鋼結構中英文翻譯

1、鋼結構住宅的開展前景鋼結構住宅是十五期間我國將重點推廣的工程，其具有強度高、結構尺寸小、自重輕、 施工速度快， 抗震性能好及工業(yè)化程度高的特點。 本文首先介紹了鋼結構住宅的開展現狀及 它的特點，然后對鋼結構住宅的開展前景進行了分析和展望。關鍵詞： 鋼結構 ，鋼結構住宅 ， 開展前景1 鋼結構建筑及鋼結構住宅開展現狀1.1 鋼結構建筑的開展現狀改革開放以來， 我國的鋼產量有了很大的提高， 特別是從 1997 年以后， 我國的鋼產量突 破 1 億噸，但我國的鋼結構用鋼量占總鋼產量的比例僅為3% 左右，而在鋼結構用鋼量中，建筑鋼結構用鋼量又僅占 10%，這與我國作為產鋼大國的地位是很不相稱的，為此，

2、國家 外經貿委會同冶金部制定了在建筑工程中推廣使用鋼結構的一系列政策措施， 鼓勵建筑工程 采用鋼結構形式，爭取在 2021 年建筑鋼結構的用量到達總鋼產量的 6% 。2 鋼結構住宅相比傳統(tǒng)結構形式住宅的優(yōu)勢分析2.1 鋼結構住宅結構上的優(yōu)勢2.1.1 能合理布置功能區(qū)間利用鋼材強度高的特點， 設計可采用大開間布置， 使建筑平面能夠合理分隔， 靈活方便， 創(chuàng)造開放式住宅。而傳統(tǒng)結構磚混結構、砼結構由于材料性質限制了空間布置的自由， 如果開間過大，就會造成板厚、梁高、柱大，出現 “肥梁胖柱 現象，不但影響美觀，而且自 重增大，增加造價，購房者在二次裝飾時，經常由于自行改變墻體位置，增加隱患。2.1

3、.2 鋼結構住宅空間利用率高在空間使用率上， 鋼結構的斷面小， 與鋼筋混凝土結構相比可增加建筑有效面積8%左右。在建筑風格上， 鋼結構建筑也更顯靈活豐富， 戶內空間可多方案分割， 可以滿足不同用戶的 需求。2.1.3 自重輕、抗震性能好相同建筑面積的建筑樓層， 鋼結構自重輕，根據比擬，六層輕鋼結構住宅的重量， 僅相 當于四層磚混結構住宅的重量。 而且鋼材具有延性， 能比擬好的消耗地震帶來的能量， 所以 抗震性能好，結構平安度高。2.2 鋼結構住宅經濟性優(yōu)勢2.2.1 施工方便、工期短鋼結構構件， 可以實行工廠化生產， 現場安裝。 由于現場作業(yè)量小， 對周圍環(huán)境污染少，同時，施工機械化程度高，加

4、快了施工速度。根據統(tǒng)計，同樣面積建筑物，鋼結構比砼結構 工期可縮短 1/3，而且可節(jié)省支模材料。2.2.2 綜合造價低 由于自重輕，根底費用降低，總體用料減少，直接本錢降低，建設工期短，間接費又可 減少，所以綜合造價低。2.2.3 符合住宅產業(yè)化和可持續(xù)開展的要求 鋼結構適宜工廠大批量生產，工業(yè)化程度高，并且能將節(jié)能、防水、隔熱、門窗等先 進成品集合于一體， 成套應用， 將設計、生產、施工一體化， 提高住宅產業(yè)化的水平。 另外， 鋼材報廢后可實現 100廢品再回收利用，所以稱 “鋼結構建筑 為 “綠色建筑 毫不為過，它 是適應我們人類可持續(xù)開展戰(zhàn)略的新型建筑形式。3 鋼結構住宅開展阻力頸瓶分析

5、3.1 社會認可度鋼結構住宅的開展面臨的首要問題是整個社會對這種新住宅體系的接受需要一個過 程。輕鋼結構住宅體系是在國外尤其是北美地區(qū)木結構住宅的根底上開展起來的， 這兩種體 系雖然在國外已經十分成熟和完善， 但是對于我國來說卻完全是新東西， 因而各種困難幾乎 無處不在。 中國的消費者由于長期以來住慣了磚混或鋼筋混凝土結構的住宅， 從慢慢開始接 受到逐步喜歡輕鋼結構住宅，也需要一個漸進的過程。3.2 開展鋼結構住宅技術上還不夠成熟鋼結構體系住宅成套技術， 由于過去缺乏技術引導， 市場需求沒有到達產業(yè)化程度， 因 此，我國的相關產品功能性單一， 工業(yè)化程度不高， 產品質量還不能滿足住宅產業(yè)化標準

6、的 要求。目前，該技術零散而不系統(tǒng)，技術水平及標準參差不齊，不配套，需進一步研究創(chuàng)新 并進行整合。 此外， 在建材和部品方面， 目前建造輕鋼結構試驗工程所需材料許多要從國外 運來， 甚至有些由外商在中國大陸委托加工的部件， 往往也只能到國外去采購， 在國內市場 上一時還找不到。這也制約了鋼結構住宅的開展和推廣。3.3 專業(yè)技術人才缺乏在人員方面， 由于國內無論中等或是高等專業(yè)學校的教學內容中均少涉及輕鋼結構住宅 體系，因此我國建筑類專業(yè)的工程技術人員對這一體系知之甚少， 而更加缺乏的是熟練技術 工人，所以雖然這一體系單純從技術層面上講并無多少難度， 但真正推行起來卻往往缺乏得 力的骨干。3.4

7、 工程造價問題目前輕鋼結構住宅在我國大陸的報價大約是同條件傳統(tǒng)混凝土結構住宅的 1.5 倍左右， 國內消費者近期還難以接受。 然而這種價格在國外比起其它結構形式住宅的造價來說， 卻具 有很強的競爭力， 這也就是為什么輕鋼結構住宅體系在國外能夠蓬勃開展的原因。 任何新技 術的產生與開展都是與所處社會的技術經濟背景相聯系、 相適應的，目前美、 日、歐等興旺 國家和地區(qū)，人均GDP約為我國的40至50倍，勞動力價格約為我國的 20至30倍，因此， 符合產業(yè)化生產方式的輕鋼結構住宅在興旺國家遠比我國更易被市場接受。而我國由于科技和生產力開展水平較低， 勞動力價格廉價， 盡管輕鋼結構住宅的性能和舒適度較

8、高， 但其對 于傳統(tǒng)建筑形式住宅的競爭優(yōu)勢反倒不夠明顯。因而市場接受起來比擬緩慢。3.5 缺乏有針對性的鋼結構住宅標準及相應標準我國的標準標準是針對幾十年來大量使用的結構體系編制的，輕鋼結構住宅體系此前在我國屬于技術空白， 所以不能滿足我國現行強制性標準的某些條文。 例如我國建國以后建造 的建筑物多采用磚石和鋼筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建筑材料，由此導致我國的 ?建筑設計防火標準? 在材料選用方面似乎較國外苛刻， 輕鋼結構住宅難以滿足其要求。 這種與國內標準 不銜接的狀況， 使輕鋼結構住宅工程無論在工程報建階段還是在工程驗收階段，都會遇到數 不盡的障礙與麻煩。3.6 鋼結構住宅本身缺陷鋼結構防火能

9、力差。經過防火處理的鋼結構的耐火時間也只有23個小時，遠遠遜色于磚石和鋼筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建筑材料。3.7 缺乏相適應的建筑管理模式在建筑管理方面， 我國現行的建筑管理模式與輕鋼結構住宅這種工業(yè)化生產方式也不適 應，我國參加 WTO 以后，國外許多住宅生產企業(yè)希望進入中國大陸市場，但是他們搞不清 自己來到中國后應當申領什么資質， 屬于什么身份 -設計單位？施工單位？集成商？還是制 造商？4 鋼結構住宅開展前景展望 按興旺國家的最低水平推算，我國鋼結構用鋼量至少有 3600 萬噸的開展空間。在近期 內，國家將大力開展鋼結構建筑， 力爭每年建筑鋼結構用鋼將占全國鋼材總產量的3以上，年均鋼材消費

10、量為 350萬噸至 400萬噸；到 2021 年，將再翻一番，全國建筑鋼結構用鋼材 占鋼材總產量的 6以上，由此可見，鋼結構住宅市場前景十分廣闊。4.1 適合建筑用的特種鋼將不斷涌現隨著我國鋼鐵企業(yè)冶煉技術的提高，為適應市場的需求，適合建筑用的特種鋼必將不斷的涌現，例如寶鋼、 武鋼等鋼鐵企業(yè)成功開發(fā)的耐火耐候鋼， 它是通過適宜的技術，使鋼材 含有特定的成分如加鉬等 ，使鋼材的表觀結構及金相組織發(fā)生變化，從而使鋼材本身生 成所需的耐火性和耐候性。多種新型建筑用鋼的出現將大力推動鋼結構住宅的開展。4.2 國家將重點支持輕鋼結構住宅的建設輕鋼結構住宅建設在我國才剛剛涉入，我國現在是一個產鋼大國，年產

11、量3 億多噸，開展鋼結構住宅有很大的潛力。 上世紀 90 年代， 國家建設部和國家經貿委一致通過， 將“輕 型鋼結構住宅建筑通用體系的開發(fā)和應用 作為我國建筑業(yè)用鋼的突破點，并正式列入國家 重點技術創(chuàng)新工程。 這一舉措為我國的鋼結構開展奠定了根底。 如今， 由于國家的宏觀調控 作用， 房市出現了前所未有的低迷， 在這個時機推出鋼結構住宅， 利用鋼結構住宅的優(yōu)勢來 吸引市民目光， 刺激消費，增加市場的購置力，有著事半功倍的作用。 現在開展輕鋼結構住 宅正逢其時。4.3 鋼結構住宅建筑技術將不斷開展隨著鋼結構建筑的開展， 鋼結構住宅建筑技術也必將不斷的成熟， 大量的適合鋼結構住 宅的新材料也將不斷

12、的涌現，同時， 鋼結構行業(yè)建筑標準、建筑標準也將隨之逐漸完善。相 信不久的將來，鋼結構住宅必然會給住宅產業(yè)和建筑行業(yè)帶來了一場深層次的革命。4.4 開展鋼結構住宅是我國住宅產業(yè)化的必由之路住宅產業(yè)化是我國住宅業(yè)開展的必由之路，因為這將成為推動我國經濟開展新的增長點。鋼結構住宅體系易于實現工業(yè)化生產， 標準化制作， 而與之相配套的墻體材料可以采用 節(jié)能、環(huán)保的新型材料，它屬綠色環(huán)保性建筑，可再生重復利用，符合可持續(xù)開展的戰(zhàn)略， 因此鋼結構體系住宅成套技術的研究成果必將大大促進住宅產業(yè)化的快速開展，直接影響著我國住宅產業(yè)的開展水平和前途。5 結論那么鋼結構的應用就將使住如果說鋼筋混凝土結構的開展使

13、施工從手工進入了機械化， 宅施工實現現代化， 鋼結構住宅將成為建筑現代化開展的一個重要標志。 “鋼結構是環(huán)保住 宅，鋼結構符合可持續(xù)開展概念 21 世紀鋼結構將占領廣闊的建筑市場。在我國目前大 力推廣住宅產業(yè)化的時代背景下 ,鋼結構體系必將成為住宅結構體系的主流。英文翻譯Steel structure houseDuring the 15 projects in China steel housing is will focus on the promotion of its high strength, structure, small size, light weight, constru

14、ction speed, seismic performance and the characteristics of a high degree of industrialization. This paper describes the development of steel housing situation and its characteristics, then the future development of residential steel analysis and outlook.Key words: steel, steel housing, development

15、prospectsA steel construction and steel residential status1.1 Development of steel buildingSince the reform and opening up, China's steel production has been greatly improved, especially after 1997, China's steel production exceeded 100 million tons, but China's steel steel ratio of tota

16、l steel production is only about 3% , and in the amount of steel in the steel, construction steel structure steel volume is only 10% of steel production in China as a great power status is not commensurate, this, the State Economic and Trade Commission in conjunction with the Ministry of Metallurgy

17、has developed in promote the use of steel construction in a series of policy measures to encourage the use of steel form construction, steel structure in 2021 for the amount to 6% of the total steel output.2 Residential Steel structure compared to traditional advantages of home2.1 The advantages of

18、steel residential structure2.1.1 The layout features a reasonable interval toUsing the characteristics of high strength steel, the design layout of large bays can be used to separate the construction plane to a reasonable, flexible and easy to create an open house. The traditional structure (brick,

19、concrete structure) because of material property limits the spatial arrangement of the free, if the bay is too large, will result in thickness, high beam, column major, a "fat fat beam column", not only affect the appearance and weight increase, increased costs, home buyers in the secondar

20、y decoration, the frequent changes in the wall as their own position and increase risks.2.1.2 Steel high utilization rate of residential spaceIn the space usage on a small section steel, and construction of reinforced concrete structures can increase the effective area compared to 8%. In the archite

21、ctural style, the steel structure also is more flexible and rich in indoor spaces can be divided over the program to meet the needs of different users.2.1.3 light weight, good seismic performanceBuilding floor area of the same building, steel structure, light weight, according to comparison, six lig

22、ht weight steel structure house, brick house is only equivalent to the weight of four. And steel, ductile, better able to consume the energy of the earthquake, the seismic performance, structural safety is high.2.2 The economic advantages of residential steel2.2.1 Construction, short time limitSteel

23、 structures, factory production can be implemented, on-site installation. Because a small amount of field operations, the surrounding environmental pollution at the same time, construction of the high degree of mechanization, speed up the construction pace. According to statistics, the same area of

24、the building, steel structure, concrete structure construction period can be shortened more than 1 / 3, and can save formwork materials.2.2.2 Integrated low costAs the light weight, lower cost basis, the overall material reduction in direct costs, short construction period, and reduce indirect costs

25、, so an integrated low cost.2.2.3 meet the housing industry and the requirements of sustainable developmentSteel suitable for mass production factories, the high degree of industrialization, and is able energy saving, waterproof, heat insulation, doors, windows and other advanced product set in one,

26、 complete applications, will design, manufacture, construction and integration, improve the housing industry level.In addition, steel scrap would be achieved in 100% of waste recycled, so called "steel building" as a "green building" is not too much, it is to adapt our strategy o

27、f sustainable human development of new architectural forms.3 steel residential development resistance (neck bottle) analysis3.1 Social acceptanceSteel housing is the major problem facing the development of society as a whole to accept the new housing system needs a process. Light steel housing syste

28、m is in a foreign country, especially in North America timber structure Jichu developed on which two kinds of system, while in foreign countries has been very matured and improved, but for our country is totally a new thing, Yinergezhong difficulties almost everywhere. As Chinese consumers have long

29、 used to the brick or reinforced concrete structure house, slowly began to receive progressively from light steel structure like residential, also requires a gradual process.3.2 rise steel technologies are not matureComplete steel structure system of residential technology, the past lack of technica

30、l guidance, market demand did not meet the level of industry, Thus, our functional single-related products, low level of industrialization, product quality can not meet the requirements of domestic industry Hua standards. Currently, the technology rather than fragmented systems, varying skill levels

31、 and standards, not complete, but needs further research and innovation and integration.In addition, building materials and parts, the current pilot project will require the construction of light steel structure in many materials shipped from abroad, and even some foreign investors in mainland China

32、, commissioned by the processing of parts, often can only go abroad to purchase, in the domestic market Can not find a time. This also restricts the development and promotion of domestic steel.3.3 Lack of professional and technical personnelIn terms of personnel, the domestic secondary or higher pro

33、fessional schools, regardless of the teaching contents are less involved in light steel structure house, so my architectural professional engineers know little about this system, but more the lack of a skilled workers, so although the system is not purely a technical level, how much difficulty, but

34、the real lack of effective implementation of them is often the backbone.3.4 Cost issuesLight steel structure housing the current offer in the mainland of China is about the traditional concrete structure with conditions 1.5 times residential, domestic consumers in the near term unacceptable. However

35、, this price structure in foreign countries other than the cost of housing is, it is highly competitive, which is why the light steel structure house abroad, the reason can flourish. Any new technology and the emergence and development of both technical and economic context in which society is linke

36、d, adapt, and now the United States, Japan, Europe and other developed countries and regions, China's per capita GDP of about 40 to 50 times, labor cost is about for our 20 to 30 times, therefore,Meet the industrial production of light steel structure house than in developed countries more easil

37、y accepted by the market in China. In China, the development in technology and low productivity, low labor costs, despite the light steel structure residential high performance and comfort, but for the traditional forms of residential building competitive advantage Fandao visibility. Therefore marke

38、t acceptance up slow.3.5 lack of targeted domestic norms and the corresponding standard steelOur standards are widely used for decades prepared the structural system, light steel structure house had a technical gap in China, so China can not meet certain provisions of the existing mandatory standard

39、. For example, the construction of buildings in China after the founding of masonry and reinforced concrete multi-use properties such as good fire-resistant construction materials, which led to China's "architectural design code for fire protection" in the material selection appears to

40、 be more foreign harsh, light steel structure housing can not meet their requirements . This specification does not converge with the domestic situation, so that light steel structure residential projects both in Gongchengbaojian phase or stage of the project is completed, Will encounter countless o

41、bstacles and troubles.3.6 defects steel housing itselfFireproof poor. After the fire resistance of steel structure fire treatment time is only 2 to 3 hours, far less than that of reinforced concrete masonry and construction materials such as good fire resistance.3.7 The lack of suitable construction

42、 managementIn the construction management aspects, China's current building management mode and light steel structure housing this industrialization Shengchan methods are not adapt to China's accession to WTO since many foreign domestic manufacturers were seeking to enter the China market, b

43、ut they did not know that their Laidao China What qualifications should apply for after, are in what capacity - Design unit? Construction unit? Integrators? Or the manufacturer?4 Prospect Steel ResidentialCalculated according to the lowest level in developed countries, China's steel capacity at

44、least 36 million tons of steel for development. In the near future, the state will develop steel construction, steel structure of steel per year and strive to account for the national steel output more than 3% average annual steel consumption of 3.5 to 4 million tons; to 2021, we will go double the

45、national construction of steel structure steel accounted for more than 6% of the total output of steel, we can see, steel housing market prospects are bright.4.1 for construction of special steel will continue to emergeAs China's iron and steel smelting technology to improve, to meet the market

46、demand for special steel used in construction will continue to emerge, such as Baosteel, Wuhan Iron and steel companies such as the successful development of fire-resistant weathering steel, it is through appropriate technology to steel containing specific components (such as the Mo, etc.), so that

47、the apparent steel structure and microstructure changes, so that steel itself generate the necessary fire resistance and weather resistance. The emergence of a variety of new construction steel will vigorously promote the development of steel structure house.4.2 The State will focus on supporting th

48、e construction of light steel structure houseLight steel structure residential construction in China just involvement, China is now a steel-producing countries, annual output more than 300 million tons, steel residential development has great potential. 90's of last century, the State Ministry o

49、f Construction and the State Economic and Trade Commission unanimously adopted the "universal system of light steel structure residential building development and application" as the breakthrough point of the steel construction industry in China, and officially listed as national key techn

50、ical innovation projects.The initiative for the development of China's steel foundation. Now, because the state's macro-control function, housing an unprecedented downturn in the timing of introduction of steel housing,The advantages of using steel housing to attract public attention, stimul

51、ating consumption and increasing the purchasing power of the market, with a multiplier effect. The development of light steel structure house now great time.4.3 Steel residential construction will continue to develop technologyWith the development of steel construction, steel residential construction technology will