大學化工專業(yè)英語Lesson-1

1、大學化工專業(yè)英語Lesson-1Chemical EngineeringChemical engineering is the development of processes and the design and operation of plants in which materials undergo changes in physical or chemical state on a technical scale.化學工程是過程的開發(fā)和工廠的設計與操作，在工廠中材料以某種技術規(guī)模進 行的物理或化學狀態(tài)的變化。Applied throughout the process industr

2、ies, it is founded on the principles of chemical, physics, and mathematics.它建立在化學、物理和數(shù)學的原則上，適用于整個流程工業(yè)。The laws of physical chemistry and physics govern the practicability and efficiency of chemical engineering operations.物理化學和物理定律支配著化工業(yè)務的實用性和效率。Energy changes, deriving from thermodynamic considerati

3、ons, are particularly important.能量的變化，從熱力學考慮派生，顯得尤其重要。Mathematics is a basic tool in optimization and modeling.數(shù)學是一個優(yōu)化和建模的基本工具。Optimization means arranging materials, facilities, and energy to yield as productive and economical an operation as possible.優(yōu)化意味著合理安排材料、設備和能源，盡可能生產經濟多產的操作。Modeling is the

4、construction of theoretical mathematical prototypes of complex process systems, commonly with the aid of computers.建模是將復雜過程系統(tǒng)建設出其理論數(shù)學原型的過程，通常需要借助電腦完成。Chemical engineering is as old as the process industries.化學工程和過程工業(yè)一樣古老。Its heritage dates from the fermentation and evaporation processes operated by

5、early civilizations.其遺產起源于早期文明的發(fā)酵和蒸發(fā)過程。Modern chemical engineering emerged with the the development of large-scale, chemical-manufacturing operations in the second half of the 19 th century.在19世紀下半葉，隨著大規(guī)模的化學制造業(yè)操作的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代化學工程出現(xiàn)了。Throughout its development as an independent discipline, chemical engineer

6、ing has been directed toward solving problems of designing and operating large plants for continuous production.化學工程作為一門獨立的學科，縱觀其發(fā)展過程，它已經朝向解決設計問題和經營連續(xù)生產的大型工廠的問題。Manufacture of chemicals in the mid-19th century consisted of modest craft operations.在19世紀中葉，化工生產由小型的手工操作組成。Increase in demand, public con

7、cern at the emission of noxious effluents, and competition between rival processes provided the incentives for greater efficiency.需求的增加，公眾對有害物質排放的關注，和與對手的競爭過程為創(chuàng)造更高效 率提供了激勵機制。This led to the emergence of combines with resources for larger operations and caused the transition from a craft to a science

8、-based industry.這導致了更大的操作與資源相結合的聯(lián)合工廠的出現(xiàn)，引起了從手工業(yè)到一個 以科學為基礎的產業(yè)（科技工廠）的過渡。The result was a demand for chemists with knowledge of manufacturing processes, known as industrial chemists or chemical technologists.其結果是應了具有制作過程知識的化學家的要求，這是為工業(yè)化學家或化工技 師所知曉的The term chemical engineer was in general use by about

9、1900.化學工程師一詞廣泛應用了約1900年。Despite its emergence in traditional chemicals manufacturing, it was through its role in the development of the petroleum industry that chemical engineering became firmly established as a unique discipline.盡管出現(xiàn)在傳統(tǒng)的化學品制造中，但它的價值卻是通過其在石油工業(yè)一一這門 由化工工程牢固建立成的獨立學科來實現(xiàn)的。The demand for

10、plants capable of operating physical separation processe continuously at high levels of efficiency was a challenge that could not be met by the traditional chemist or mechanical engineer.工廠的需求是能夠高效連續(xù)地進行物理分離過程的操作，這是傳統(tǒng)的化學家或 工程師無法迎接的挑戰(zhàn)。A landmark in the development of chemical engineering was the publi

11、cation in 1901 of the first textbook on the subject, by George E. Davis, a British chemical consultant.1901年，一個英國化學顧問喬治 E 戴維斯出化學工程發(fā)展的一個里程碑是 版的關于此話題的教科書。This concentrated on the design of plant items for specific operations.這本書集中描述了設計工廠項目的具體操作。The notion of a processing plant encompassing a number of

12、 operations, such as mixing, evaporation, and filtration, and of these operations being essentially similar, whatever the product, led to the concept of unit operations.注意到加工廠包括的一系列操作，如混合、蒸發(fā)、過濾，無論產物是什么，這 些操作都基本相同，從而導致了單元操作的概念。This was first enunciated by the American chemical engineer Arthur D. Litt

13、le in 1915 and formed the basis for a classification of chemical engineering that dominated the subject for the next 40 years.這被美國化學工程師理特于1915年首次解釋，形成了化學工程分類的基礎，主 導了未來40年的主題。The number of unit operations the building blocks of a chemical plant is not large.單元操作的數(shù)目一一一個化工廠的建設模塊數(shù)并不大。The complexity aris

14、es from the variety of conditions under which the unit operations are conducted.復雜性來自于單元操作進行的條件的多樣性。In the same way that a complex plant can be divided into basic unit operations, so chemical reactions involved in the process industries can be classified into certain groups, or unit processes(e.g.,

15、polymerizations, esterifications, and nitrations), having common characteristics.同復雜的工廠可劃分為基本的單元操作一樣，過程工業(yè)中涉及到的化學反應也 可分成一定的單元過程(如聚合、酯化和硝化)，它們具有共同的特性。This classification into unit processes brought rationalization to the study of process engineering.單元過程的這種分類對于過程工程的研究是合理的。The unit approach suffered fr

16、om the disadvantage inherent in such classification: a restricted outlook based on existing practice.單元方法遭受這種分類固有的缺點：基于現(xiàn)行方法的限制性前景。Since World War H , closer examination of the fundamental phenomena involved in the various unit operations has shown these to depend on the basic laws of mass transfer,

17、heat transfer, and fluid flow.世界二戰(zhàn)以來，仔細觀察各種單元操作中包含的基本現(xiàn)象已經表明，這取決于 傳質、傳熱和流體流動的基本規(guī)律。This has given unity to the diverse unit operations and has led to the development of chemical engineering science in its own right; as a result, many applications have been found in fields outside the traditional chemi

18、cal industry.這統(tǒng)一了各種各樣的單元操作，導致了化學工程科學的正確發(fā)展。結果是，在 傳統(tǒng)化學工廠之外的領域發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多應用。Study of the fundamental phenomena upon which chemical engineering is based has necessitated their description in mathematical form and has led to more sophisticated mathematical techniques.研究化工依賴的基本現(xiàn)象需采用數(shù)學形式來描述，并借助復雜的數(shù)學技術來解 決。The ad

19、vent of digital computers has allowed laborious design calculations to be performed rapidly, opening the way to accurate optimization of industrial processes.電子計算機的出現(xiàn)，使辛苦的設計計算工作能夠快速進行，為工業(yè)生產工藝的 精確優(yōu)化開辟了道路。Variations due to different parameters, such as energy source used, plant layout, and environment

20、al factors, can be predicted accurately and quickly so that the best combination can be chosen.如所用的能源來源、工廠布置和環(huán)境因素這樣的不同參數(shù)引起的變化可正確和 快速地得到預測，就可能選擇出最佳的組合。Chemical Engineering Functions.Chemical engineers are employed in the design and development of both processes and plant items.化學工程師主要設計和開發(fā)流程和工廠項目。In

21、each case, data and predictions often have to be obtained or confirmed with pilot experiments.在每種情況下，數(shù)據和預測經常能夠通過先導性的實驗被獲得和預測。Plant operation and control is increasingly the sphere of the chemical engineer rather than the chemist.工廠操作和控制日益成為化學工程師的領域，而不是化學家的領域。Chemical engineering provides an ideal ba

22、ckground for the economic evaluation of new projects and, in the plant construction sector, for marketing.化學工程為新項目的經濟評價和工程建設方面的營銷提供了理想的背景。Branches of Chemical Engineering.The fundamental principles of chemical engineering underlie the operation of processes extending well beyond the boundaries of th

23、e chemical industry, and chemical engineers are employed in a range of operations outside traditional areas.化學工程的基本原則成為延伸到化學工業(yè)的邊界之外的過程操作的基礎，化學 工程師從事傳統(tǒng)領域之外的一系列操作。Plastics, polymers, and synthetic fibers involve chemical reaction engineering problems in their manufacture, with fluid flow and heat tran

24、sfer considerations dominating their fabrication.塑料、聚合物和合成纖維在生產中涉及化學反應工程問題，其中流體流動和傳 熱是生產中主要考慮的因素。The dyeing of a fiber is a mass-transfer problem.纖維的染色是傳質問題。Pulp and paper manufactures involve considerations of fluid flow and hea transfer.紙漿和紙張生產涉及到流體流動和傳熱問題。While the scale and materials are differe

25、nt, these again are found in modern continuous production of foodstuff.雖然規(guī)模和材料是不同的，但這些問題在食品的現(xiàn)代連續(xù)生產中又能夠被發(fā)現(xiàn)。The pharmaceuticals industry presents chemical engineering problems, the solutions of which have been essential to the availability of modern drugs.制藥行業(yè)也呈現(xiàn)了化學工程問題，這些問題的解決方案對于現(xiàn)代藥物的可用性是 必要的。The nuclear industry makes similar demands on the chemical engineer, particularly for fuel manufacture and reprocessing.核工業(yè)對化學工程師提出了相似的要求，特別是對燃料的生產和再處理。Chemical