法律英語課件2

1、2021/8/612021/8/62If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers.Charles Dickens, British novelist倘若世上沒有壞人，也就不會(huì)有好的倘若世上沒有壞人，也就不會(huì)有好的律師。律師。英國小說家英國小說家 狄更斯狄更斯 CC2021/8/63Background 律師 法官 檢察官 法學(xué)教師法律職業(yè)法律職業(yè)變換頻繁變換頻繁 Harlan Fiske Stone2021/8/642021/8/65Part 1 The Bar Bar法庭中將公眾與法官、律師及其他訴訟參與人分隔開的隔板

2、。 后來用于通指法律職業(yè)或律師職業(yè)。美國律師協(xié)會(huì)美國律師協(xié)會(huì)（ABA）2021/8/662021/8/67律師美國LawyerAttorneyAttorney at-lawCounselorCounselor at-lawLitigator 訴訟律師 英國英國Barrister訴訟律師訴訟律師大律師，出庭律師大律師，出庭律師Solicitor初級(jí)律師（無權(quán)出庭初級(jí)律師（無權(quán)出庭的律師）的律師）2021/8/68 The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which

3、 has its own requirements for admission to practice. 對(duì)法律職業(yè)的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允許律師執(zhí)業(yè)的條件。2021/8/69 Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. 三年大學(xué)三年大學(xué)法學(xué)學(xué)位法學(xué)學(xué)位書面考試書面考試2021/8/610 Almost all states, however, make use

4、 of the Multistate Bar Exam, a day-long multi-choice test, to which the states adds a day-long essay examination emphasizing its own law.各州律師聯(lián)考各州律師聯(lián)考州綜合問答題州綜合問答題2021/8/611 The Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) is a six-hour, two-hundred question multiple-choice examination covering contracts, torts,

5、constitutional law, criminal law, evidence, and real property. 2021/8/612 A substantial fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try, and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt. 全部申請者中大部分能在第一次考試中通過，沒有通過的人很多在后來的考試中得以通過。2021/8/613 In all, over forty thousand persons succeed in passing t

6、hese examinations to the bar in their respective states. 每年各州有4萬多人通過律師考試。 No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission. 在進(jìn)入律師行業(yè)之前或之后不需要有學(xué)徒經(jīng)歷。2021/8/614 The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the courts, 在聯(lián)邦法院執(zhí)業(yè)的要求各州不同。 but generally those entitled t

7、o practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted before the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities. 有資格在州最高法院執(zhí)業(yè)的人辦理了一些無關(guān)緊要的手續(xù)后可以在聯(lián)邦法院執(zhí)業(yè)。2021/8/615 A lawyers practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is

8、only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. 律師通常在一個(gè)地區(qū)執(zhí)業(yè) 可以代表當(dāng)事人到其他州辦理事務(wù) 只是在被準(zhǔn)入的州獲得執(zhí)業(yè)資格2021/8/616 It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. 為處理在別的管轄區(qū)內(nèi)的法律問題而聘請當(dāng)?shù)芈蓭熓呛芷匠５氖?。有些州曾把“本州居民”?guī)定為申請律師資格的前提條件。但聯(lián)邦最高法院在1985年裁定這種規(guī)定為非法。此外，在美國擔(dān)任律師的人并不必須是美國公民。 202

9、1/8/617 One who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often five years. 如果一個(gè)人已經(jīng)執(zhí)業(yè)5年以上，那么當(dāng)他移居到另外一個(gè)州的時(shí)候，通常不用再參加該州的律師資格考試就可以獲準(zhǔn)執(zhí)業(yè)。 2021/8/618 A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to en

10、gage in any activity that is open to other citizens.從事律師業(yè)務(wù)從事律師業(yè)務(wù)參加任何其他公民可以參加的活動(dòng)參加任何其他公民可以參加的活動(dòng)2021/8/619 It is not uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients, to engage in business, and to participate actively in public affairs. 在公司的董事會(huì)任職在公司的董事會(huì)任職從事商業(yè)活動(dòng)從事商業(yè)活動(dòng)

11、積極參與公共事務(wù)積極參與公共事務(wù)2021/8/620 A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of the government or of a private business concern, or a law teacher, any may return to private practice from these other activities. 律師在成為法官、成了政府雇員或私企雇員，或者作了法學(xué)教師以后，該律師仍是律師界的一員，而且也可以從其他活動(dòng)中重新回來做執(zhí)業(yè)

12、律師。2021/8/621 A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. 有很少數(shù)量的律師為了從事工商業(yè)活動(dòng)而放棄執(zhí)業(yè)。2021/8/622 The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidence by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was, at

13、 various times, a successful New York lawyer, a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law, Attorney General of the United States, and Chief Justice of the United States. 律師律師教授教授院長院長總檢總檢察長察長首席大首席大法官法官2021/8/623Harlan Fiske Stone1872- 1946Distinguished jurist Harlan Fiske Stone was born on Oct

14、ober 11, 1872 in Chesterfield, New Hampshire. 著名法理學(xué)家著名法理學(xué)家2021/8/624 After graduating from Amherst College in 1894, he continued on to Columbia University from which he received his law degree in 1898. The next year he was admitted to the New York bar. 加入紐約律師協(xié)會(huì)2021/8/625 In 1910 Stone became the dea

15、n of the Columbia Law School. In 1924 he was appointed by President Coolidge to be Attorney General. 哥倫比亞大學(xué)法學(xué)院院長司法部長（總檢察長）2021/8/626 In 1925 he was nominated to the Supreme Court. While on the Court, Stone was a strong supporter of President Roosevelts New Deal legislation. Roosevelt appointed Stone

16、 Chief Justice in 1941. Stone died in 1946 at the age of 73.最高法院法官羅斯福新政最高法院首席大法官2021/8/627 There is no formal division among lawyers according to function. 美國沒有律師職業(yè)的劃分。英國：英國：Barristers：出庭律師出庭律師、大律師、訴訟律師大律師、訴訟律師Solicitors：訴狀律師訴狀律師、小律師、非訴律師小律師、非訴律師 2021/8/628 there is no branch of profession that has

17、a special or exclusive right to appear in court, nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments. 美國：美國：出庭代理訴訟出庭代理訴訟準(zhǔn)備法律文書準(zhǔn)備法律文書attorney2021/8/629 The American lawyers domain includes advocacy, counseling, and drafting. Furthermore, within the sphere broadly defined as

18、 the “practice of law” the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. 代理訴訟，出庭辯護(hù)； 咨詢服務(wù)； 起草文書； 律師實(shí)務(wù)2021/8/630 In the field of advocacy, the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in court but, with the exception of a few inferior courts, only a lawyer may represent

19、 another in court. 出庭辯護(hù)： 當(dāng)事人本人 代理律師2021/8/631 The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counseling and drafting of legal instruments, as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation. 咨詢服務(wù)與起草法律文件之間的劃分不明確。 就聯(lián)邦所得稅，律師執(zhí)業(yè)與會(huì)計(jì)執(zhí)業(yè)劃分不清。202

20、1/8/632 However, the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New Yorks highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York, even though the advice is limited to the law o

21、f foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. 然而，大多數(shù)美國法院的嚴(yán)厲規(guī)定是根據(jù)紐約最高法院的一項(xiàng)決定做出的。該規(guī)定指出：在外國而非在紐約取得執(zhí)業(yè)資格的律師，禁止給紐約的當(dāng)事人提供法律建議，即便所提供的建議僅限于外國法。2021/8/633 A foreign lawyer may be admitted to the bar of one of states and may, even without being admitted, advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign l

22、aw. 外國律師可以被一個(gè)州的律師協(xié)會(huì)接納為會(huì)員，甚至在沒有被接納的情況下，也可以作為佚名顧問就外國法向美國律師提供咨詢意見。2021/8/634Part two Lawyers in Private Practice2021/8/635 The remaining six practice in law firms, which are generally organized as partnerships. 剩下的6個(gè)人組成律師事務(wù)所，一般采用合伙制。 Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates,

23、 a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. 6個(gè)人中有4、5個(gè)是合伙人； 其他1、2個(gè)是合作者，他們受雇于律師事務(wù)所或其他律師，領(lǐng)取工資。2021/8/636 This trend toward group practice is relatively recent origin. 合伙開業(yè)合伙開業(yè)2021/8/637 Throughout most of nineteenth century, law practice was general rather than specialized

24、, its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counseling and drafting, and the prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. 律師業(yè)務(wù)是一般化的，而不是專業(yè)化的 主要業(yè)務(wù)是出庭辯護(hù)，而不是提供咨詢和起草文書 美國律師的原型是單獨(dú)開業(yè)者。2021/8/638 Marked specialization began in the later part of that century in the large cities near the

25、financial centers. 19世紀(jì)后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出現(xiàn)了顯著的律師專業(yè)化。2021/8/639 With the growth of big business, big government, big labor, the work of the lawyer accommodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counseling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle disputes. 隨著大企業(yè)、大政府及大的勞動(dòng)力的增長，律師工作本身適應(yīng)了當(dāng)事人需要專家

26、提供咨詢和起草法律文書，從而避免和解決糾紛的需要。2021/8/640 The best lawyers were attracted to this work 最好的律師被吸引來做這些事。 leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in courts and who were sought after as advisors, planners, and negotiators. 律師界的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物開始垂青那些極少出庭即使確曾出庭的話的律師，那些供不應(yīng)求的咨詢顧問、策劃人員及談判專家。2021

27、/8/641 Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participate at all steps in shaping of their policies. Major business transactions are rarely undertaken without advice of counsel. 今天，律師仍然將繼續(xù)熟悉其委托人的各種生意問題以及參與委托人制定其計(jì)劃的一切過程視為他們必不可少的

28、一項(xiàng)實(shí)踐。沒有法律顧問的建議，大宗商業(yè)交易的進(jìn)行是很少發(fā)生的。2021/8/642Part 3 House Counsel 受雇于某公司而非獨(dú)立開業(yè)的律師 Out of every twenty lawyers, two are employed by private business concerns, such as industrial corporations, insurance companies, and banks, usually as house or corporate counsel in the concerns legal department. 20個(gè)律師中有2個(gè)

29、受雇于私人企業(yè)，如工業(yè)公司、金融公司、銀行。 專職法律顧問，公司法律顧問2021/8/643 the growth of corporationsthe complexity of businessthe multitude of problem posed by government regulationfirms to have in their employ persons with legal training非常了解企業(yè)的非常了解企業(yè)的特殊問題和條件特殊問題和條件2021/8/644 The general counsel (總法律顧問) An officer of the comp

30、any Serve on important policy making committees Serve on the board of directors. 公司管理人員公司管理人員重要決策委員會(huì)重要決策委員會(huì)董事會(huì)董事會(huì)2021/8/645House counsel remain members of the bar 保留律師協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)員身份 entitled to appear in court 有資格出庭進(jìn)行訴訟2021/8/646House counsel However, it is the house counsels skill as advisor rather than as

31、 an advocate that is a valued asset. 然而，公司法律顧問作為一名咨詢員所擁有的才能而非辯護(hù)本身才是價(jià)值不菲的資本。2021/8/647 Constantly in touch with the employers problem, house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation.

32、 不斷接觸企業(yè)的各種法律問題，使得公司顧問成為理想的預(yù)防法律糾紛出現(xiàn)的行家，而且也會(huì)常常被邀請就公司對(duì)其公眾和國家所負(fù)義務(wù)提供咨詢。2021/8/648Part 4 Lawyers in Government Two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal, city, county, and municipal governments, exclusive of judiciary. 20個(gè)律師中有2個(gè)受雇于聯(lián)邦、都市、縣和地方政府，這中間還不包括法官。2021/8/649 Many of those entering p

33、ublic service are recent law graduates 許多加入公共服務(wù)的是剛畢業(yè)的法學(xué)大學(xué)生。 who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers 政府薪水有足夠的吸引力 seek the training that such service may offer as a prelude to private practice. 鍛煉自己，作為私人開業(yè)的前奏2021/8/650 Limitation on top salaries discourage s

34、ome from continuing with the government. 最高薪水的限制挫傷了一些律師繼續(xù)在政府工作的積極性。2021/8/651 The majority serves by appointment in legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities. 大多數(shù)的政府律師在聯(lián)邦、州政府和地方機(jī)構(gòu)的法律部門任職。2021/8/652 The United States Department of Justice alone employs more than

35、two thousand, and the Law Department of the City of New York more than four hundred. 美國司法部2000多人 紐約司法局400多人2021/8/653 Others are engaged as public prosecutors. Federal prosecutors, the United States attorneys and their assistants, are appointed by the President and are subordinate to the Attorney Ge

36、neral of the United States. 其他政府律師是檢察官。聯(lián)邦檢查官、美國政府律師和助理檢察官由總統(tǒng)任命，受命于美國總檢察長（司法部長）。2021/8/654 The Attorney General, as head of the Department of Justice and chief law enforcement officer of the Federal Government, represents the United States in legal matters generally and gives advice and opinions to t

37、he President and to the heads of the executive departments of the Government when so requested. The Attorney General appears in person to represent the Government before the U.S. Supreme Court in cases of exceptional gravity or importance.2021/8/655 States prosecutors, sometimes known as district at

38、torneys, are commonly elected by each county and are not under the control of the state attorney general. 州檢察官，又叫地區(qū)檢察官，一般由其所在縣的公民選舉產(chǎn)生，不受州司法局長的控制。 2021/8/656 Lawyers in government are directly engaged in legal work 政府律師直接從事法律工作。 law training is infrequently sought as preparation for general government service. 因?yàn)橐话阏?wù)很