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1、形容詞和副詞一、【知識(shí)精講】(一)形容詞1. 作定語(yǔ)形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般放在它所修飾詞的前面。There was a long queue for coffee at the interval.休息時(shí)人們排長(zhǎng)隊(duì)喝咖啡?!練w納拓展】在下列情況下,形容詞要放在被修飾詞的后面。( 1 )形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾somebody, something, anything,everything, nothing, anyone, anything,nobody 等復(fù)合代詞時(shí),需后置。Is there anything wrong with your car?你的汽車出什么毛病了嗎?( 2 ) 以- able 或-

2、 ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于由形容詞的最高級(jí)或all, every, only 等詞修飾的名詞后面。This is the best computer available.這是現(xiàn)在可用的最好的一臺(tái)電腦。( 3 ) 表語(yǔ)形容詞(如: alive 活著的,awake 醒著的, alike 相似的 )作定語(yǔ),一般要后置。He is the most famous scientist alive in the world.他是當(dāng)今世界上活著的最著名的科學(xué)家。( 4 ) 形容詞與介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式或其他附加詞連用作定語(yǔ)時(shí),需放在所修飾詞之后,作后置定語(yǔ)。He is one of the leadin

3、g members responsible for the work.他是負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)工作的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)之一。English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英語(yǔ)是一門易學(xué)而難精通的語(yǔ)言。( 5 ) 表示計(jì)量(長(zhǎng)、寬、 高、深 )及年齡的形容詞,應(yīng)放在相應(yīng)的名詞之后。 這類詞有: deep( 深的 ), long( 長(zhǎng)的 ) , wide( 寬的 ) , tall( 高的 )。Please fetch me a rope ten metres long.請(qǐng)給我拿來(lái)一條10 米長(zhǎng)的繩子。( 6 ) 兩個(gè)表示相對(duì)或相反意義的形容詞連用作

4、定語(yǔ)時(shí),需放在所修飾詞之后,作后置定語(yǔ)。All countries, big and small, should be equal.不論大小國(guó)家都應(yīng)一律平等。( 7 ) 作前置定語(yǔ)和后置定語(yǔ)意義不同的形容詞,如 present, concerned, involved 等。The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big as the presentone. ( 現(xiàn)在的 )The number of people present at the concert was much smal

5、ler than expected. ( 出席 )Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live. (關(guān)心的 )All parties concerned should attend the discussion. (有關(guān)的 )參與的 )There are a small number of people involved. (It is an involved (= complicated) sentence.( 復(fù)雜的)2. 作表語(yǔ)( 1 ) 某些以 a- 開(kāi)頭的形容詞(afraid 害怕的,

6、 alive 活著的, ashamed 羞愧的, awake 醒著的, aware意識(shí)到的)通常作表語(yǔ),有些不能用very 修飾。People are now aware that helping others is helping themselves.人們現(xiàn)在意識(shí)到幫助別人就是幫助自己。( 2 ) 某些表示健康的形容詞 (fine 健康的, ill 有病的, poorly 健康欠佳的, well 身體健康的 ) 通常作表語(yǔ)。He was ill and couldn't come. 他病了,不能來(lái)。注意:ill作定語(yǔ),表示"不好的",如ill luck 厄運(yùn);h

7、ave an ill effect on 對(duì)有不好的影響。( 3) -ed形容詞與-ing形容詞。-ed形容詞多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài),意為“感到的" 。-ing形容詞多 表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征,意為“令人的” 。amazed 感到驚奇的 amazing 令人驚奇的; embarrassed 感到窘迫的 embarrassing 令人窘迫的;interested 感興趣的 interesting 令人感興趣的; pleased 感到高興的 pleasing 令人高興的; tired 感到疲倦的 tiring 令人疲倦的; satisfied 感到滿意的 satisfying 令人滿意的(

8、4 ) be 動(dòng)詞和連系動(dòng)詞(appear, seem, look, taste, sound, feel, smell, become, come, fall, get, go,grow, turn, run, turn out, keep, remain, stay, stand, prove)后常接形容詞,作表語(yǔ)。She stepped a little back, appearing surprised. 她往后退了一點(diǎn),好像很吃驚。( 5 )常見(jiàn)的形容詞作表語(yǔ)的句型It is/was+形容詞+ of/for +名詞/代詞+不定式It's foolish of me to ma

9、ke such a mistake.犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤,我真是太傻了。 形容詞不定式, 不定式表示原因或結(jié)果。 常用于這種句型的形容詞有: able, sure, lucky, ready, happy,likely 等。Studies show that people are more likely to suffer from back problems if they always sit beforecomputer screens for long hours. 研究表明, 如果人們總是坐在電腦屏幕面前很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間會(huì)有背部的問(wèn)題。3. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),常用于 “動(dòng)詞 it 形

10、容詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有: make, keep, leave( 表示“使,使處于狀態(tài)”), consider, think, find, cut, set士兵把刀拿出來(lái),把一只長(zhǎng)筒靴切開(kāi)。The guard brought out his knife and cut one boot open.4. 作狀語(yǔ)形容詞作狀語(yǔ)表示伴隨、結(jié)果、時(shí)間、條件 ,并不表示動(dòng)作的方式。伴隨狀語(yǔ) )長(zhǎng)途旅行After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired. ( 后,他們?nèi)嘶丶伊?,又累又餓。Ripe, th

11、ese apples are sweet. ( 表示時(shí)間 / 條件 ) 熟了的時(shí)候這種蘋(píng)果很甜。5. 易混形容詞的用法辨析( 1 ) pleased, pleasing 與 pleasant pleased 一般用作表語(yǔ),表示“(感到)滿意、高興”,后常跟介詞 with 。She's pleased with our programme.她對(duì)我們的節(jié)目很滿意。 pleasing 表示“令人高興/ 滿意的” ,用作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ),修飾物。My sister's progress in dancing is pleasing. 我姐姐在舞蹈方面的進(jìn)步令人高興。 pleasant 可用作

12、定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ), 表示 “令人愉快的” 時(shí), 不能修飾人; 表示 “友好的” 時(shí), 可修飾人或物。The girl has a pleasant childhood.這個(gè)女孩有一個(gè)快樂(lè)的童年。( 2 ) living, alive 與 live living 意為“活著的” ,可作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),指人或動(dòng)植物的生命沒(méi)有消失,依然存在的狀態(tài)。He is the greatest living writer in America.他是當(dāng)今美國(guó)最偉大的作家。 alive 意為“活著的,活躍的” ,可作表語(yǔ)或后置定語(yǔ),指生命從奄奄一息到精力旺盛的各種狀態(tài)。Is that sheep dead or alive

13、? 那只羊是死了還是活著? live 表示“活的;現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播的” ,通常作定語(yǔ),位于名詞之前。The club has live music most nights.該俱樂(lè)部大多數(shù)晚上有現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演出的音樂(lè)。(二)副詞1. 副詞分類副詞在句子中主要用作狀語(yǔ),許多副詞由“形容詞- ly ”構(gòu)成,如: careful carefully 。副詞主要分為以下幾種:1 )時(shí)間副詞,如: often, early, usually, tomorrow 等。2 )地點(diǎn)副詞,如: here, outside, below, there, abroad, indoors, overseas等。3 )方式副詞,如: h

14、ard, badly, well, bravely, cleverly, cruelly, foolishly等。4 )程度副詞,如: very, fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly等。5 )連接副詞,如:therefore, besides, otherwise, however, instead, moreover, still, thus,meanwhile 等?!練w納拓展】1 ) 下列單詞以- ly 結(jié)尾, 但卻是形容詞而非副詞: friendly 友好的; lovely 可愛(ài)的; lively 活潑的; lo

15、nely孤獨(dú)的; deadly 致命的; orderly 有秩序的; manly 有男子氣概的;daily 每日的; weekly 每星期的。2 ) 表示方向和地點(diǎn)的副詞(out, in, up, down, here, there等 )置于句首,句子要完全倒裝。There stood a desk against the wall.靠墻放著一張書(shū)桌。2. 易混同根副詞( 1 ) 有些與形容詞同形的副詞表示具體概念,而加- ly 的副詞則往往表示抽象的概念。high 高地 highly 高度地; wide 寬地,大大地; widely 廣泛地; deep 深地 deeply 深深地; clos

16、e 近地closely 仔細(xì)地,嚴(yán)密地They had to dig very deep in order to find water.I am deeply grateful to you. 我非常感謝你。他們必須挖得很深,才能發(fā)現(xiàn)水。The plane flies high. 飛機(jī)飛得很高。They spoke very highly of him.( 2 )含義迥然不同的副詞late 遲;晚 lately( 同 recently) ;near 近;臨近;在附近nearlyThe bus arrived 5 minutes late.What have you been doing lat

17、ely?他們高度稱贊他。hard 努力地 hardly 幾乎不; just幾乎;差不多;將近公共汽車晚了五分鐘。最近你在做什么?正好;剛才justly 公 正 地 ;(三)形容詞 / 副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)1. 形容詞、副詞的原級(jí)(1) as + adj./adv. 原級(jí)+ as.和一樣not as/so + adj./adv. 原級(jí)+ as. 不如這位老人走路與年輕人一樣快。The old man walks as fast as a young man.(2) as + adj.原級(jí) + a/an + n. + as. 和一樣Our neighbour has as big a hou

18、se as ours.我們鄰居的房子和我們的一樣大。(3) as + adj.原級(jí)+ as +數(shù)量詞=數(shù)量詞+adj.The building is as tall as 100 metres.= The building is 100 metres tall.這棟樓有 100 米高?!練w納拓展】(4) 1 ) as. as 結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)并不用來(lái)表示兩個(gè)人或兩個(gè)物之間的比較,如:as soon as 一就; as far as 就而言; as long as 只要; as well as 也(2) can't(can never). .too + adj./adv.原級(jí);can't

19、. enough無(wú)論也不為過(guò)分You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.你開(kāi)車時(shí)無(wú)論怎么小心也不為過(guò)。I cannot thank you enough for you great kindness.我對(duì)你的盛情美意感激不盡。2. 形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)(1)比較級(jí)+ than. 比更This year they have produced less grain than they did last year.今年他們生產(chǎn)的谷物比去年少。(2) the +比較級(jí),the +比較級(jí)越,越The more learned a man is, the

20、 more modest he usually becomes. 一個(gè)人越有學(xué)問(wèn), 他就會(huì)越謙虛。(3) the +比較級(jí)+ of the +名詞/代詞,表示“兩者中較的“。Who is the younger of the two boys?兩個(gè)男孩中誰(shuí)較???(4)比較級(jí)+ and +比較級(jí),表示“越來(lái)越”。As there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of alternative energy. 由于石油和煤都越來(lái)越少,科學(xué)家正在探索新的方法利用可替代能源。(5

21、)比較級(jí)+ than any other+單數(shù)名詞,表示“比其他任何都“ 。Li Lei is taller than any other boy in his class. 李雷比他班上其他任何一個(gè)男孩都高。 (暗指李雷最高)(6) no +比較級(jí)+ than 和一樣不He is no taller than I. 他和我一樣矮。比較: He is not taller than I. 他沒(méi)有我高。(暗指我比他高)【歸納拓展】(1) no more than = only只有,僅僅,只不過(guò)What he is saying is no more than a joke.他所講的只不過(guò)是個(gè)玩笑

22、而已。(2 ) not more than = at the most不超過(guò),至多There are not more than a hundred people in the hall.大廳里至多 100 人。(3) no less than 不少于,多達(dá)He found no less than three books were stolen.他發(fā)現(xiàn)不少于三本書(shū)被盜。(4) less than 不到;少于The game took her less than an hour to finish.她用了不到一個(gè)小時(shí)就結(jié)束了這場(chǎng)比賽。(5) more than 多于,超過(guò)(=over,后接數(shù)詞

23、);不只是(=not only,后接名詞、動(dòng)詞或副詞);非常,十分(=very ,后接形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞或分詞);難以,完全不能(用于more than. can.)He's more than a coach; he's a friend.他不只是教練,更是朋友。The job is more than I could do myself.這工作超出了我力所能及的范圍。Lizzie was more than a little sad to see her friend off at the airport.莉齊在機(jī)場(chǎng)給朋友送別時(shí)有些悲傷。(6) more or less(

24、= almost, nearly, about)基本上,差不多,大約I've more or less finished reading the book. 我差不多已經(jīng)把這本書(shū)全看完了。(7) sooner or later 遲早,早晚,總有一天 (=in time)Sooner or later we will succeed. 我們遲早會(huì)成功的。3. 形容詞、副詞的最高級(jí)( 1 )三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較,用“ the 最高級(jí)名詞范圍”結(jié)構(gòu)。Racing is the most interesting sport I've ever known.賽跑是我知道的最有趣

25、的運(yùn)動(dòng)。注意:a+ most +adj.原級(jí),表示“非常"。We heard a most interesting talk about Japan. 我們聽(tīng)了一個(gè)關(guān)于日本的非常有趣的談話。(2)表示“最之一",用“one of the +形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。Nowadays, cycling is regarded as one of the best all-round forms of exercise. 現(xiàn)在騎自行車被認(rèn)為是最全面的鍛煉方式之一。【歸納拓展】1. 比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)含義和比較級(jí)連用可以表示最高級(jí)的含義。1 )否定詞 (no/not/nothing

26、/never)Nothing is more valuable than health.健康最重要。I can't agree more. 我完全同意。( 2 )比較級(jí) than any other/all the other/anyone(anything) else/any of the other.John is cleverer than all the other children in his class.約翰比他班上的其他孩子都聰明。Steve really values your friendship more than anything else. 史蒂夫真的把你的友

27、誼看得比其他任何東西都重要。2. 比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的修飾詞或短語(yǔ)(1)比較級(jí)的修飾詞或短語(yǔ)。表示“稍稍,一點(diǎn)”的有:a bit, a little, rather, some, any 等;表示“得多”的有: much, far, a great/good deal, a lot等;表示“更加”的有: still, even, yet 等。Compared with his sister, Jerry is even more sensitive to emotional and relationship problems.和姐姐相比,杰里對(duì)情感問(wèn)題和關(guān)系問(wèn)題更敏感。( 2 ) 最高級(jí)的修飾詞或

28、短語(yǔ)。 最高級(jí)前可用 the very, the second, much the, (by) far the, not quite the,nearly, almost, by no means 等修飾。Hainan is China's second largest island.海南是中國(guó)第二大島。This is quite far the most expensive bicycle in the shop.這是這家商店里最最貴的自行車。(四)倍數(shù)的幾種表達(dá)1. be 倍數(shù)形容詞 / 副詞的比較級(jí) thanThe hall is five times bigger than o

29、ur classroom.這個(gè)大廳的面積比我們教室大五倍。2. be 倍數(shù) as 形容詞 / 副詞的原級(jí) as.Ten years ago the population of our village was twice as large as that of theirs. 10年前,我們村人 ( 口 )數(shù)是他們村的兩倍。3. be 倍數(shù) the 名詞 (size/height/weight/length/width等 ) of.The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的體積是月球的 49 倍大。4. be 倍數(shù) what 從句The pric

30、e of the meat is twice what it was last year. 肉價(jià)是去年的兩倍。5. 倍數(shù) as many/much 名詞 asWe've produced twice as much cotton this year as (we did) ten years ago.今年我們生產(chǎn)的棉花比十年前多了一倍。他擁有的書(shū)的數(shù)量是他妹妹的三倍。He has got three times as many books as his sister.二、【典例精練】1. Running is cheap, easy and it's always(energy

31、).【答案】energetic【解析】考查形容詞。句意:跑步既便宜又簡(jiǎn)單,而且讓人精力充沛。2. The Central London Railway was one of the most(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.【答案】successful【解析】考查形容詞。句意:倫敦中央鐵路是這些新線路中最成功的一條。它于1900年開(kāi)通。3. According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total(globe) fertilizer

32、consumption.【答案】global【解析】考查形容詞。句意:根據(jù)世界銀行的數(shù)據(jù),中國(guó)大約占全球化肥消費(fèi)總量的30%。4. Instead, learn to be(satisfy) with what you have and you will be happy.【答案】satisfied【解析】考查形容詞。句意:相反的是,學(xué)會(huì)滿足于你所擁有的,你就會(huì)快樂(lè)。5. A taste for meat is(actual) behind the change:an important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and catt

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