MBA英語(yǔ)講義補(bǔ)充-天津

1、第01講一個(gè)人的工作，究竟是三分成績(jī)七分錯(cuò)誤，還是七分成績(jī)?nèi)皱e(cuò)誤，必須有個(gè)根 本的估價(jià)。We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person work and establishwhether his achievements amount to 30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percerVjoor versa 變換（variation） 同名異稱法： Mrs. Thatcher, she, the Prime Minister, the Iron Lady, the leader othe Conserva

2、tive Party, the first woman Prime Minister.近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)：上位詞和統(tǒng)稱詞。John ' s bought himsenfewFord He practically lives in th圖arI don ' t know where to stay when I arriveew YorkI have never been to thaplace3.省略一零位替代（omission）在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，英語(yǔ)常常省略前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞語(yǔ)，而漢語(yǔ)則往往重復(fù)這些詞語(yǔ)：Reading exercises on ' e eyes; speaking,

3、 one ' s tongue; while writing, one' s閱讀訓(xùn)練人的眼睛，說(shuō)話訓(xùn)練人的口齒，寫作訓(xùn)練人的思維。英語(yǔ)常常承前省略相同的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，而漢語(yǔ)則較常承前省略相同的主語(yǔ) 一、重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)漢語(yǔ)的重復(fù)作為一種修辭手段有兩種作用。一是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，重復(fù)表達(dá)一個(gè)意思，或增添修飾語(yǔ)，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)義。二是為了便于 詞語(yǔ)搭配，或平衡節(jié)奏，增加可讀性?！?前者稱為語(yǔ)義性重復(fù)，后者稱為修辭性重復(fù)。這些具有重復(fù)語(yǔ)義的詞語(yǔ)或句子，可有效地增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì)、強(qiáng)化語(yǔ)義、提高表達(dá)效果。花言巧語(yǔ) fine words 汕嘴滑舌 a ib tongue 捕風(fēng)捉影 to catch at shadows 精疲

4、力竭exhausted 隨波逐流 to swim with the stream 水深火熟 in deep waters 咬牙切齒to gnash one ' s teeth 土崩瓦解to fall apart 自吹自襟 to blow one ' s own trumpet 銅墻鐵壁bastion of iron二十年，時(shí)間看起來(lái)很長(zhǎng)，一晃就過(guò)去了。所以，我們從八十年代的第一年開始， 就必須一天也不耽誤，專心致志地，聚精會(huì)神地搞四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)。（鄧小平文選第二卷Although a period of 20 years sounds quite long, the time

5、will slip by very quickly. From the very first year of the 1980s, we must devote our full attention to achieving the four modernizations and not waste a single day.我們說(shuō)，長(zhǎng)征是歷史記錄上的第一次，長(zhǎng)征是宣言書，長(zhǎng)任是宣傳隊(duì)，長(zhǎng)征是播種機(jī)。（毛澤東選集第一卷We answer that the Long march is the first oifts kind in the annals of history, that it i

6、s a manifesto, a propaganda force, a seeding-machine.二、四宇結(jié)構(gòu)花園里面是人間的樂(lè)園， 有的是吃不完的大米白面， 穿不完的綾羅綢緞， 花不完的金銀財(cái)寶。（周而復(fù)：上海的早晨 ）The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.三、漢語(yǔ)意義上的贅余現(xiàn)象：他所擔(dān)任的工作his work另外還有in addition不切實(shí)際的幻想illusion; fanc

7、y1. 加速經(jīng)濟(jì)改革的步伐。To accelerate the pace oefconomic reform.To accelerate economic reform2. 農(nóng)業(yè)收成很好。There have been good harvests in agriculture.There have been good harvests.3. 這些困難從本質(zhì)上講是短暫的。These hardships are temporary in nature.These hardships are temporary.The flag is red in colour.The pandas are few

8、 in number.4. 我們經(jīng)濟(jì)未來(lái)的發(fā)展在很大程度上取決于教育的發(fā)展。The development of our economy in the future will, to a large extent, depend on the development of education.The development of our economy will depend to a large extent on the development of education.5. 隨著農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化和電氣化的實(shí)現(xiàn)，農(nóng)民的生活水平得到了極大的提高。With the realization of me

9、chanizationand electrification of agriculture, the peasants living standards have been greatly raised.With the mechanization and electrification of agriculture, the peasants living standardshave been greatly raised.6. 這些是過(guò)渡時(shí)期努力完成總?cè)蝿?wù)的重要條件。These constitute important conditions in striving for the fulf

10、illment ofthe general task inthe transitional period.These are important conditions for fulfilling the general task in the transition period.7. 確保兩國(guó)之間密切合作的關(guān)系To ensure a relationship of lose cooperation between To ensure close cooperation between8. 要我們一夜之間完成整個(gè)社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)變是不可能的。It is impossible for us to acc

11、omplish the transformation otfhe whole society overnight.It is impossible for us to transform the whole society overnight.9. 想要誘使朝鮮軍隊(duì)對(duì)他們發(fā)起攻擊。Trying to entice the Korean army to launch an attack against them.Trying to entice the Korean army to attack them.Pronouns英語(yǔ)代詞指代事物或者人物的時(shí)候有兩種方式，一種是前指(Anaphoric

12、Reference:a word or phrase referring back to something previously stated. Example: God loves us. That is what the prophet said to the people.); 一種是后才旨或者預(yù)指 (Cataphoric References word or phrase referring forward to an idea or event not yet expressed. Example: This is good for you, to eat some fresh f

13、ruit every day.)英語(yǔ)傾向于多用代詞，憑借指代關(guān)系傳遞邏輯信息；漢語(yǔ)傾向于重復(fù)名詞或名稱， 憑借復(fù)述傳遞邏輯信息。按R. Quirk所著A Grammar of Contemporary English一書中的說(shuō)法是：英語(yǔ)普通 名詞的獨(dú)特屬性(與漢語(yǔ)區(qū)別)是前面必須用不同類型的，排他的限定詞。最常 見的限定詞是冠詞。不使用冠詞的情況下，限定詞必然是某類代詞。比如：the/a/my/each/this/whose - classmate英語(yǔ)普通名詞要求前置限定詞的屬 性，導(dǎo)致代詞的廣泛使用(注意普通名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式可以不用限定詞，如 pens are useful或we have en

14、ough pen野)而漢語(yǔ)則不然，漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有冠詞，也不存在功能 相當(dāng)于冠詞的限定詞。This Organization has repeatedly declared that it will never involve in any regional conflict which has so far led to discordance in that area. It will never commit itstofany undertaking against its fundamental principles. Moreover, it will never act for any

15、agency that has involved in regional conflicts and will never do anything in the interest ofany agencythat has committed itself to venturesagainstthe fundament principles of this Organization.本組織曾反復(fù)宣告，絕不介入任何導(dǎo)致某一地區(qū)糾紛的區(qū)域性沖突，絕不參與與本組織的基本原則背道而馳的活動(dòng)。不僅如此，本組織絕不充當(dāng)任何業(yè)已卷入?yún)^(qū) 域性沖突的機(jī)構(gòu)的代理人，絕不參與這類機(jī)構(gòu)所從事的任何違背本組織基本原則 的

16、活動(dòng)。第02講1. Communication context2. Time and spaceLow context cultures tend to communicate directly, with meaning clearly and explicitly conveyed through words themselves.High-context cultures tend to communicate less directly, with meaning inferred from the surrounding context.Low ContextHigh Context

17、Equality before the lawRevere the mandarins/lordsRule of lawHuman relations, trust & carePrinciples and concepts importantThe situation is everythingLogic is goodLogic is dangerousmpersonalism and objectivityAvoidance of outsiders in decision-makingDetailed contracts and prior understandingsGene

18、ral, non-specific agreementsFriendship distinct from obligationsFriendship involves obligationsReadiness to litigateDisaster for litigationUse professionals in dispute resolutionPresumption of guiltLittle emphasis on face savingHeavy emphasis on fact saving to foster friendshi developmentRead the fo

19、llowing sentences carefully, decide what is wrong with them and think about the effect that such errors could have they happened in a real business situation.1. We shall try out the questionnaires first on our guests to see ifwe can improve on them.The questionnaires may need improvement. We shall t

20、ry them out on our guests.2. Your question annoys us since all guestsincluding you were given an information booklet in which all such matters are clearly dealt with. Had you read it you would not be making complaints. (write to a customer).We are annoyed at ourselves for not drawing to your attenti

21、on the information booklet available to all o guests. you had been awaithe)suggestions it contained, you would not have been so inconvenienced. Five Levels of Speech Frozen FormalConsultative Casual IntimateA young lady home from school was explaining.an egg she said, “ and makeperforation in the ba

22、se and a corresponding one in the apex, then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents. ” 一位剛從學(xué)校回家的女學(xué)生正在解釋：取一枚雞蛋，”她說(shuō)，在蛋的底部打一小孔，再在頂點(diǎn)上打一對(duì)應(yīng)小孔。然后，將嘴唇置于該孔之上并用力吸氣，殼內(nèi) 之物則盡釋無(wú)遺?！盇n old day who was listening exclaimed: " Ibeats a

23、ll how folks do things nowadays.When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end and sucked”一位聽她講話的老太太嚷了起來(lái)：如今的人做事真叫人摸不著頭腦，我作姑娘的那陣兒，人們把蛋一頭磕一個(gè)洞，嘶溜兒一囁就吃了?！盋ulture: the shared values and balierouof opeople.Hofstede defines culture as' ' the collective phogmnramwhgpbfdistinguishesthe members of one

24、 human group from others. Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values and values are the building blocks oulture. ' ' Culture is the coherent, learned, sharedview of a group of people about life corscerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropri

25、ate, and dictates behaviours.Geert Hofstede conducted an extensive program oresearch on cultural dimensions in international business. Statistical analysistbfs data suggests that four dimensions could be used to describe the important differences among the cultures in the study: 1. individualism/col

26、lectivism, 2. power distance, 3. career success-quality ofe,4. uncertainty avoidance. American DreamThe American dream is the idea (often associated with the Protestant work ethic) held by many in the United States oAfmerica that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve prosperit

27、y. Thesewerevaluesheldby manyearlyEuropeansettlersa,nd havebeenpassedon to subsequent generations.COLLECTIVISMCollectivism is defined as the theory and practice that makes some sort gorfoup rather than the individual the fundamental unit of political, social, and economic concern. In theory, collect

28、ivists insist that the claims of groups, associations,or the state must normally supersede the claims oinf dividuals.Collectivism meansthe subjugation of the individual to a group - whether to a race, class or state does not matter. Collectivism holds that man must be chained to collective action an

29、d collective thought for the sake owfhat is called 'the common good'.IndividualismThe foundation of individualism lies in one's moral right to pursue one's own happiness. This pursuit requires a large amount oinf dependence, initiative, and self-responsibility."Individualism reg

30、ards man - every man - as an independent, sovereign 獨(dú)立自主 entity who possesses an inalienable right to his own life, a right derived from his nature as a rational being. Individualism holds that a civilized society, or any form of association, cooperation or peaceful co-existence among men, can be ac

31、hieved only on the basis ofthe recognition of individual rights - and that a group, as such, has no rights other than the individual rights ofits members.Negotiation Around the World BritainArrogant, conservative, logical and gentleman like. They are not used to showing oinff public and keep a dista

32、nce with others. They will not confuse personal relation with business relation, so business affairs go first.GermanyCool-headed, diligent, confident, conceited, inflexible and pursuing perfection. They are very serious and cautious about business affairs, which explains the reason why they care a l

33、ot about their dressing. They treasure individualism. Therefore, personal opinions and abilities are looked upon as important in negotiation.FranceFrench people are by nature optimistic, enthusiastic, humorous, romantic and patriotic. They consider friendship as important in doing business,so they w

34、ill not place large order before trustful and friendly relation is established. They have strong consciousness of their national culture which is manifestedin their preference of using French in international business talks.ItalyItalian people are self-centred and very independent due to historical

35、reasons. They do not like to contact outside world. Italian leadersare dogmatic, stiff and dictatorial. In negotiations, they appear to be emotional, changeableand arguable,especiallyover prices.SpainSpanish people appear to be arrogant and superior. They respect reputation and contracts. In Spain,

36、business is often done at dinner table and feasts usually go late into midnight.Northern European CountriesNorthern Europe includes Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Iceland. With its protestanttradition and indoor culture, they are generally independent, polite, peaceful, frank, active but stubborn and obstinate.RussiaHospitable, enthusiastic, firm and obstinate. They rely heavily on the network of relationship. In negotiation, Russian will almost never accept first offer no matter how low it is, so it is wise to leave a space for price reduction and be firm when it is necessary. America