初中語法總結(jié)

1、初中英語語法一名詞I. 名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名.地名.人名，團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esthief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-

2、wives加-sbelief-beliefs, , roof-roofs, 4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, 5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, 6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, 7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, zoo

3、-zoos練習(xí)1寫出下列動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)和現(xiàn)在分詞 go do play jump swim run put sing dance get have fly study read write look drink eat walk 2. 選擇題1. Ben_a new book. A.have B.has C.haves D.were 2. Ben and Mary some books. A. have B.has C.are D.were 3. I some stories every day. A. have B.has C.are D.were 4. I _ ice cream. A

4、.like B.likes C.liking D.likees 5.Sams bicycle _a bell. A.have B has C.having D.is having 6.I every day A.swim B.swims C.swiming D.swimes 7.He his homework every day. A.does B.do C.are D.is 8. I _ my homework every day. A.do B.is C.does D.are 9.They _ their homework every day. A. do B.does C. is D.a

5、re10.Lucy_with her hands. A .touch B.touching C.touches D.touchs 11.Superdog_the boys A.see B.sees C.seeing D.ses12.Supergirl and Superdog_them. A.saves B.save C.saving D.is saving 13.Jack_their cow. A.sells B.sell C.selling D.are selling 14.Jack_up the beanstalk. A.gets B.get C.climb D.climbs 15.Th

6、e giant _boys. A.eating B.dont eat C.eats D.eat 16.The goose_golden eggs. A.lay B.lays C.layed D.laye 17.The woman_the beanstalk. A.cut B.cutting C.are cut D.cuts 18.Her mother _the beanstalk. A.take B.is take Ctakes D. taking 19Jack andher mother _happer A.does B.are C.is D. HaveA. 20.He_the beans

7、in the ground. A.buy B.puts C.put D.buys 2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, 2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers, clothes, glasses, 4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）class, family, group, gover

8、nment, population, team, public, party6表示“某國人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, FrenchwomenIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的用法：表示時(shí)間todays newspap

9、er, five weeks holiday 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book有時(shí)也用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year st

10、udents 二冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the）。I. 不定冠詞的用法：1第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out5用于固定詞組中a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, 6用于quite, rather, many, half, w

11、hat, such之后This room is rather a big one.7用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon。3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5表示“一家

12、人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派名詞前the United States, , the French9在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代in the 1990s10用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.歸納1：不定冠詞1） a和an均用在單數(shù)名詞之前，表示某一類人或事物2） 指某一類人或事物中的任何一個(gè) 3） 指某人或某物，但不具體說明何人或和物 4） 表示“每一”的意思，相當(dāng)

13、于every 歸納2： 定冠詞1） 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物2） 指說話人和聽話人都熟悉的人或事物3） 上文提到過的人或事4） 表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物5） 用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級之前6） 用在某些形容詞之前，表示某一類人或事7） 用在某些專有名詞之前和某些習(xí)慣用語中8） 用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫婦”9） 用于江湖、海洋、山脈、群島的名稱前面。10） 用于演奏的樂器之前，活動(dòng)場所或方向、方位之前。 歸納3： 不用冠詞的情況 1） 專有名詞人名，地名，節(jié)日，月份，年份，星期和不可數(shù)名詞（一般指物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞）前一般不用冠詞。 2）球類，棋類，語言，三餐，游戲名稱和

14、顏色前不加冠詞。 3） 名詞前已有this, that, my, your, some, any, no, each, every等代詞作定語時(shí)，不用冠詞。4） 在表示家庭成員名稱，稱呼語，表示頭銜或職務(wù)的名詞前不加冠詞5） 表示某一類人或事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。 at table 在進(jìn)餐 at the table 在桌子旁邊 at desk 在讀書 at the desk 在課桌旁at school 在上學(xué) at the school 在學(xué)校里 by sea乘船 by the sea在海邊go to sea出海 go to the sea去海邊 go to school 去上學(xué) go to the

15、 school（因事）去學(xué)校go to bed 上床睡覺 go to the bed 在床上 go to hospital 去看病 go to the hospital 去醫(yī)院in class 在上課 in the class 在班級里面 in bed 臥床 in the bed 在床上in prison 坐牢 in the prison（因事）在監(jiān)獄 in hospital 住院 in the hospital（因事）在醫(yī)院in place of 代替 in the place of 在.的地方 in case of 萬 in the case of 就.來說in future從今以后，將來

16、 in the future未來 next year明年 the next year 第二年on earth究竟 on the earth在地球上，在世上 take place 發(fā)生 take the place 代替in front of在（外部的）前面 in the front of在（內(nèi)部的）前面out of question 毫無疑問 out of the question 完全不可能two of us我們當(dāng)中的兩人/the two of us我們兩人（共計(jì)兩人） a teacher and writer一位教師兼作家a teacher and a writer一位教師和一位作家 練習(xí)

17、1、 辨析正誤 1、 誤I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictionary is very good. 正I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is very good. 析在文章中第一次提到某物時(shí)用不定冠詞，而第二次提到時(shí)用定冠詞。 2、 誤Please turn off lights before you leave. 正Please turn off the lights before you leave. 析雖然是第一次提到某物但說話雙方均知其所指，也應(yīng)用定冠詞。 3、誤There a

18、re nine planets around a sun. 正There are nine planets around the sun. 析世上獨(dú)一無二的天體等名詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea. 4、 誤I live on a second floor of this building. 正I live on the second floor of this building. 析在序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級前要用定冠詞。如：He is the oldest in the family. 5、 誤I want to

19、learn the second language this term. 正I want to learn a second language this term. 析在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二，而其意在于再學(xué)一個(gè)，再來一個(gè)時(shí)，應(yīng)用 a，本句的意思應(yīng)為：這學(xué)期我要學(xué)一門第二外語。 6、 誤Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world. 正The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world. 析在河流名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the Yellow River(黃河)。

20、 7、誤Look, there are Alp. 誤Look, there are the Alp. 正Look, there are the Alps. 析具體的某一座山不加定冠詞，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后，其山名要加s,來表示 山脈。the Alps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe. 8、誤Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world. 正The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world

21、. 析報(bào)刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。 9、誤Rich are not always happy. 正The rich are not always happy. 析在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人，而在姓的前面加定冠詞，姓后加s表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York. 10、 誤I like to eat bread for breakfast. Bread sells in this shop is very good. 正I like to eat bread for breakfast. The bread sells in this sh

22、op is very good. 析物質(zhì)名詞特指時(shí)也應(yīng)加定冠詞。 11、 誤The sun rises in east. 正The sun rises in the east. 析在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞，如：in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future 12，誤Do you know who invented telephone 正Do you know who invented the telephone 析在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠

23、詞， 如：the English Channel 英吉利海峽 the Panama Canal 巴拿馬運(yùn)河 the Suez Canal 蘇伊士運(yùn)河 13、 誤Would you please buy some food for the supper正Would you please buy some food for supper 析泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。 14、 誤I like to climb the mountain in the autumn. 正I like to climb the mountain in autumn. 析一年四季前不用定冠詞，如：Spring is the

24、best season in a year. 15、 誤Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.正Sometimes my parents come to the school to see me. 析有些名詞被用作其本身原來所含目的時(shí)不加冠詞，如：go to school上學(xué)，leave school(輟學(xué))，after school(放學(xué))，但如果當(dāng)建筑物講時(shí)應(yīng)加冠詞，如例句中其父母來校不是上學(xué)，而是看望孩子，則要加定冠詞。又如，He was in hospital for two days.(他在醫(yī)院住院兩天了。)而：He went t

25、o the hospital to see his mother.他去醫(yī)院看望他的母親。 16、 誤I bought a same dictionary as she bought. 正I bought the same dictionary as she bought. 析在慣用法the same, the only, the very前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。 17、 誤The police caught the thief by his arm. 正The police caught the thief by the arm. 析這是英文表達(dá)法與中文的明顯不同之處，也是初學(xué)者極易忽視之

26、處。在英語中的某些動(dòng)詞，如：catch(抓)，take(拿)，strike (打),pat(拍)，hit(擊)，hold(握)，pull(拉)動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)加人，再加介詞on, by, in, with之后要加定冠詞，再加人體的某一部位。這時(shí)的定冠詞千萬不要換作his, her, their, 等詞。 18、誤He was paid by hour. 正He was paid by the hour. 析by和計(jì)量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應(yīng)譯為：他的工資是按小時(shí)計(jì)算的。 19, 誤I went to New York by his car. 正I went to New York by car.

27、正I went to New York in his car. 析by僅僅與交通工具相連表示應(yīng)用某種工具，而加了別的修飾詞后其前面的介詞也應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。如：by car (坐小汽車)by taxi (坐出租車)by bike (騎自行車)by water (乘船)by air (乘飛機(jī))by sea (乘船) 20、誤Mary began to learn how to play piano when she was three. 正Mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three. 析在樂器前要加定冠詞，而在球類游戲之

28、前則不要加冠詞，如：They like to play bridge when they are free. (他們空閑時(shí)愛打橋牌) 21、誤The little boy wanted to go to cinema. 正The little boy wanted to go to the cinema. 析英語中雖有一些名詞與go to連用時(shí)不加定冠詞，以表示該名詞的內(nèi)涵，如：go to school (上學(xué))，go to bed(睡覺)等，但去看電影則例外，要用go to the cinema.這也是語言的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。 22、誤I live at 105 the Lake street.正I

29、 live at 105 Lake Street. 析街道名稱前不用冠詞。 23、 誤Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on a farm 正Next summer holiday I will go to the country to live on a farm. 析country既作國家講也作鄉(xiāng)村講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時(shí)，一定要加定冠詞，而且只有單數(shù)形式，作國家講時(shí)則可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Japan is a country .Japan, China, India are Asian countries. 24、 誤The pictur

30、e looks better at the distance. 正The picture looks better at a distance. 析at a distance意為“離開一定距離”。而in the distance為“遠(yuǎn)方，遠(yuǎn)處”。這樣常用的詞組有： as a rule (照例) in a hurry (匆忙) in the morning/afternoon (上/下午) in the sun (在陽光下) in the rain (雨中) in the same way (同樣) in the shade (在陰涼處) in the day time (白天) in the

31、end (最終) on the other hand (換句話說) on the contrary (相反) 25、誤The little boy and girl walk along the street a hand in a hand. 正The little boy and girl walk along the street hand in hand. 析這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法，如： bit by bit (逐漸) day after (by) day (一天又一天) day and night (日日夜夜) face to face (面對面) from A to Z (自始至終)

32、 from time to time (再三) hand in hand (手拉手) shoulder by shoulder (肩并肩) 二、 例題解析 1 Mr Li is old worker. A a B an C some D / 答案B. 析an用于元音音素開始的單詞前。 2 English is useful language in world. A an, the B a, the C the, / D /,the 答案B. 析因useful的第一個(gè)音素是j，它是輔音音素。 3 What interesting book it is? A a B an C the D / 答案

33、B. 析這是感嘆句，因?yàn)橐频皆话憔淝懊娴膹?qiáng)調(diào)部分中有可數(shù)名詞book,所以應(yīng)加冠詞，而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。 4 He will be back in hour. A / B the C a D an 答案D. 析因hour的首字母h不發(fā)音。 5 There is map in the classroom. map is on the wall. A a, A B the, The C a, The D the ,A 答案C. 析在文章中首次提到某人或某物時(shí)用不定冠詞，而第二次再提到該物或人時(shí)應(yīng)用定冠詞。 6 Look at picture! There'

34、;s house in it. A a ,a B the, the C a, the D the, a 答案D. 析雖然是第一次提到，但在句中的語言是讓對方看某一特定的圖畫，所以應(yīng)選擇D。 7 There is orange in the bottle. A a B an C the D / 答案D. 析這里的orange是指桔汁而不是一個(gè)個(gè)的桔子。 8 Beijing is capital of our country. A the B an C / D a 答案A. 析capital之后有of結(jié)構(gòu)則要用定冠詞。 9 If you work hard at English, you'

35、ll get “A” in the test. A an B / C the D a 答案A. 析因字母A的第一音素是元音。 10 He usually goes to school on foot. A a B an C the D / 答案D. 析on foot意為走路上學(xué)，是習(xí)慣用法三代詞：I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, your

36、s, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no,

37、many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either四形容詞和副詞I. 形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only solution po

38、ssible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語一般后置a man difficult to get on withII. 副詞副詞的分類：1時(shí)間副詞soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5頻度副詞always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地點(diǎn)副詞here,

39、nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑問副詞how, where, when, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級：形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，

40、多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。1 可以修飾比較級的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, any,。2. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.3 用比較級來表達(dá)最高級的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.4. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./

41、Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 5. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介詞常見介詞有in、on、at 、since、 from、 after、to 、besides、except等。六動(dòng)詞 一概念：英語中表示不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，需用不同的動(dòng)詞形式表示，這種不同的動(dòng)詞形式稱為時(shí)態(tài)。二種類：（基本時(shí)態(tài)）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來

42、時(shí)過去將來時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)三用法：1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)及客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)和普遍真理。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常以動(dòng)詞原形表示，但當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞詞尾加-s或-es。2）句型結(jié)構(gòu)：主語.（包括be動(dòng)詞）賓語She is an engineer.He has breakfast at 6:00every day.3）注意：a)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常與always , often , usually , every day , sometimes , once a week 等時(shí)間狀語連用。I always watch TV at 8:00 in the evening

43、.They go home once a week .We usually do our homework at home .b)表客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)或普遍真理。The sun always rises in the east .The light travels faster than the sound .c)表永遠(yuǎn)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。He lives in the country .4）第三人稱單數(shù)變化形式。a)一般情況動(dòng)詞在詞尾加-s .come-comes speak-speaks work-works live-livesb)以o, s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的單詞在詞后加-es. do-do

44、es go-goes finish-finishes brush-brushes fix-fixes pass-passes watch-watchesc)以“輔音字母y”結(jié)尾的單詞變y為i加-es. Study-studies carry-carries cry-criesd)以“元音字母y”結(jié)尾的單詞直接加-s. play-plays stay-stays練習(xí)1.填空： 1.She _(do) homework by herself. 2.Jack _(go) home by bike. 3.The giant_(climb) up the beanstalk.4.Her mum _(ru

45、n) to the goose.5.He_(do not)like apple. 6.Sam_(put) it under his arm. 7.The boy_(chase) it. 8.Kitty_(watch)TV everyday. 9.He_(feed)them at 8:00 in the morning. 10.When _(do)he get up? 11.Grandma Wang_(live) in Pudong. 12.The girls_(give) the key to Grandpa. 13.That key _(open) the old box. 14.She _

46、(say) “I like these puppets”. 15.What_(do)Alice find? 16.Which toy_(do) she like? 17.He doesnt_(know)her name. 18.John cant_(find) his watch. 19.Where _(do)Grandma live? 20.How does he_(go)to the post office? 2.翻譯我們每天晚上九點(diǎn)做作業(yè)。我在早上七點(diǎn)半起床。他每天七點(diǎn)去上班。我們經(jīng)常下午打籃球。他喜歡音樂。地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。火車六點(diǎn)出發(fā)。5）否定句和疑問句。a)-He is an eng

47、ineer. -He isnt an engineer. -Is he an engineer? -Yes, he is ./ No, he isnt. b)-We get up at 7:30 in the morning . -We dont get up at 7:30 in the morning . -Do you get up at 7:30 in the morning ? -Yes, we do. / No, we dont. c)-He likes music. -He doesnt like music. -Does he like music? -Yes ,he does./ No, he doesnt .2一般過去時(shí)1）一般過去時(shí)表示發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，通常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語yesterday, last night ,some years ago, in 1990,in those days.等連用。I was a student 6years ago.I went to Beijing last year.They saw a film last night .2）句型結(jié)構(gòu)：主語.過去時(shí)賓語例句：昨天他很忙。去年他抽煙了。兩年前