考研英語長(zhǎng)句翻譯基本功（可編輯）

1、考研英語長(zhǎng)句翻譯基本功 對(duì)于每一個(gè)英語句子的翻譯 并不只是使用一種翻譯方法 而是多種翻譯方法的綜合運(yùn)用 這在英語長(zhǎng)句的翻譯中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出長(zhǎng)句在科技性的文體中的出現(xiàn)極為頻繁 因此也就成為研究生入學(xué)考試的重點(diǎn) 通過對(duì)近年來試題的分析我們可以看出 所考查的絕大多數(shù)劃線的部分都是長(zhǎng)句在翻譯長(zhǎng)句時(shí) 首先不要因?yàn)榫渥犹L(zhǎng)而產(chǎn)生畏懼心理因?yàn)闊o論是多么復(fù)雜的句子它都是由一些基本的成分組成的其次要弄清英語原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu) 找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思 然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關(guān)系 再按照漢語的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式 正確地譯出原文的意思 不必拘泥于原文的形式英語長(zhǎng)句的分析一般來說 造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面 1

2、 修飾語過多 2 并列成分多 3 語言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法找出全句的主語謂語和賓語 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)找出句中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動(dòng)詞介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞分析從句和短語的功能 例如 是否為主語從句 賓語從句 表語從句等若是狀語 它是表示時(shí)間原因結(jié)果還是表示條件等等 分析詞短語和從句之間的相互關(guān)系 例如 定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等注意插入語等其他成分注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配下面我們結(jié)合一些實(shí)例來進(jìn)行分析例1 behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment wher

3、e there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development分析 1 該句的主語為behaviorists 謂語為suggest 賓語為一個(gè)從句 因此整個(gè)句子為behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu) 2 該句共有五個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu) 它們的謂語動(dòng)詞分別為suggest is raised are develop experience等 這五個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系為 beh

4、aviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)為主句 who is raised in an environment為定語從句 所修飾的先行詞為child where there are many stimuli為定語從句 所修飾的先行詞為environment which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語從句 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli 在suggest的賓語從句中 主語為child 謂語為experience 賓語為greater intellectual development在作了如上的

5、分析之后 我們就會(huì)對(duì)該句具有了一個(gè)較為透徹的理解 然后根據(jù)我們上面所講述的各種翻譯方法 就可以把該句翻譯成漢語為行為主義者認(rèn)為 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展 那么 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平例2 for a family of four for example it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home with almost unlimited entertainment available than to go out in search of amu

6、sement elsewhere 85年考題 分析 1 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is more to do sth than to do sth else 是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu) 而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較 2 該句中共有三個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu) 它們之間的關(guān)系為 it is more convenient as well as cheaper to 為主體結(jié)構(gòu) 但it是形式主語 真正的主語為第二個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu) to sit comfortably at home 并與第三個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較 3 句首的for a family of

7、four作狀語 表示條件另外 還有兩個(gè)介詞短語作插入語 for example with almost unlimited entertainment available其中第二個(gè)介詞短語作伴隨狀語 修飾to sit comfortably at home綜合上述翻譯方法這個(gè)句子我們可以翻譯為譬如 對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來說 舒舒服服地在家中看電視 就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂節(jié)目 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便二 長(zhǎng)句的翻譯英語習(xí)慣于用長(zhǎng)的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念 而漢語則不同常常使用若干短句 作層次分明的敘述因此 在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí) 要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異 將英語的長(zhǎng)句分解 翻譯成漢語的短句

8、在英語長(zhǎng)句的翻譯過程中 我們一般采取下列的方法一順序法當(dāng)英語長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時(shí) 可以按照英語原文的順序翻譯成漢語例如例1 even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep electricity is working for us driving our refrigerators heating our water or keeping our rooms air-conditioned 84年考題 分析 該句子由一個(gè)主句 三個(gè)作伴隨狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語從句組成 共有五層意思 a 既使在我們關(guān)

9、掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí) b電仍在為我們工作 c 幫我們開動(dòng)電冰箱 d 加熱水 e 或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語完全一致 因此 我們可以通過順序法 把該句翻譯成即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí) 電仍在為我們工作 幫我們開動(dòng)電冰箱 把水加熱 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)例2 but now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their expectation of l

10、ife the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials 84年考題 分析 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is realized that it為形式主語 that引導(dǎo)著主語從句以及并列的it is even possible to 結(jié)構(gòu) 其中 不定式作主語 the time 是expectation of life的同位語 進(jìn)一步解釋其含義 而time后面的句子是它的定語從句五個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu) 表達(dá)了四個(gè)層次的意義 a 可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到 b 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的 c 人們甚至還可

11、以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)可望存在多少年 d 將這些已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡的時(shí)間根據(jù)同位語從句的翻譯方法 把第四層意義的表達(dá)作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整 整個(gè)句子就翻譯為可是現(xiàn)在人們意識(shí)到 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計(jì)出這些礦物質(zhì)可望存在多少年 也就是說 經(jīng)過若干年后 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲(chǔ)量將消耗殆盡下面我們?cè)倭信e幾個(gè)實(shí)例例3 prior to the twentieth century women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals

12、and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture在20世紀(jì)以前 小說中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式她們沒有任何特點(diǎn) 因而無法成為具有個(gè)性的人 他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛例4 this method of using controls can be applied to a variety of situations and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as

13、must moisture be present if iron is to rust and which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season這種使用參照物的方法可以應(yīng)用于許多種情況 也能用來找到很不相同的各種問題的答案 從鐵生銹 是否必須有一定的濕度才行到哪種豆類一季的產(chǎn)量最高例5 it begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event it grows as a mature interest in the variet

14、y and complexity of the drama the splendid achievements and terrible failures it ends as deep sense of the mystery of mans life of all the dead great and obscure who once walked the earth and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being我們對(duì)歷史的愛好起源于我們最初僅對(duì)一些歷史上的宏偉場(chǎng)面和激動(dòng)人心的事件感到孩童般的興趣 其后 這種

15、愛好變得成熟起來 我們開始對(duì)歷史這出戲劇的多樣性和復(fù)雜性 對(duì)歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣 對(duì)歷史的愛好 最終以我們對(duì)人類生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結(jié)束 對(duì)死去的 無論是偉大與平凡 所有在這個(gè)地球上走過而已逝的人都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力例6 if parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and inde

16、pendent judgment they would not be so hurt and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it如果做父母的對(duì)這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備 而且認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)顯示出孩子正在成長(zhǎng) 正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志 他們就不會(huì)感到如此傷心 所以也就不會(huì)因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳?duì)的情緒而把孩子推到對(duì)立面去j二逆序法英語有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同 甚至完全相反 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開始翻譯例如例1 aluminum remained unkn

17、own until the nineteenth century because nowhere in nature is it found free owing to its always being combined with other elements most commonly with oxygen for which it has a strong affinity分析 這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句 兩個(gè)原因狀語和一個(gè)定語從句 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)是主句 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容 全句共有四個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu) 共有五層意思 a 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn) b 由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁 c 由于它

18、總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起 d 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合 e 鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力按照漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣通常因在前 果在后 這樣 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合 因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力 由于這個(gè)原因 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁所以 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)例2 it therefore becomes more and more important that if students are not to waste their opportunities there will have to be much more detailed informati

19、on about courses and more advice分析 該句由一個(gè)主句 一個(gè)條件狀語從句和一個(gè)賓語從句組成 變得越來越重要是主句 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容 全句共有三個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu) 包含三層含義 a 變的越來越重要 b 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們的機(jī)會(huì) c 得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息 作更多的指導(dǎo)為了使譯文符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣 我們也采用逆序法 翻譯成因此 如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們 上大學(xué) 的機(jī)會(huì) 就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息 作更多的指導(dǎo)這個(gè)問題顯得越來越重要了下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)實(shí)例例3 it is probably easier for teachers than for

20、students to appreciate the reasons why learningenglish seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the languagehave been understood一旦了解英語的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型 再往下學(xué)似乎就越來越難了 這其中的原因 也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解例4 they the poor are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which

21、destroysthe old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty對(duì)于以往幾代人來說 舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動(dòng) 因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人例5a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual po

22、or became the classic poor the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation a real phenomenon in the late fifties50年代后期的美國(guó)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)任何人都不可能視而不見的現(xiàn)象 窮知識(shí)分子以跨掉的一代這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國(guó)典型的窮人 正是這個(gè)時(shí)候大批大學(xué)生被趕進(jìn)了知識(shí)分子的貧民窟例6 such is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sac

23、rifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位 這在西方倒是人之常情例7 insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals假

24、如沒有那些以昆蟲為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們 昆蟲將吞噬我們所有的莊稼 害死我們的牛羊家畜 使我們不能生存于世 三 分句法有時(shí)英語長(zhǎng)句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切 翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語多用短句的習(xí)慣把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語化成句子 分開來敘述為了使語意連貫 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語例如例1 the number of the young people in the united states who cant read is incredible about one in four上句在英語中是一個(gè)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的句子 但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯 就可能被翻譯成沒有閱讀能力的美國(guó)青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信

25、約為14這樣 就使得譯文極為不通順 不符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣 因此 我們應(yīng)該把它譯為大約有14的美國(guó)青年人沒有閱讀能力 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信例2 television it is often said keeps one informed about current events allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics and offers an endless series of programmes which areboth instructive and entertaining 85年考題 分析

26、 在此長(zhǎng)句中 有一個(gè)插入語it is often said 三個(gè)并列的謂語結(jié)構(gòu) 還有一個(gè)定語從句 這三個(gè)并列的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個(gè)句子但都有獨(dú)立的意義 因此在翻譯時(shí) 可以采用分句法 按照漢語的習(xí)慣把整個(gè)句子分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句 結(jié)果為人們常說 通過電視可以了解時(shí)事 掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)從電視里還可以看到層出不窮既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)例子例3 all they have to do is press a button and they can see plays films operas and shows of every kind not to men

27、tion political discussions and the latest exciting football match 85年考題 他們所必須做的只是按一下開關(guān)開關(guān)一開 就可以看到電視劇電影歌劇 以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目至于政治問題的辯論最近的激動(dòng)人心的足球賽更是不在話下例4 although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns so vast is the number of

28、 planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe雖然在某處已經(jīng)開始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜有智慧的型式 但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分 四 綜合法上面我們講述了英語長(zhǎng)句的逆序法順序法和分句法 事實(shí)上在翻譯一個(gè)英語長(zhǎng)句時(shí) 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)尤其是在一些情況下 一些英語長(zhǎng)句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析 或按照時(shí)間的先后或按照邏輯順序 順逆

29、結(jié)合 主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語句子例如例1 people were afraid to leave their houses for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else分析 該句共有三層含義 a 人們不敢出門 b 盡管警察已接到命令 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況 c 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力在這三層含義中 b表示讓步 c表示原因 而a則

30、表示結(jié)果 按照漢語習(xí)慣順序 我們作如下的安排盡管警察已接到命令 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況 但人們不敢出門 因?yàn)榫煲埠推渌艘粯硬恢牒蜔o能為力下面我們?cè)倥e幾個(gè)例子例2 modern scientific and technical books especially textbooks requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas observations and discoveries對(duì)于現(xiàn)代書籍 特別是教科書來說 要是作者希望自己書中的內(nèi)容能與新概念新觀察到的事

31、實(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話 那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時(shí)間 將書中的內(nèi)容重新修改例3 taking his cue from ibsens a dolls house in which the heroine nora leaves home becauseshe resents her husbands treating her like a child the writer lu xun warned that nora would needmoney to support herself she must have economic rights to survive易卜生的劇作玩偶之家中的女主人

32、公娜拉離家出走 因?yàn)樗鲪核恼煞蛳駥?duì)待孩子一樣來對(duì)待她作家魯迅從中得到啟示 從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢來養(yǎng)活自己 她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利例4 up to the present time throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs but concentrated manufacturing activity business relations government and pleasure in the cen

33、ters of the cities到目前為止 經(jīng)歷了18和19兩個(gè)世紀(jì) 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊 而把生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)商業(yè)往來政府部門以及娛樂場(chǎng)所都集中在城市的中心地區(qū)考研英語翻譯中一些常用的結(jié)構(gòu)及其翻譯all but幾乎差不多as anything非常地anything but根本不apart from除了but for要不是by far遠(yuǎn)不得多by no means根本不by any means無論如何due to由于except for除了far from遠(yuǎn)非in contact with與聯(lián)系instead of而不是on account of因?yàn)閛n the basis of根

34、據(jù)only to結(jié)果是mightmay as well還是的好not so muchas與其說不如說not really遠(yuǎn)不not to mention更不用說let alone更不用說no morethan和一樣都不no less than簡(jiǎn)直是nothing less than完全是cannottoo再也不過分rather than而不是owing to由于it is assumed that人們認(rèn)為it is said that據(jù)說it is learned that據(jù)聞it is supposed that據(jù)推測(cè)it is considered that據(jù)估計(jì)it is believe

35、d that人們認(rèn)為it is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道it is well-known that眾所周知it is asserted that有人斷言it is clearobviousevident that很顯然it cant be denied that不可否認(rèn)it must be admitted that必須承認(rèn)it must be pointed that必須指出考研英語長(zhǎng)難句1 that sex ratio will be favored which imizes the number ofdescendants an individual will have andh

36、ence the number of gene copies transmitted 難度系數(shù)5下同 大寶考譯文那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量難句類型倒裝省略a本句的正常語序應(yīng)當(dāng)是that sex ratio which imizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored但是因?yàn)橹髡Zthat sexratio之后的以whic

37、h引導(dǎo)的修飾它的定語從句如果按照以上語序則有頭重腳輕之感所以原文將此長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的從句倒裝成謂語will be favored之后b在which引導(dǎo)的從句中有兩處省略第一處在imize的第一個(gè)賓語the number of descendants that an individuall will have中an individuall will have是修飾descendants的定語從句但是因?yàn)閐escendants在從句中作have的賓語所以引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略第二處省略是在第二個(gè)the number of 之前省略了與前面一樣的成分that sex ratio which imizes an

38、d hence在此表示后面的成分作為前面最大化一個(gè)個(gè)體的后代的數(shù)目的結(jié)果意群訓(xùn)練that sex ratio will be favored which imizes the number ofdescendants an individual will have andhence the number of gene copiestransmitted 2 this isa desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what

39、 we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower 5 難句類型復(fù)雜倒裝省略譯文這是一種照亮現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望此欲望從來就不會(huì)唐突的取代后面的那種欲望后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個(gè)兼任小說加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準(zhǔn)確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望解釋本句子的難度在一切g(shù)regmat包括lsat考試中所出現(xiàn)的難句中堪稱登峰造極可以確定地講類似此句子的難度的語言在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)絕無可能出現(xiàn)如果對(duì)此句話不感興趣可以把其

40、廢掉不讀a 這句話讀起來別扭的第一個(gè)原因是因?yàn)樗揪筒皇且粋€(gè)句子句首省略了this is 這種用一個(gè)詞代替一個(gè)句子的方式如果在書面語中出現(xiàn)只能出現(xiàn)在高級(jí)英語中因此我們以前的英語學(xué)習(xí)中從未遇到過其形式類似于我們中文的精彩是這句話真是精彩的省略形式b desire后跟著兩個(gè)大的修飾成分一個(gè)是to throw over reality a light其中的a light 是被倒裝到了over reality之后正常應(yīng)是throw a light over reality不過這個(gè)便裝部分與throw距離不遠(yuǎn)讀者看得還算懂關(guān)鍵是第二個(gè)修飾成分注意從that開始直到句尾結(jié)束的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的定語從句不是修飾其前的

41、light的而是修飾一開始的desire的c 第二個(gè)修飾成分中又來了一個(gè)倒裝由于作者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)never所以將其提前引發(fā)了定語從句中的倒裝正常語序應(yīng)該是that might never be given away倒裝后系動(dòng)詞was被提前given因?yàn)樵谇閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞might之后所以變成了原型givea give way to b是a讓位于b而a be given way to b則是a取代bon the part of 之后的部分修飾后面的desirewhat引導(dǎo)的從句現(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀時(shí)可以看成一個(gè)名詞what從句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the stru

42、cture and texture of a flower中又有一個(gè)避免頭重腳輕的倒裝正常語序應(yīng)該是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely d 就算能夠看懂這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)可能仍然理解不了意思本句的意思是哈代 注人名老的沖動(dòng)是一種簡(jiǎn)單的說明現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望新沖動(dòng)是一種即是小說家又像科學(xué)家的仔細(xì)研究一個(gè)東西的特點(diǎn)那樣的欲望新沖動(dòng)前一種欲望是永遠(yuǎn)也不能取代后者的意群訓(xùn)練this is a desire to throw over reality a light that never was might g

43、ive away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower 3 hardys weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwilling

44、ness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones 5 難句類型復(fù)雜修飾省略抽象詞 譯文哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無能無法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)解釋介詞from的賓語有兩個(gè)并列的部分由and所連接在and之后的第二個(gè)from前省略了前面一樣的謂語動(dòng)詞derive本句之所以難有兩個(gè)原因一是derived from 后面的成分太長(zhǎng)初學(xué)者難以一下子看下來二是作為一篇文科文章用詞抽象難以迅速理解意群訓(xùn)練hardys weakenss deri

45、ved from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones 4 virginia woolfs provocative statement about her intentions in writing mrs dalloway has regularly beenignored by the critic

46、ssince it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness 5難句類型復(fù)雜修飾省略抽象詞 譯文弗吉尼亞伍爾夫virginia woolf在創(chuàng)

47、作黛洛維夫人mrs dalloway時(shí)有關(guān)其創(chuàng)作意圖的這番發(fā)人深思的陳述迄今為止一貫為文學(xué)評(píng)論家們所忽略因?yàn)樗怀龇从沉怂T多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面而這一方面則與人們對(duì)詩(shī)性小說家poetic novelist所形成的傳統(tǒng)見解大相徑庭所謂的詩(shī)性小說家所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢(mèng)幻的諸般狀態(tài)并致力于追尋個(gè)體意識(shí)的通幽曲徑解釋本句逗號(hào)以前只有復(fù)雜修飾的長(zhǎng)主語有些難但總的來講比較好懂since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句較難a since之后的it指前面的statementhighlight的賓語an aspect之后有兩個(gè)修飾成分一個(gè)是of her literary interests另一個(gè)是以that引導(dǎo)的定

48、語從句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist都是修飾an aspect的novelist后面又有由and 連接的兩個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)concerned with doing 修飾novelistb 句中有兩處省略一是在her literary interests that is very different from當(dāng)中修飾interests的定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞be that is 一起省略了第二處在and之后由于concerned with與前面的concerned with重復(fù)所以conce

49、rned被省略c 本句另外一個(gè)難懂的地方就是使用了大量的抽象詞這是文學(xué)市評(píng)論題材的文章的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)意群訓(xùn)練virginia woolfs provocative statement about her intentions in writing mrs dalloway has regularly been ignored by the criticssince it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic"

50、; novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness 5 as she put it in the common reader it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything chaucer said or wrote

51、and yet as we read him we are absorbing morality at every pore 5-難句類型抽象詞抽象詞組比喻 譯文就像她在致普通讀者一書中所表達(dá)的那樣盡管可以毫無疑問的說沒有任何法律被指定出來也沒有任何高樓大廈被建立起來是因?yàn)閱疼耪f了什么或者寫了什么然而當(dāng)我們讀它的書的時(shí)候我們身上每一個(gè)毛孔都充滿了道德解釋這句話不但用了詞抽象還用了比喻的修辭手法是指沒有因?yàn)閱疼诺难哉摱a(chǎn)生任何實(shí)際的行為規(guī)則或政治機(jī)構(gòu)但我們受其影響之深以及其影響力之大意群訓(xùn)練as she put it in the common reader it is safe to say

52、that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything chaucer said or wrote and yet as we read him we are absorbing morality at every pore 6 with the conclusion of a burst activity the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids leaving the large animal vulnerable

53、to attack until the acid is reconverted via oxidative metabolism by the liver into glucose which is then sent in part back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis 4難句類型復(fù)雜修飾插入語專有名詞 譯文隨著爆發(fā)出來的運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)束再體液中乳酸含量會(huì)變得很高使得大型動(dòng)物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)直到乳酸通過有氧新陳代謝被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成convert into葡萄糖而葡萄糖接下來又會(huì)部分傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 解釋本句中修飾成分極多以分詞修飾和介詞

54、結(jié)構(gòu)修飾為主作各種類型的狀語前面的狀語和主句還好理解從leaving開始句子變難leaving引導(dǎo)的直到句末的結(jié)構(gòu)來做整個(gè)句子的狀語分詞中又包含了三個(gè)狀語其中的兩個(gè)via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入語的作用把be converted into拆成兩段本句的另外一個(gè)特征是其中充斥著專有名詞其中的body fluids oxidative和resynthesis通過字面的意思或者根據(jù)詞頭詞根我們還是應(yīng)該猜出其意思的lactic acid metabolism和muscle這三個(gè)詞在生物類文章中極其常用大家應(yīng)該背下來而glycogen這種東西則沒辦

55、法只能作一個(gè)首字母提煉但是請(qǐng)記住gre和gmat文章中只要出現(xiàn)了這種專有名詞出題者是一定會(huì)在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的詞義解釋清楚的所以讀者遇到文章中做了解釋的專有名詞應(yīng)該力求把解釋看懂意群訓(xùn)練with the conclusion of a burst activity the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted via oxidative metabolism by the liver

56、into glucose which is then sent in part back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis 7 although gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slavespreferencerevealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy 3難句類型插入語譯文雖然古特曼承認(rèn)

57、由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁但他還是證明奴隸的偏愛在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制monogamy解釋本句中插入語的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent 后半個(gè)分句中的主語that slaves preference與系動(dòng)詞was離得太遠(yuǎn)造成閱讀的困難意群訓(xùn)練although gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slaves pre

58、ferencerevealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy8 gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouragedthe transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the black heritage of folkloremusicand religious expression from on

59、e generation to anothera heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their african and american experiences 4難句類型復(fù)雜修飾插入語譯文古特曼人令人信服地論辨道黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說音樂及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用而對(duì)于這種文化遺產(chǎn)黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展解釋由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中encouraged的賓語the transmission of the black heritage被同時(shí)表示并列和轉(zhuǎn)折的and so 分開給讀者造成了閱讀上和理解上的困難最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面的部分是修飾前面的black heritage的同位語意群訓(xùn)練gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouragedthe transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the black heritage o