗要點） 固體拉伸取向 回答結果如何? （主要結論） 兩個熔融峰及其隨拉伸比的變化 回答原因何在? （結果的解釋,結論） 存在不同晶體High performance silicon nanowire field effect transistors Silicon nanowires can be prepared with single-crystal structures, diameters as small as several nanometers and controllable hole and electron doping, and thus represent po

42、werful building blocks for nanoelectronics devices such as field effect transistors. To explore the potential limits of silicon nanowire transistors, we have examined the influence of source-drain contact thermal annealing and surface passivation on key transistor properties. Thermal annealing and p

43、assivation of oxide defects using chemical modification were found to increase the average transconductance from 45 to 800 nS and average mobility from 30 to 560 cm(2)/V(.)s with peak values of 2000 nS and 1350 cm(2)/V(.)s, respectively. The comparison of these results and other key parameters with

44、state-of-the-art planar silicon devices shows substantial dvantages for silicon nanowires. The uses of anowires as building blocks for future anoelectronics are discussed. 第一句話： can be prepared with 文章的研究意義 第二句話： To explore 開頭來講述研究的目的。 第三句話： were found to 講述你研究的內容 第四句話： The resulted showes that 講述研究

45、得出的主要研究結果。 第五句話： 研究結果得出的結論。第四部分第四部分 常用句型和表達方法常用句型和表達方法回顧某領域已取得的研究結果或介紹相關知識 常用動詞: present, summarize, review, outline 句式： is presented in this paper. This paper reviews the method for dealing withThis article summarizes the theory on闡明論文寫作和研究目的 常用詞： 名詞：purpose, aim, objective, goal 動詞：aim, attempt to

46、, initiate, intend to, seek 句式： The purpose of this study is to explore new methods on The paper attempt to define in terms of The study is aimed at finding out the basic similarities between and The main objective of the work is to justify The primary goal of this research is The main objective of

47、our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of Based on recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish陳述論文觀點和作者觀點 常用詞： argue, account for, address, characterize, concern, contribute, describe, disclo

48、se, deal with, devote to, explain, introduce, present, report句式： This paper presents the mathematical model and its algorithm （算法）used for This paper reports the preparation and quantum confinement （量子限制）effects of The principles and methodology of language teaching are described in this article. Th

49、is paper is mainly devoted to We concern the assessments of the new method for介紹研究過程和研究范圍 常用詞 過程：analyze, consider, discuss, examine, study, investigate, state, propose 范圍：contain, cover, include, outline, scope, field, domain句式： The characteristic of was investigated. The paper analyzes the possibi

50、lity of We study the one-step-synthesis method for in this paper. This article discusses the method of calculation of The principle of constructing is proposed This paper states the reasons for This study identifies some procedures for This article outlines the preliminary process of The scope of th

51、e study covers Our study includes The paper contains the specific topic on 介紹計算、測量 常用詞： calculate, compute, determine, estimate, measure, work out 句式： This paper determines the proper temperature for The cooling rate was calculated by means of The rational rage of power is measured by In the paper,

52、we measured the orientation and estimated parameter for The author worked out the probability of The author has computed equilibrium constant K （平衡常數）and 闡 明 論 證 常用詞： confirm, demonstrate, find, identify, indicate, monitor, note, observe, point out, prove, provide 句式：The result of calculation shows

53、thatThe initial particles are found to be It is found that the amorphous silicon nitride非晶氮化硅膜 show a tendency in It is noted that can be found in The result provides a sound basis for The study of those properties indicate The experimental results demonstrate that The effects of were observed and m

54、onitored.說明試驗過程 常用詞： experiment, test, sample 句式： The samples of pyroelectric ceramics (電釋熱陶瓷)were collected by We sampled the blood and urine of The blood screening test for the AIDS antibody has been carried out on We experimented on the sintering property(流延特性) of The new protocol architecture fo

55、r distributed multimedia systems has been tested in 介紹應用、用途 常用詞： application, use及其動詞形式 句式： In this paper, the method has been applied in technique is used to The application of the new design is to develop and maintain 展示研究結果 常用詞： result, cause, increase, lessen, as a result, result in, arrive at 句

56、式： As a result we have got pure particle of The result of observation show that The finding of our research on methodologies in is The results of calculation show that the minimum velocity（速度） arrives at The relationship between and is characterized by The room temperature resistivity is lessened to 介 紹 結 論 常用詞： conclude, summary, to sum up, lead to, in conclusion, conclusion 句式： We concluded that The conclusion of our research is It is concluded that On the basis of , the following conclusion can be drawn Finally, a summary is given of To sum up, we have revealed Our argument proceeds in The