土木工程材料第五章1ppt課件

1、Ch5 Bituminous Materials5.1 Types of asphalt5.2 Petroleum asphalt5.3 Properties of asphalt5.4 Asphalt grades5.5 Spray applications5.6 Testing 5.1 Types of asphaltBitumen is a solid，semisolid，or viscous cementitious material，natural or manufactured，and composed principally of various mixtures of comp

2、lex hydrocarbons (烴, 碳氫化合物).Features of bitumenCompletely soluble in carbon disulfide (CS2)NonvolatileSoften when heated瀝青分類瀝青分類瀝青資料分為地瀝青和焦油瀝青兩大類。瀝青資料分為地瀝青和焦油瀝青兩大類。地瀝青又分為天然瀝青和石油瀝青地瀝青又分為天然瀝青和石油瀝青天然瀝青是石油滲出地表經(jīng)長期暴露和蒸發(fā)后天然瀝青是石油滲出地表經(jīng)長期暴露和蒸發(fā)后的殘留物；的殘留物；石油瀝青是將精制加工石油所剩余的渣油，經(jīng)石油瀝青是將精制加工石油所剩余的渣油，經(jīng)適當?shù)墓に囂幹煤蟮玫降漠a(chǎn)品。適當

3、的工藝處置后得到的產(chǎn)品。焦油瀝青是煤、木材等有機物干餾加工所得的焦油瀝青是煤、木材等有機物干餾加工所得的焦油經(jīng)再加工后的產(chǎn)品。焦油經(jīng)再加工后的產(chǎn)品。工程中采用的瀝青絕大多數(shù)是石油瀝青，石油工程中采用的瀝青絕大多數(shù)是石油瀝青，石油瀝青是復雜的碳氫化合物與其非金屬衍生物組瀝青是復雜的碳氫化合物與其非金屬衍生物組成的混合物。通常瀝青閃點在成的混合物。通常瀝青閃點在240330之之間，燃點比閃點約高間，燃點比閃點約高36度，因此施工溫度，因此施工溫度應控制在閃點以下。度應控制在閃點以下。 地瀝青地瀝青石油瀝青石油瀝青瀝青膏瀝青膏焦油瀝青焦油瀝青焦油焦油天然瀝青天然瀝青天然瀝青天然瀝青巖石瀝青巖石瀝青乳

4、化瀝青乳化瀝青稀釋稀釋(石油石油)瀝青瀝青氧化瀝青氧化瀝青慢凝慢凝中凝中凝快凝快凝瀝青烴瀝青烴, 碳氫化合物碳氫化合物Uses of bituminous materialsBitumens possess a number of properties that make them useful in the constructionability to adhere to solid particles impermeability or water resistanceUses of bituminous materials roadways pavementsmany construct

5、ion productssuch as roofing felt, caulking compound, waterproofing compounds, wallboard, building paper, paints, etc. waterproof coatings for walls and below-grade structures5.1.1 Tars and pitchesTars, along with pitches, are the products of distillation of materials such as wood, coal, and shale.Wh

6、en these materials undergo destructive distillation , the resulting condensate冷凝物 is tarFurther processing yields a solid or semisolid residue known as pitchTar 焦油Generally by-product of coke (from coal) productionWhen coal is heated in coke ovens, it is reduced to coke. The gases (vaporized oils) g

7、enerated during the process are collected from the oven and refined. The distillation of lighter oils produces tar.焦油是煤炭在焦化過程中產(chǎn)生的。其產(chǎn)量約占裝爐煤的3%4%，在常溫常壓下其產(chǎn)品呈黑色粘稠液狀，密度通常在0.95-1.10g/cm3之間，焦油又稱煤焦油。 Tar pitches 焦油瀝青Tar pitches are used for built-up roofing and waterproofing of underground and aboveground c

8、onstructionsuch as foundations，retaining walls，dams，and bridgesAboveground structures experience great fluctuations in environmental conditions，and waterproofing compounds should be able to withstand these changes without becoming brittle or too soft5.1.2 AsphaltsAsphalts are cementitious materials

9、in which the predominant constituent materials are bitumens.Natural deposits or petroleum asphaltThe consistency of asphalts varies widely from solid to semisolid at normal temperatureThe natural deposits of asphalts are of two types：Natural rock asphaltsDeposits of sandstone or limestone filled wit

10、h asphaltsNative asphalts or lake asphaltsLake Trinidad特立尼達島，West Indies (a 110-acre lake containing about 40 percent bitumen mixed with water, fine siliceous silt, clay, and organic matter);Bermudez，Venezuela (lake asphalt containing about 65 percent bitumen)Trinidad Lake Asphalt特立尼達島特立尼達島 imgsrc.b

11、aidu/baike/pic/item/9319cf098da1cf91d1581bb7.jpg的主島。與委內(nèi)瑞拉東北部海岸相望，最近處僅的主島。與委內(nèi)瑞拉東北部海岸相望，最近處僅11公里。面積公里。面積4，828平方公里。人口平方公里。人口101.6萬萬1980。1532年起淪為西班牙年起淪為西班牙殖民地，后被英、荷、法侵占，殖民地，后被英、荷、法侵占，1802年成為英國殖民地。年成為英國殖民地。1962年獨立后成為該國領(lǐng)土的主要部分。島上北部、中部、南部有三年獨立后成為該國領(lǐng)土的主要部分。島上北部、中部、南部有三條大致東西向的低山脈，最頂峰為北部山脈的阿里波山條大致東西向的低山脈，最頂峰為

12、北部山脈的阿里波山940米。向南地勢降低，大部分地方為不超越米。向南地勢降低，大部分地方為不超越150米的低平原。沿米的低平原。沿海多沼澤。熱帶氣候，炎熱潮濕，有干季。河流短促、經(jīng)濟以石海多沼澤。熱帶氣候，炎熱潮濕，有干季。河流短促、經(jīng)濟以石油工業(yè)為主。南部石油帶面積約油工業(yè)為主。南部石油帶面積約2，000平方公里及沿海大平方公里及沿海大陸架富藏石油和天然氣，西南部有出名世界的瀝青湖。煉油才干陸架富藏石油和天然氣，西南部有出名世界的瀝青湖。煉油才干超越開采才干，主要煉油中心和石油輸出港是皮埃爾角、福廷角超越開采才干，主要煉油中心和石油輸出港是皮埃爾角、福廷角和拉布雷阿，均在西南部帕里亞灣岸。農(nóng)

13、作區(qū)主要分布在中部平和拉布雷阿，均在西南部帕里亞灣岸。農(nóng)作區(qū)主要分布在中部平原，甘蔗為傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟作物。原，甘蔗為傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟作物。*5.2 Petroleum asphaltPetroleum asphalts are classified into four types：Asphalt cementsCutback asphaltsEmulsified asphaltsAir-blown asphaltsUsages of petroleum asphalts Petroleum asphalts are used in construction of flexible pavementsroof

14、 construction (asphalt shingles, rolled roofing, and built-up roofing),for insulation (electrical insulation and building paper)waterproofing (sprays, paints, and bituminous fabrics) canal lining seal subgrades against the migration of waterJoint seals*5.2 Petroleum asphaltPetroleum asphalts are cla

15、ssified into four types：Asphalt cementsCutback asphaltsEmulsified asphaltsAir-blown asphalts5.2.1 Asphalt CementAsphalt cement is very sticky and highly viscous, especially prepared with the quality and consistency required in the manufacture of asphalt pavements (hot-mix pavements).It is obtained a

16、fter separation of lubricating oils from crude petroleum. Properties of asphalt cement It possesses excellent binding properties and adheres very well to aggregate particles.when used in pavement construction it is necessary to heat both the asphalt cement and the aggregates prior to mixingsuperior

17、waterproof qualitiesPavement built using paving asphalt is waterproof and resistant to many types of chemical attack.*5.2 Petroleum asphaltPetroleum asphalts are classified into four types：Asphalt cementsCutback asphaltsEmulsified asphaltsAir-blown asphalts5.2.2 Cutback Asphalts Two types of asphalt

18、 are available in liquid form:cutback asphalt emulsified asphaltCutback asphalt- is asphalt cement that is liquefied by blending with petroleum solvents (called diluents). Cutback asphalt are divided into three typesSlow-curingMedium-curingRapid-curing Slow-curing cutback asphaltSlow-curing cutback

19、asphalt is asphalt cement blended with oils of low volatility，such as diesel oil 柴油. Its viscosity value is low and it hardens very slowly.It is used for cold laid pavement bases. Medium-curing cutback asphaltMedium-curing cutback asphalt is obtained by blending asphalt cement with kerosene- 煤油 type

20、 diluents of medium volatility. It hardens faster than the slow-curing and slower than the rapid-curing type.Used for cold-laid pavement bases (plant mixed and mixed in place) and surface treatmentsRapid-curing cutback asphaltRapid-curing cutback asphalt is asphalt cement blended with naphtha or gas

21、oline- 汽油 type diluents of high volatility. The diluents in rapid-curing asphalt evaporate quickly.Used primarily in mixed-in-place pavement mixes and surface treatments.*5.2 Petroleum asphaltPetroleum asphalts are classified into four types：Asphalt cementsCutback asphaltsEmulsified asphaltsAir-blow

22、n asphalts5.2.3 Emulsified AsphaltEmulsified asphalt is composed of asphalt cement and water that contains a small amount of an emulsifying agentSoapswater-soluble chemicalsfine clay乳化瀝青乳化瀝青 乳化瀝青是將通常高溫運用的道路瀝青，經(jīng)過乳化瀝青是將通常高溫運用的道路瀝青，經(jīng)過機械攪拌和化學穩(wěn)定的方法乳化，分散到機械攪拌和化學穩(wěn)定的方法乳化，分散到水中而液化成常溫下粘度很低、流動性很好的水中而液化成常溫下粘度很低

23、、流動性很好的一種道路建筑資料?？梢猿剡\用，且可以和一種道路建筑資料?？梢猿剡\用，且可以和冷的和潮濕的石料一同運用。冷的和潮濕的石料一同運用。當乳化瀝青破乳凝固時當乳化瀝青破乳凝固時- 復原為延續(xù)的瀝青并復原為延續(xù)的瀝青并且水分完全排除掉，道路資料的最終強度才干且水分完全排除掉，道路資料的最終強度才干構(gòu)成。、構(gòu)成。、在眾多的道路建立運用中，乳化瀝青提供了一在眾多的道路建立運用中，乳化瀝青提供了一種比熱瀝青更為平安、節(jié)能和環(huán)保的系統(tǒng)，由種比熱瀝青更為平安、節(jié)能和環(huán)保的系統(tǒng)，由于這種工藝防止了高溫操作、加熱和有害排放。于這種工藝防止了高溫操作、加熱和有害排放。乳化瀝青主要用于道路的晉級與養(yǎng)護，

24、如石屑乳化瀝青主要用于道路的晉級與養(yǎng)護，如石屑封層，還有多種獨特的、其它瀝青資料不可替封層，還有多種獨特的、其它瀝青資料不可替代的運用，如冷拌料、稀漿封層。乳化瀝青亦代的運用，如冷拌料、稀漿封層。乳化瀝青亦可用于新建道路施工，如粘層油、透層油等?？捎糜谛陆ǖ缆肥┕?，如粘層油、透層油等。*advantages of emulsified asphaltemulsified asphalt can be applied during damp weather and with aggregates that are cold or hotthe quantity of materials appl

25、ied is controlled automatically because any excess (water) will drain into the subgradesaving energyThe use of emulsified asphalt also eliminates the use of fuel required to heat and dry the aggregates in the asphalt cement mixturesreduces energy requirements through reduction or elimination of petroleum distillates used in cutback asphalts. *disadv