冠詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞

1、二、冠詞（一） 知識(shí)概要：冠詞在英語(yǔ)中只有3個(gè)詞，分為兩類(lèi)：不定冠詞 _與_，定 冠詞。不定冠詞用來(lái)表示 ，而定冠詞則用于，可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。（二）正誤辨析I、This building is an university. 2、This building is a university.析a用于以輔音音素開(kāi)始的單詞前，而 an用于前，而不是元音字母開(kāi)頭的單詞前。university的第一個(gè)音素是j，所以用a而不要用 an。又如：There is a“n” in the w是rd. 句，應(yīng)為： There is an“n” in theword.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一

2、個(gè)音素是 音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個(gè)字母h不發(fā)音，所以應(yīng)該用an hour。例如：It is European country.I boughtused car.3、I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.4、I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.析因umbrella的第一個(gè)音素是元音，所以應(yīng)用.常用的情況有：an Englishteacher, elephant,idea,hour ago, honest boy5、“ Can you help me ” “ Sorry

3、, I'm in hurry. ”6、“ Can you help me ” “ Sorry. I'm in a hurry. ”析不定冠詞在固定詞組中：have a walk/a rest /a look，in a hurry 匆匆忙忙, 作鬼臉，do sb a favour ，have a break=have a rest7、I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictionary is very good.8、I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is very good.析

4、在文章中第一次提到某物時(shí)用 ，而第二次提到時(shí)用 。9、Please turn off lights before you leave.10、Please turn off the lights before you leave.析雖然是第一次提到某物但說(shuō)話雙方均 ，也應(yīng)用定冠詞。II、There are nine planets around a sun.12、There are nine planets around the sun.析世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的天體等名詞前應(yīng)加 ，如：the earth, the moon, thesun, the sky, the sea.13、I live on a

5、 second floor of this building.14、I live on the second floor of this building.析在，形容詞最高級(jí)前要用定冠詞。15、I want to learn the second language this term.16、I want to learn a second language this term.析在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二，而其意在于再學(xué)一個(gè)，再來(lái)一 個(gè)時(shí)，應(yīng)用a,本句的意思應(yīng)為：這學(xué)期我要學(xué)一門(mén)第二外語(yǔ)。17、Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in th

6、e world.18、The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.析在前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the Yellow River（黃河）。19、Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.20、The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.析 前應(yīng)加定冠詞。21、 Rich are not always happy.22、The rich are not always happy.析在形容詞前加定冠詞表示，而在

7、姓的前面加，姓后加s表示某一家，如： The turners going to move to New York.25、The sun rises in east. 26、 The sun rises in the east.析在前應(yīng)用定冠詞，如 in the south, in the direction27、Would you please buy some food for the supper28、Would you please buy some food for supper析泛指前無(wú)定冠詞。29、I bought a same dictionary as she bought.3

8、0、I bought the same dictionary as she bought.析在慣用法the same, the only, the ver前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。31、The police caught the thief by his arm.32、The police caught the thief by the arm.析這是英文表達(dá)法與中文的明顯不同之處，也是初學(xué)者極易忽視之處。在英語(yǔ)中的某些動(dòng)詞，女口： catch抓）, take（拿）,strike （扌?。?pat（拍）,hit（擊）,hold（握）, pull（拉）動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)加，再加介詞之后要加，再加人體的。

9、這時(shí)的定冠詞千萬(wàn)不要換作 his, her, their,等詞。33、The little boy wanted to go to cinema.34、The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.析go to school上學(xué)），go to bed睡垂覺(jué)）， go to the cinema（去看電影）35、I live at 105 the Lake street. 36、I live at 105 Lake Street.析街道名稱(chēng)前不用 。37、Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on

10、a farm.38、Next summer holiday I will go to the country to live on a farm.析country既作國(guó)家講也作 講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時(shí)，一定要加 ，而且只有單數(shù)形式，作國(guó)家講時(shí)則可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。39、The picture looks better at the distance.40、The picture looks better at a distance.析at a distanee意為 “”。而 in the distanee為 “”。41、 The little boy and girl walk along the stre

11、et a hand in a hand.42、 The little boy and girl walk along the street hand in hand.析這是英語(yǔ)中的習(xí)慣用法，如： bit by bit （）， day after （by） day 一天又一天），day and night （），faceface 面對(duì)面），from A to Z （自始至終），hand in hand 手拉手），shouldershoulder 肩并肩）三、代詞（一） 知識(shí)概要： 英語(yǔ)中代詞可以分為 、指示代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、不定代詞。人稱(chēng)代詞主要有主格和賓格之別。請(qǐng)看下表人稱(chēng)我你他她它我們你們他們

12、主格賓格物主代詞分物主代詞和物主代詞兩種。請(qǐng)看卜表人稱(chēng)我的 你的 他的 她的它的我們的你們的他們的形容詞性名詞性反身代詞可見(jiàn)下表：人稱(chēng)我 你 他 她 它 我們 你們 他們反身代詞指示代詞主要：疑問(wèn)代詞有：還有疑問(wèn)副詞：不定代詞在初中課本中主要有 some, any, many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either（二）正誤辨析1、Tom's mother is taller than my. 2、Tom's mother is taller than mine.析形容詞性物主代詞可以

13、作 ，也就是講它可以作形容詞，如： mybook。而題意是：湯姆的媽媽比我的媽媽高。比較的對(duì)象是 ，也就3、 We have a lot of homework to do. So we need two hours to finish them.4、 We have a lot of homework to do. So we need two hours to finish it.析在應(yīng)用代詞時(shí)，要注意人稱(chēng)，格與數(shù)的 。這里it所代替的是不可數(shù)名詞，所以應(yīng)用it。5、 He and you should go to the library to return the books.6、 Yo

14、u and he should go to the library to return the books.析這主要是英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上的用法。當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱(chēng)代詞并列時(shí)其排列順序 一般為,而復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)為.7、He or his brother is doing their homework.8、He or his brother is doing his homework.析由either -or, neithernor,連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果兩主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)時(shí)，用單數(shù)代詞，如兩主語(yǔ)是 時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，如：Either teachers or studentswant to do their best to

15、help the old martn 是一單一復(fù)兩名詞時(shí)，一般將單數(shù)名 詞放在前，復(fù)數(shù)名詞放在后，要用代詞，女口： The teacher or his studentswill clean their classroom together.9、His brother is taller than him. 10、His brother is taller than he.析than是連詞，其后應(yīng)視為 ，than he is.11、 I like you as much as she. 12、I like you as much as her.析asas其后也應(yīng)看作是省略句。應(yīng)為 as_.所以

16、應(yīng)用。而第11句應(yīng)譯為我像她那樣喜歡你。兩句語(yǔ)法都是對(duì)的但含義不同。13、Myself did it yesterday. 14、I myself did it yesterday.析反身代詞不可作主語(yǔ)，但可以用作主語(yǔ)的。15、Please bring your daughter with yourself.16、Please bring your daughter with you.析反身代詞不能作 ，除非是由不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞組成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，女口： The old woman spoke to herself.17、Make yourself home. 18、Make yourself a

17、t home.析這是英語(yǔ)中的習(xí)慣用法，意為“”。這樣的用法還有：helpyourself to something， lost oneself迷路，dress oneself穿衣佃、一 Who's this speakinc That's Mary.20、一 Who's that speaking This is Mary.析在電話用語(yǔ)中，this指，而that指。21、The days in summer are longer than this in winter.22、The days in summer are longer than those in wint

18、er.析在比較句中往往為了避免重復(fù)，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是單數(shù)時(shí)用 ，復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用，如：The weather in Beijing is hotterthan in Chang Chun.23、It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.24、It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.25、It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.析26、 一 I hope she might pass the ex

19、ar I don't hope so.27、 一 I hope she might pass the exar I hope not.析在作肯定回答時(shí)，I think so. I hope so. I believe so但作否定回答時(shí)為：I don't think so. I hope/believe not.28、一 He studied very hard this term So she did.29、一 He studied very hard this term So did she.析在對(duì)話中如果，在答語(yǔ)中要用縮寫(xiě)且倒裝30、一 Who won the game?

20、- None.31、一 Who won the game?- No one.析由who提問(wèn)的句子的否定回答中的簡(jiǎn)略說(shuō)法是 ,而由How many提問(wèn)的句子的否定回答中的簡(jiǎn)略語(yǔ)是 .如: How many books are there? None.32、There are many trees on either sides of the street.33、There are many trees on both sides of the street.析either作代詞時(shí)由兩個(gè)含意，其一是，女口： You can take either.其二是兩者中的每一個(gè)。但要注意的是either后要

21、加，如果作主語(yǔ)則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用。34、 Either you or I are right.35、 Either you or I am right.析在eithero或neitherno連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 。36、I have three sisters. Neither of them is a doctor.37、I have three sisters. None of them is a doctor.析neither用于兩者中都不是，而 none則用于。38、He doesn't like Beijing opera. I don't like too.39、

22、He doesn't like Beijing opera, I don't like either.析either作為 也”講時(shí)，要用于中，而too則用于中。40、We each has a ticket for the concert.41、We each have a ticket for the concert.析each作句子主語(yǔ)時(shí)其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用 ，女口： Each of us wants to learnEnglish well,但each作時(shí)，則應(yīng)以原名詞的數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。42、Everyone of us should do housework two hours a

23、day.43、Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.析everyone不可與 of結(jié)構(gòu)，而則可以這樣用。44、 I should read English everyday.45、I should read English every day.析要注意的是every day是 每天”而everyday則是為 日常的”女口： everyday English日常英語(yǔ)，everyday life 日常生活。46、There are trees on every sides of the street.47、There are tre

24、es on each side of the street.析every 用于，而 each用于二者或二者以上的每一個(gè)。因?yàn)榻值乐挥袃蓚?cè)，所以只能用each而不能用every.48、All of students might make some mistakes.49、All of the students might make some mistakes.50、All students might make some mistakes.析非特指的名詞前可用all但不可用all of結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是講all of結(jié)構(gòu)51、There are ten students here Where are

25、the others students?52、There are ten students here.Where are the others?53、There are ten students here Where are the other students?析the others=54、Some people like sports. The others like reading.55、Some people like sports. Others like reading.析some-others，56、Please remember to water the flowers eac

26、h other day.57、Please remember to water the flowers every other day.析 為每隔一天，是習(xí)慣用法，不要隨意改動(dòng)。58、You have few friends, haven't you?59、You have few friends, have you?析little與few用于句中時(shí)，均要按 看待。60、Would you like anything to drink?61、Would you like something to drink?析由would you like發(fā)出的問(wèn)句中，表達(dá)了說(shuō)話者真心實(shí)意要為對(duì)方提供

27、些 飲料，或在說(shuō)話者想得到 ，在疑問(wèn)句中要用some而不用。62、Someone want to meet you. 63、Someone wants to meet you.析應(yīng)被看作，即使用and連接兩個(gè)不定代詞，也要看作，如： Anyone and everyone has the right.任何人，每一個(gè)人都有這樣的權(quán)力。64、New York is much colder in winter than before.65、It is much colder in New York in winter than before.析 常常用在英文的句子中來(lái)代表時(shí)間、距離、天氣、自然現(xiàn)象，

28、或用在句中作形式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，女口： It is ten o'clock now.代）, It is far fromhere to the airport.代），It is very hot.（代），It is very difficult tolearn English well.（作形式），We found it very difficult to answer thequestion.作形式 ）四、形容詞、副詞（一）知識(shí)概要：形容詞的用法很活躍，在英語(yǔ)中用處也很多，但英語(yǔ)中修飾可數(shù) 名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語(yǔ)和詞組有時(shí)不同，要特別加以注意。下面將初中學(xué) 習(xí)階段中遇到的修飾 的詞和詞

29、組歸納如下：many, no, several, some, a其規(guī)則如下最咼級(jí)youngestfew, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修飾 不可數(shù)名詞的詞或詞組如下： much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of）其中some, n ,a lot of既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可之分, 比較級(jí) younger原級(jí)younglargefatbig數(shù)名詞。英語(yǔ)中形容詞與副詞有1、構(gòu)詞法力卩er，

30、或est 重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個(gè)輔音， 字母時(shí)雙寫(xiě)該字母加er、estbad： little：2、不規(guī)則變化的形容詞或副詞：good: Well:badly： many：far: old： 3、 要注意的是許多形容詞同時(shí)又是 ，如：back, all, alone, far, high, slow fast等。而有些形容詞則要經(jīng)過(guò)一定變化才能轉(zhuǎn)為副詞，其規(guī)律如下：構(gòu)詞法形容詞副詞一般力卩 lyCareful、kind 、尾是 y 時(shí)將 y變成i力口 lyhappy、easy、其 他true、terrible、Full、whole 、4、 此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形容詞。能修飾

31、比較級(jí)、-高級(jí)的有： （二）正誤辨析1、The young likes playing football very much.2、The young like playing football very much.析定冠詞加形容詞表示一類(lèi)人，應(yīng)作 看待。而定冠詞加形容詞表示抽象事物時(shí)則要看作 ，女口： The beautiful not always kindness.美“麗并不總代表善良?！?、The danger has gone, so the worst are over.4、The danger has gone, so the worst is over.析意為："危險(xiǎn)已

32、經(jīng)過(guò)去，最困難的狀況已結(jié)束。"用定冠詞加最高級(jí)形容詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)看作。5、It is the gold age of the young. 6、It is the golden age of the young.析golden在英語(yǔ)中多用于 ，如：golden hair金發(fā)，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表達(dá)的，如：a gold bar金條，a gold coin金幣，但gold fish金魚(yú)例外。7、She is a warm heart woman.8、She is a warm hearted woman.析 英語(yǔ)形容詞的構(gòu)詞法很多，其中之一是由形容詞或數(shù)詞，加

33、名詞加ed構(gòu)成，如： warm hoarted熱心腸的， 白毛的9、There is an alive fish in the pool. 10、 There is a living fish in the pool.析在初中范圍內(nèi)所學(xué)到的以a字母開(kāi)頭的形容詞一般不能作 ，只能作。這樣的形容詞有： alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awak等。11、The ill man nearly died.12、The sick man nearly died.析ill 一般來(lái)形容某人有病，而要用sick,但作表語(yǔ)時(shí)則都可以13、I'll be free

34、on next Sunday.14、I'll be free next Sunday.析 在表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候：next Sunday, next week, next yea或 last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介詞。15、The girl is two year old.16、The girl is two years old.析由連接若干名詞、數(shù)詞組成的形容詞，在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要記住兩點(diǎn)，其一是這些詞中的名詞都不要用 ，如：twothousand word report;其二是這樣構(gòu)成的形容詞只能作定語(yǔ)，即用于名詞之前，而不能作 。17、The for

35、eigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.18、The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.析：在名詞前若有幾個(gè)形容詞作修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，其順序如下： 19、The teacher looked angry at the students.20、The teacher looked angrily at the students.析英語(yǔ)中感觀動(dòng)詞后面要接 ，這時(shí)它是修飾主語(yǔ)的，如 The teacherlooked angry老師看起來(lái)很生氣。本題是"

36、;老師生氣地看著學(xué)生"，用副詞形式。21、 He worked with me friendly.22、He was friendly to me.析不是所有結(jié)尾是ly的詞都是，friendly是，這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ovely, lonely, lively等。22、You can speak free in front of your friends.23、You can speak freely in front of your friends.析free作為adj.意為"自由的，有空閑的，免費(fèi)的"。作為adv講是""之意。而freely作為副

37、詞則是""。這些要注意的詞還有hard , hardly; late ，lately ; near， nearly24、My father will be back from America at present.25、My father will be back from America presently.析presently有兩個(gè)意思：其一是 ，其二在美語(yǔ)中是之意，與at present 相同。而 for the present意思是26、I'll be back at the moment. 27、I'll be back in a moment.析

38、at the moment 其意為""，而 in a moment意為""28、I met an old friend sometimes last month.29、I met an old friend sometime last month.析Sometime，Sometimes 有時(shí)(=)，Some time，Sometimes 幾次，at all times，some other time30、 I had met an old friend three days ago.31、 I had met an old friend three da

39、ys before.析ago用在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中時(shí)，主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用 時(shí)態(tài)，而before用于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)則主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞宜用 時(shí)態(tài)。32、We should help the poor girl in anyway.33、We should help the poor girl in any way.析anyway為"不管怎么，無(wú)論如何"，any way為"任何方式"。這種常見(jiàn)的 錯(cuò)誤還發(fā)生在以下幾組詞中，女口： faraway ，far away遠(yuǎn)離；all together一塊，大家一起，altogether； already，all ready34、

40、You can come here at anytime. 35、 You can come here at any time.析 anytime 是，而 any time中的 time 是名詞。36、She said nearly nothing. 37、She said almost nothing.析:nearly、almost的含意相近，在很多場(chǎng)合可以互換，但在前用almost38、The twins are very alike.39、The twins are much alike.析用a為首字母的形容詞不能用 修飾，一般要用 來(lái)修飾。40、He spent quite littl

41、e money on his food.41、He spent quite a little money on his food.析quite a 為固定用法，其意為""。 quite a few=, quite a little=，而 only a little=, only a few=42、He is weak at physics.43、He is weak in physics.析在表達(dá)擅長(zhǎng)于作某事時(shí)用 be good at,而其反意詞為be badat、43、 This dictionary is worth to buy.44、 This dictionary

42、 is worth buying.析：be worth后可接動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)值得作某事，又可接價(jià)格或金錢(qián)表示值多少錢(qián)。45、We are yet in the classroom now46> We are already in the classroom now.析already 主要用于，而 yet多用于47、Look. Here comes he!48、Look! Here he comes!49、Look! Here the bus comes!50、Look! Here comes the bus!析在句子開(kāi)頭用Here時(shí)，如主語(yǔ)是則不要用倒裝語(yǔ)序，如果主語(yǔ)是則要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。51、S

43、he is my older sister.52、 She is my elder sister.析 elder和eldest是用來(lái)指，而 older, oldest則是指，如： She is three years older than I.53、I'm tired. I can't go further. 54、I'm tired. I can't go farther.析far 有兩個(gè)比較級(jí) farther ，further55、He is very higher than I am.56、He is much higher than I am.析：muc

44、h可用來(lái)修飾，而very則用來(lái)修飾，女口 ： I'm very tired.57、 - Could you pass the exam this time? - No, I am not afraid so.58、 - Could you pass the exam this time? - No, I'm afraid not.析在的答語(yǔ)中我們可以用so來(lái)代替上句所講的事件，Yes, I think so/Ihope so/I believe so/ I'm afraid so.但在的答語(yǔ)中，可以說(shuō) I don't think so但在 hope, beliv

45、e 與 afraid 后貝U常用 not， 女口： I hope not.59、 He is good past fifty.60、 He is well past fifty.析well作為用時(shí)除用于"好"之外還有""。well也可做，意思是。He is well是"他身體不錯(cuò)"， "他是個(gè)好人"。61、She is not as half clever as her brother.62、She is not half as clever as her brother.析 在asas結(jié)構(gòu)中要將修飾形容詞的 、及nearly, almost, exactly等放在as之前。63、 Who is taller of the two?64、Who is the taller of the two?析兩者的比較級(jí)之前要加定冠詞。65、The boy sat there as q