細(xì)胞生物學(xué)IntroductionofcellbiologyPPT學(xué)習(xí)教案

1、會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1The structure of cellsstructurefunctionmolecular mechanisms of the intri-cate activities of cells細(xì)胞生物學(xué)是：細(xì)胞生物學(xué)是：研究細(xì)胞基本研究細(xì)胞基本生命活動(dòng)規(guī)律生命活動(dòng)規(guī)律的科學(xué)，它從的科學(xué)，它從不同層次上主不同層次上主要研究要研究第1頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)The course mainly covers:Chapter 1: Introduction to Cell Biology (第一、二章)Chapter 2: Techniques in Cell Biology (第三章)Chapter

2、3: Cytoplasmic Membrane and The Movement of Substances Across Cell Membranes (第四、五章)chapter 4: Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (第六章)Chapter 5: Cytoplasmic matrix, Endomembrane system, Protein Sorting and membrane trafficking (第七章)Chapter 6: Cell Signaling （第八章）Chapter 7: Cytoskele

3、ton System （第九章）Chapter 8: Nucleus and Chromosomes （第十章）Chapter 9: Ribosome (第十一章)Chapter 10: Cell proliferation and its regulation （第十二章）Chapter 11: Cell apoptosis and cellular aging (第十三章)Chapter 12: Cell differentiation and gene expression (第十四章)Chapter 13: Cell Community Relation: Cell Junctions

4、, Cell Adhesion and Extracellular Matrix (第十五章)第2頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)Reference books and journals 翟中和，王喜忠，丁明孝 主編， 細(xì)胞生物學(xué)細(xì)胞生物學(xué)，高等教育出版社，第三版，2007Gerald Karp. Cell and Molecular Biology：concepts and experiments，4rd Edition. Published by John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 2006Lodish H. et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th Ed. Sc

5、ientific American Books,Inc. 2000.Alberts B et al. Essential Cell Biology. New York and London：Garland publishing，Inc. 1998 Alberts B et al. Molecuar Biology of the Cell, 3rd ed. New York and London：Garland Publishing，Inc. 1994; 3rd 2002.Becker W.M. et al. The World of the Cell. 4th Ed. The Benjamin

6、/Cummings Publishing Company. 2000.第3頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)第4頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)b Fundamental Concepts and theories b Experimental approaches and ideas (As you read this text, think like a researcher)b Reductionist (knowledge of the parts of the whole can explain the character of the whole)b Dont accept everything you read as b

7、eing true. Remain skeptical!b English is just a tool!bTake notes when you listened especially what I have emphasizedSuggestions to Study Cell Biology第5頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)第6頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)1. About Cell Biology2. Look briefly at the history of cell theory3. Why are cells the basic units of life? 4. Consider the basic prope

8、rties of cells5. Types of Prokaryotic Cells: Two Subkingdoms 6. Types of eukaryotic cells and structural system7. The size of cells 8. Relationship between structure and function of cells9. Characteristics that distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells10. Comprehend a special life: virusesLearnin

9、g Objectives第7頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)1. About “Cell Biology”（研究?jī)?nèi)容與現(xiàn)狀）（研究?jī)?nèi)容與現(xiàn)狀）Nucleus, Chromosomes and gene expressionCytoplasmic Membrane (Bio-membrane)Cell organelle (Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Endomembrane system, nucleus etc.)Cytoskeleton System Cell proliferation and regulationCell differentiation and gene exp

10、ressionCell apoptosis and cellular aging Cell origins and evolutions Cell engineeringCell signalingSee p.3-5第8頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)2. The Cell Theory: A Brief History發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞（發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞（Robert Hooke，1665）建立細(xì)胞學(xué)說(shuō)建立細(xì)胞學(xué)說(shuō) （施萊登，施旺，（施萊登，施旺，1838-1839）細(xì)胞細(xì)胞 學(xué)的經(jīng)典時(shí)期學(xué)的經(jīng)典時(shí)期（19世紀(jì)最后世紀(jì)最后25年，廣泛的觀察與描述）年，廣泛的觀察與描述）實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)胞生物學(xué)時(shí)期實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)胞生物學(xué)時(shí)期（應(yīng)用實(shí)驗(yàn)的手段與分析方

11、法進(jìn)行研究應(yīng)用實(shí)驗(yàn)的手段與分析方法進(jìn)行研究）細(xì)胞生物學(xué)學(xué)科的形成與發(fā)展細(xì)胞生物學(xué)學(xué)科的形成與發(fā)展P8-13第9頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)In 1665, Robert Hooke saw a network of tiny boxlike compartments that reminded him of a honeycomb. He called these little compartments “cellulae”, a Latin term meaning little room. It is from this word we get our present-day term, cell. P8

12、The microscope used by Robert Hooke and the honeycomb-like network of “cell” he drew in 1665The discovery of cells followed from the invention of the microscope第10頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.2.The cell is basic unit of structure and function for all organisms.3.All cells

13、 arise only from preexisting cells by division.P9第11頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)P(yáng)19-21第12頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)B. The cell is the functional unit of organisms. All metabolic activity is based on cells. 獨(dú)立的有序的自控的第13頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)Human fetal development. (a)At 5 weeks, limb buds, eyes, the heart, the liver and rudiments of all other organs have s

14、tarted to develop in the embryo, which is only about 1cm long. (b)Growth and development of the offspring, now called a fetus, continue during the second trimester. This fetus is 14 weeks old and about 6cm long. (c)The fetus in this photograph is 20 weeks old. Now the fetus grows to about 30cm in le

15、ngth.第14頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)D. The cell is the foundation of reproduce, and the bridge of inheritance. 第15頁(yè)/共48頁(yè) As a general rule, the cells of a multicellular organism all contain the same set of genes. For animals, the first evidence that even highly specialized cell carry a full complement of genes was verifi

16、ed by the experiment of tadpole( (蝌蚪蝌蚪) )nuclei transplanting into unfertilized egg that had been deprived of its own nucleus. Some can develop swimming tadpoles. This is animal cloning. An especially dramatic example of animal cloning was reported in 1997. “Dolly” the first animal ever cloned from

17、a cell derived from an adult. Mammalian cloning.第16頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)第17頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)Dolly and her daughterIs there any practical value to such technology?The process of cloning Dolly哺乳動(dòng)物的體細(xì)胞克隆與細(xì)胞全能性第18頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)第19頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)P(yáng)21-23第20頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)Levels of cellular and molecular organizationWe can think of complexity in terms of Ord

18、er and Consistency第21頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)Self-regulationLeft:Normal development of a sea urchin in which a fertilized egg gives rise to a single embryoRight:The cell of an embryo are separated from one another after the first division, and each cell is allowed to develop in isolation and regulating its developmen

19、t to form a complete (although smaller) embryo.第22頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)Acquiring energy第23頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)HeLa cells are cultured tumor cells isolated from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks in 1951. It is the first human cell to be kept in culture for long periods of time and is still used today. Johns Hopkins univesit

20、y,in 1951第24頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)Cells within plant or animal respond to stimuli less obviously than single-celled protist. But they respond. They posses receptors that interact with substances in the environment in highly specific ways. For example, the receptor on the cell surface can respond to hormones and gro

21、wth factors.E. Cells carry out a variety of chemical reactionsand engage in numerous mechanical activities第25頁(yè)/共48頁(yè) Cells are the basic units of life The basic properties of cells FromWe can get some new consideration for the conception of cell第26頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)生物大分子如何逐級(jí)有序地組裝成行使生命活動(dòng)的細(xì)胞基本結(jié)構(gòu)體系是個(gè)很吸引人而又相當(dāng)朦朧的問(wèn)題。因

22、此，細(xì)胞的基礎(chǔ)研究勢(shì)必影響當(dāng)今生命科學(xué)的整體發(fā)展。第27頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)第28頁(yè)/共48頁(yè) Eubacteria (Bacteria) （真細(xì)菌）（真細(xì)菌） methanogens(產(chǎn)甲烷生物) halophiles(好鹽菌) acidophiles(嗜酸菌 ) thermophiles (嗜熱菌 ) Sulfolobus（硫化菌） The smallest living cells, the mycoplasma (支原體) (0.2m diameter), which are also the only prokaryotes lacking a cell wall The most comp

23、lex prokaryotes are the cyanobacteria 5.Types of Prokaryotic Cells: Two Subkingdoms第29頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)CyanobacteriaTwo cells of E. coli during conjugative genetic exchange (x3645). Genetic material moves from the donor to the recipient cell through the clearly visible conjugation tube. 原核細(xì)胞的兩個(gè)代表第30頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)A. Su

24、bkingdom ArchaeaB.Subkingdom Bacteria Most Bacteria and Archaea have 1000-4000 genes; The smallest known cells-the Mycoplasma, 0.10.3m; smallest genome: 482 genes, minimal essential gene：256C. EukaryaTree of life has three primary branches（or domain）p.23-24第31頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)p.30第32頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)cell A. Types of euka

25、ryotic cells:p.31第33頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)第34頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)在個(gè)體發(fā)育(ontogeny)中,細(xì)胞后代在形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上發(fā)生差異的過(guò)程稱為細(xì)胞分化。細(xì)胞分化不僅發(fā)生在胚胎發(fā)育中,而是在一生都進(jìn)行著,以補(bǔ)充衰老和死亡的細(xì)胞,如:多能造血干細(xì)胞分化為不同血細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞分化過(guò)程。 differentiation第35頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)B. Three structural systems in Eukaryotes:1. Bio-Membrane system;2. Genetic and expression system;3. Cytoskeleton System. 123p.31-322第

26、36頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)a)Diameter b)Measured in units of micrometers: 1um=10-6 meter nanometers: 1nm=10-9 meterc) Cell size is limited (細(xì)胞體積的守恒定律細(xì)胞體積的守恒定律)vsurface area/volume ratio;（反比） vnucleus/cytoplasm ratio;（限制）vSubstances exchange/volume;（限制） (substances can efficiently travel through the cytoplasm via diffu

27、sion)7.The Size of Cellsp.33-34Egg is an exception to the rule!第37頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)p.348. Relationship between structure and function of cellsl 特化的細(xì)胞類型 哺乳動(dòng)物的紅細(xì)胞 動(dòng)物的各類分泌細(xì)胞 雌雄生殖細(xì)胞等l正常細(xì)胞內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)（細(xì)胞器等）細(xì)胞的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的相關(guān)性與一致性是細(xì)胞的共同特點(diǎn)第38頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)(1)Complexity: Prokaryotes are relatively simple, eukaryotes are more complex in st

28、ructure and functionp.36 Table 2-2;2-3第39頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)The structure of a prokaryotic cell第40頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)The structure of aEukaryotic cell第41頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)a.Packaging: Prokaryotes have a nucleoid region whereas eukaryote have a true, membrane-bound nucleus. (bacterinm:0.25-3.0 mm, to encode between several hundred and se

29、veral thousand proteins,The simplest known cells have just under 500 genes).b. Amount: Eukaryotes have several orders of magnitude more genetic material than prokaryotes.(yeast:4.6mm DNA,encoding about 6200 proteins)c. Form: Eukaryotes have many chromosomes that are made of both DNA and protein wher

30、eas prokaryotes have a single ,“naked” DNA chromosome第42頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)第43頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)Virus diversity（1）Viruses are pathogens first described in the late 1800s.（2）Viral structure: - The genetic material: Single- or double- stranded DNA or RNA. - Protein capsid obligatory intracellular parasites.（3）Viral infection types: - Lytic infection; - integrated infectionAdenovirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)T-even bacteriophageTobacco mosaic virus(TMV)p.41-42 fig. 2-6 and 2-7第44頁(yè)/共48頁(yè)（4）Viral origins: - Vi