LESSON-5---THE-AMERICAN-CIVIL-WARPPT課件

1、2021/7/2312021/7/2322021/7/233 The election of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, as the 16th President of the United States in 1861 would become an event which triggered the start of the American Civil War.Trained as a lawyer, he had little political experience having served only one term in the House

2、of Representatives. He had a strong reputation for honesty, temperance, a sense of humor and was an excellent storyteller.President Lincolns major goal was to preserve the union of the United States. In the beginning of the conflict between the North and South, he did not portray the war effort as a

3、 dispute over slavery so as to prevent the border states from seceding from the Union.2021/7/234nThe Civil War was caused by economic, demography and political differences. nAt the root of all of the problems was the institution of slavery, which had been introduced into North America in early colon

4、ial times. The American Revolution had been fought to validate the idea that all men were created equal, yet slavery was legal in all of the thirteen colonies throughout the revolutionary period. Although it was largely gone from the northern states by 1787, it was still enshrined in the new Constit

5、ution of the United States.nIn 1800 half of the population of the United States lived in the South whose economic growth depended on cotton and tobacco plantations maintained by slave labor. However by 1850, only a third of the population of the United States lived in the South. nIn the North, indus

6、trial opportunities attracted scores of immigrants from Europe in search of freedom, while the Southern population declined. Even as slave states were added to the Union to balance the number of free ones, the South found that its representatives in the House of Representatives had been outnumbered

7、by the Norths explosive growth. More and more emphasis was now placed on maintaining equality in the Senate.nFailing this, the South felt it would find itself at the mercy of a government in which it no longer had an effective voice. 2021/7/2352021/7/2362021/7/237.After Abraham Lincoln, a known oppo

8、nent of slavery, was elected president of the United States, the legislature saw it as a threat to their freedom to own slaves. Calling a State Convention, the delegates voted to remove the State of from the union known as the United States of America.nThe secession of was followed by the secession

9、of six more states - , and then later four more States sceded -, and . nThese eleven states eventually formed thewrote their ownand chose as their elected President. nImmediately after secession, the question of federal property in the seceded States became an important issue for the Federal governm

10、ent, especially the forts in the harbor of 2021/7/238Jefferson Davis became the First and only President of the on February 18, 1861. He was sworn in at the temporary capitol of the in Montgomery, Alabama. His term as president was stormy and controversial because he was a strong believer in states

11、rights. However, he was generally effective in his role as chief executive of the fledgling country. He chose Richmond, Virginia as the capital of the new country.Graduate of West Point; Colonel in the Mexican-American War; US Secretary of War, and Senator from Mississippi2021/7/239 2021/7/2310nFort

12、 Sumter, which lies in the harbor of Charleston, SC was Federal property. However, it was a symbol of power and independence to South Carolina.nFort Sumters Union Commander, Robert Anderson, sent a message to President Lincoln saying the Confederate leaders were demanding the surrender of the Fort.n

13、Lincoln would not surrender the fort, fearing it would be seen as a sign of weakness, but instead sent food and other nonmilitary supplies to maintain it.nJefferson Davis, newly elected president of the , ordered a surprise attack on Fort Sumter.nOn April 12, 1861, the opened fire on the fort, the o

14、utgunned Fort Sumter surrendered the next day, and the American Civil war had began.2021/7/23112021/7/2312Immediately the question of federal property in seceded States became an important issue, especially the forts in the harbor of Charleston, S.C. President Lincoln, determinated to preserve the U

15、nion at all costs, condemned secession but promised that he would not initiate the use of force.However, President Lincoln ordered the provisioning of Fort Sumter with food and non military supplies. President Davis chose to regard this as an act of war. nOn April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter was fired upo

16、n by the Confederates, and the Civil War began. President Lincoln immediately called for 7500 volunteers to give 90 days of service to put down the rebellion. nWhen the 90-day volunteer enlistment was nearly over, the decision was made to send Union troops to Manassas Junction to fight the Confedera

17、te Army. nLincoln immediately called for a million volunteers, to serve for three years in the Union Army, to preserve the Union.2021/7/2313How did Regional Sectionalism 地方主義地方主義 fan the fires of war? nDuring the 19th century sectionalism steadily grew stronger. The South remained almost completely

18、agricultural, with an economy and a social order largely founded on slavery and the plantation system. These mutually dependent institutions produced the staples, especially cotton, from which the South derived its wealth.nThe North, which had its own great agricultural resources, was always more ad

19、vanced commercially, and was also expanding industrially. nIn the North moral indignation towards slavery increased with the rise of the Abolitionists the 1830s. nHowever, the South always sought to protect its “peculiar institution,” even though many Southerners recognized slavery as an anachronism

20、 與時代不合的事物與時代不合的事物 in a supposedly enlightened age. Moreover, the South believed it needed to maintain its “way of life” for its economic survival. 2021/7/23142021/7/2315SC1ST2021/7/23162021/7/2317 2021/7/23182021/7/2319Brilliant southern gentleman from one of countrys oldest families in Virginia.Gra

21、duate of West Point, who often commanded the Union armies.His family plantation in Virginia was occupied early in the war and later turned into Arlington National Cemetery where Northern and Southern soldiers are still buried to this day.2021/7/2320n What were some causes for the American Civil War?

22、n How long did the American Civil war last?n Once the war broke out, how were the States divided? Why?n What were the names of the presidents of each country?2021/7/2321In the early stages of the Civil War, which army was more successful?In the beginning of the war, Lincoln made some bad military de

23、cisions.He was also plagued by a succession of inept commanders in chief, until he appointed General Ulysses S. Grant.Lincolns stated purpose, from which he never deviated throughout the course of the war, was to re-unite and preserve the Union, through whatever means required. His policy in the beg

24、inning of the war was that the property of citizens encountered by the armies passing through southern territories was to be protected even to the point of returning run away slaves to their owners. Nothing was to be seized or destroyed unnecessarily or wantonly. The Union Army was defeated by the C

25、onfederate Army in the first battle of Bull Run in Virginia. 2021/7/2322 Son of an Ohio tailor. Graduate of West Point, ranked 21 in a class of 39. He had a reputation for boldness, resourcefulness, and persistence. Grant was hailed by some as the savior of the Union but, was condemned by others as

26、a callous butcher. Grant successfully prosecuted the war to a favorable decision for the North at the age of 42. Ulysses S. Grant was elected to 18th President of the United States 1869-1877.US General Ulysses S. Grant2021/7/23232021/7/2324On Confederate forces, under General Lee, were caught by Uni

27、on General McClellan near Sharpsburg, Maryland. Confederate infantry charged causing Union troops to stampede. 2,108 Union soldiers were killed and 9,549 wounded with 2,700 Confederate soldiers killed and 9,029 wounded.This battle proved to be the bloodiest single day of the war.Lincoln began to pla

28、n his announcement of the emancipation of the slaves. 2021/7/23252021/7/2326Why did President Lincoln issue the ?nAs the war progressed, it became increasingly more obvious that the South was not going to come back into the Union unless more coercive measures were employed.nOn January 1, 1863, Linco

29、ln issued the .nThis marked a great turning point in Lincolns administrations struggle to come to grips with Souths secession. It freed the slaves in all territories involved in the rebellion as of January 1, 1863. This act denied the South the slave labor needed to continue the war. nAs the war con

30、tinued the measures and attitude of the administration became sterner, “total war” replaced “gentlemen war”.nBy the end of 1864, Union General Sherman began marching to the sea in Georgia and deliberately cutting a swath of destruction through the Deep South as he went. nWhile General Sheridan was s

31、ystematically destroying property and crops in the Shenandoah Valley. The gentlemens war had now become “total war”. 2021/7/2327 n“Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States i

32、n time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, . . .n order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and par

33、ts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. nAnd upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the C

34、onstitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God. nIn witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.”2021/7/23282021/7/2329nConfederate General Lee decided to take the war to

35、 enemy territory in the North. On June 13, 1863 he defeated Union forces at Winchester, Virginia, and continued north to Pennsylvania. nOn July 1, 1863, a chance encounter between Union and Confederate forces began the Battle of Gettysburg. nThe fighting lasted three days. Union General Meade had a

36、greater numbers of troops and better defensive positions. He won the battle, but failed to follow Lee as he retreated back to Virginia. nMilitarily, the Battle of Gettysburg was devastating to the Confederate Army losing over 29,000 soldiers. Politically, it was significant because it ended the Conf

37、ederates hopes of formal recognition by foreign governments as the . 2021/7/2330The massive number of Union and Confederate soldiers killed in the caused President Lincoln terrible anguish and suffering. After the defeat of the Confederate Army, and its withdrawal to Virginia Lincoln went to in 1863

38、 to express his sentiments in one of the noblest public speeches ever made - . At that time, Lincoln decreed that part of the battle field at was to be designated a cemetery for soldiers of both the Union and Confederate Armies killed at . 2021/7/2331 “That from these honored dead we take increased

39、devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” Abr

40、aham LincolnPlay video.2021/7/23322021/7/2333About 10% of Union Forces were African Americans. Their valor in war was a witness to their commitment to the Union. 2021/7/2334 2021/7/2335These Northern women were part of a local Militia prepared to defend themselves and their families against the Conf

41、ederacy.Clara Barton founded the Red Cross to nurse fallen soldiers along with many other women volunteers.On both sides women took over family businesses and farmers. They made clothes and bullets for the soldiers along with wrapping bandages for the wounded.Some women acted as spies and still othe

42、rs as curriers.2021/7/2336The Battle of Vicksburg2021/7/2337What were the consequences of the Battle of Vicksburg?nOn July 4, 1863, Union General, Ulysses S. Grant defeated the Confederate Army at Vicksburg, Mississippi. nThis victory cut the South in half and gave the Union Army control of Mississi

43、ppi River. After this victory, President Lincoln gave General Grant command of all Union Armies. Generals Grant, Sherman and Sheridan begin a use a scorched earth policy to defeat the South.2021/7/23382021/7/2339Union General William T. Sherman led the Federal Army south from Tennessee into Georgia.

44、 His goal was to destroy everything that could help the South win the war. Savannah fell to the Union on Dec. 22, 1864 thus crippling the Souths railroad supply lines and weakening the Confederate Army.Shermans Union Army cut a path 300 miles in length and 60 miles wide as they passed through Georgi

45、a, destroying factories, bridges, railroads, farms, private homes and public buildings. After three and a half months of incessant maneuvering and much hard fighting, Sherman forced Confederate General Hood to abandon Atlanta, the munitions center of the Confederacy. When Shermans Army left Atlanta,

46、 they crippled the Confederate Army by setting fire to Confederate Armys munitions supplies.Shermans victory in Atlanta boosted Lincolns popularity and helped him win re-election as President by a wide margin. 2021/7/23402021/7/2341When did the American Civil War end?Confederate President Jefferson

47、Davis agreed to send delegates to a peace conference with President Lincoln and Secretary of State William Seward, but insisted on Lincolns recognition of the Souths independence as a prerequisite. Lincoln refused, and the conference never occurred.On March 25, 1865, General Lee attacked General Gra

48、nts forces near Petersburg, but was defeated - attacking and losing again on April 1. On April 2, Lee evacuated Richmond, the Confederate capital, and headed west to join with other forces.General Lees troops were soon surrounded, and on April 7, 1865, Grant called upon Lee to surrender. On April 9,

49、 the two commanders met at and agreed on the terms of surrender. Lees men were sent home on parole - soldiers with their horses, and officers with their side arms. All other equipment was surrendered. However, it would take years to heal the deep hatred of the vanquished South towards the victorious

50、 North.Remaining Confederate troops were defeated between the end of April and the end of May. Jefferson Davis was captured in Georgia on May 1, 1865 2021/7/23422021/7/2343nAlthough Lincoln found it personally painful to endure the loss to the country of so many American lives, his commitment to the

51、 preservation of the Union would allow him to pursue no other course. In the end, his efforts were ultimately rewarded with the defeat of the Confederacy.nLincoln looked forward to the full restoration of the Union. The strength of Lincolns character and his resolve to save the Union provided a rall

52、ying point for all Federal efforts throughout the nations most difficult crisis.nIn 1865, Lincoln was reelected for a second term as President by a great majority of people.nHis second inaugural address, delivered when the war was drawing to its close, was a plea for a new country to arise from the

53、ashes of the South. His own view was one of forgiveness, as shown in his memorable phrase “With malice toward none; with charity for all.” nAbraham Lincoln lived to see the end of the war, but he was to have no chance to implement his plans for Reconstruction. nOn the night of April 14, 1865, while

54、attending a performance at Fords Theater, he was shot by the actor John Wilkes Booth. The next morning Lincoln died. His death was an occasion for grief even among those who had been his opponents, and many considered him a martyr. 2021/7/23442021/7/23452021/7/23462021/7/2347nThe Norths victory in the American Civil War resulted in the preservation of the Union, the abolition of slavery, and the granting of citizenship to the freed slaves. However there was still a large difference economically and socially between the North and South. nThe war also marked the new economic and politi