美式議會(huì)制辯論賽規(guī)則

1、PART ITHE FORMAT OF DEBATE 辯論形式1. A debate shall be adjudicated by a panel comprising an odd number ofadjudicators, usually 3. One of these shall be designated as Chairperson by the to act as adjudicator in the Canizers, and will function as Speaker. It' s compulsory for the tutor

2、of each team每場(chǎng)比賽評(píng)委人數(shù)為奇數(shù)，通常是 3 個(gè)人，其中一位評(píng)委擔(dān)任“評(píng)委主席”做口頭評(píng)判。每個(gè)參賽隊(duì)的指導(dǎo)老師在比賽過(guò)程中必須義務(wù)擔(dān)當(dāng)評(píng)委。2. A debate shall be timed by a timekeeper.每場(chǎng)比賽都須安排人員計(jì)時(shí)。3. Each team will comprise the following members.參賽隊(duì)伍由下列成員組成：3.1 GOVERNMENT a) Prime Minister.b) Member of the Government.正方 1）一辯 2）二辯3.2 OPPOSITION a) Leader of the

3、Opposition.b) Member of the Opposition.反方 1）一辯 2）二辯4. Debaters (or members) will speak in the following order:i) Prime Minister. (7 minutes)ii) Leader of Opposition. (8 minutes)iii) Member of the Government. (8 minutes)iv) Member of the Opposition. (8 minutes)v) Leader of Opposition Rebuttal (4 minu

4、tes)vi) Prime Minister Rebuttal (5 minutes)辯手按照以下順序發(fā)言：1 ）正方一辯（ 7分鐘）2 ）反方一辯（ 8分鐘）3 ）正方二辯（ 8分鐘）4 ）反方二辯（ 8分鐘）5 ）反方一辯總結(jié)（ 4 分鐘）6 ）正方一辯總結(jié)（ 5 分鐘）5. Point of InformationPOI)5.1 POIs are comments made by members directed at the speech of the member holding the floor; POI should be brief, pertinent and prefer

5、ably witty. Points of order and points of personal privilege are prohibited.POI 要簡(jiǎn)短，切題，機(jī)POI 指在對(duì)方發(fā)言時(shí)，針對(duì)發(fā)言者正在申述的論點(diǎn)提出的本方觀點(diǎn)。智。嚴(yán)禁針對(duì)比賽規(guī)則和個(gè)人提出問(wèn)題。5.2 A Point of Information' must be indicated by a member of an opposing team rising from his/her seat and extending one hand towards the member holding the?

6、I” or similar.floor. A member offering a Point of Information may draw attention to the offer by saying “on that point Sir/Madam,on that point提出 POI 時(shí)要從座位上起立，將一只手指向發(fā)言的人。提問(wèn)者可以用類(lèi)似Sir/Madam 的話(huà)引起發(fā)言者的注意。5.3 A member holding the floor must respond to an opposing member, or members offering Points of Infor

7、mation, in one of the following ways: 發(fā)言者可采取以下方式回應(yīng)對(duì)方提出的 POI ：A clear gesture or hand signal rejecting the offer 用清晰的手勢(shì)拒絕對(duì)方A verbal rejection of the offer 語(yǔ)言拒絕A verbal acceptance of the offer 接受提問(wèn)5.4 If a Point of Information is accepted, the point should be phrased as clarification, or comment, and

8、made in two sentences (or less) within 15 seconds.如果提出 POI 的要求被發(fā)言者接受，那么 POI 的陳述要以澄清事實(shí)或提出評(píng)論為形式，用 一兩句話(huà)在 15 秒內(nèi)表達(dá)出來(lái)。5.5 If a Point of Information is accepted, the speaker accepting it must frame an answer or response to it within the context of his/her speech.辯手如果接受 POI ，那么就應(yīng)圍繞自己的發(fā)言回答問(wèn)題。5.6 Points of In

9、formation may be offered during the first four constructive speeches, after the first single knock of the gavel and up to the second single knock of the gavel. Points of Information may not be offered during the first and last minutes of constructive speeches. Points of Information may not be offere

10、d during final two rebuttal speeches.POI。POI 只能在前面四個(gè)建設(shè)性發(fā)言中提出，并僅限于兩次“一下槌”之間，第一分鐘和最后 分鐘內(nèi)不可以提出 POI ；在總結(jié)陳詞階段不可以提出5.7 Speakers not holding the floor' may not rise during speech unless it is tooffer a Point of Information' . Speakers doing so, or considered to be heckling,barracking or whose behav

11、ior is interfering with the acceptable course of a debatewill be declared out of orderor will be called to orderby the Chairperson.如果辯手違反規(guī)則發(fā)言，除非要提出 POI ，否則沒(méi)有輪到發(fā)言的辯手不得在別人發(fā)言時(shí)起立。或者有擾亂正常比賽的行為，那么此選手將被評(píng)委主席宣布犯規(guī)。5.8 Points of information should be assessed according to the effect they have on both the cases

12、 of the offering team and the responding speaker (speech and team).評(píng)價(jià) POI 的提出是否得當(dāng)，應(yīng)該看它對(duì)于正反雙方接下來(lái)的辯論的影響如何。5.9 Although not required to, each debater should attempt to take at least two points of information during a speech. The opposing side should attempt to rise at least four times for POIs in each

13、constructive speech. Debaters who fail to seek opportunities to offer POIs or who fail to take POIs during their speech may be penalized by the adjudication panel.每次建設(shè)性發(fā)言，每個(gè)辯手須至少接受 2 次 POI ，對(duì)方至少要站起 4 次提 POI 。辯手若沒(méi) 有抓住機(jī)會(huì)提 POI 或者在發(fā)言中沒(méi)有接受 POI ，評(píng)委可酌情扣分。PART IIPREPARATION 準(zhǔn)備1. Venues to be announced befor

14、e motions are revealed.比賽分組和地點(diǎn)在辯題宣布前公布。2. Three motions are to be announced/revealed to teams 35 minutes prior to the commencement of debates in that round.辯題在比賽開(kāi)始前 35 分鐘公布。3. The motion to be debated in a particular chamber between the teams matched therein is to be chosen in the following manner:

15、每場(chǎng)辯論中對(duì)陣雙方的辯題按以下方式選擇： 3.1 The teams discuss preferred choices separately (less than 2 minutes). Teams should number the motions in order of their preference.每輪比賽開(kāi)始前，組委會(huì)向各參賽隊(duì)發(fā)放 3 道辯題，參賽隊(duì)在 2 分鐘內(nèi)把三個(gè)辯題按照選 擇的先后順序排列。 3.2 Teams compare preferences: 參賽隊(duì)比較已選辯題的優(yōu)先順序： a. third choice motions are automatically v

16、etoed b. if teams ' first choice motion is the same, they debate that motion c. if teams ' first choice motions are different, but the third are the same, they toss' s firsta coin. Government representative calls and if calling correctly, teams debate government ' s first choice. If

17、calling incorrectly, teams debate opposition choice.1）兩隊(duì)中任何一隊(duì)的最不想辯的辯題不用； 2）如果兩個(gè)隊(duì)的首選辯題相同，則此辯題為本場(chǎng)辯題； 3）如果兩個(gè)隊(duì)的首選辯題不同，但是最不想辯的辯題相同，則擲硬幣決定，正方代表猜測(cè) 拋擲結(jié)果，如果投幣結(jié)果與猜測(cè)正確，則辯正方首選辯題；如果錯(cuò)誤，則辯反方首選辯題。4. The Government have the right to prepare in chambers (venue), the Opposition prepare in the appointed venue.正方有權(quán)在比賽場(chǎng)地

18、準(zhǔn)備，反方在組委會(huì)指定的場(chǎng)地準(zhǔn)備。5. Printed and prepared materials may be used during the thirty-minute preparation period. No access to any electronic media or electronic storage or retrieval devices is permitted after motions have been released. Printed and prepared materials may be accessed as reference instead

19、of reading directly during a debate. Only tutor has the right to help the debaters during the thirty-minutepreparation.宣布辯題后，禁止使用任何電子設(shè)備，包括電子詞典，PDA ，手機(jī)，手提電腦等等。書(shū)面材料在 30 分鐘的準(zhǔn)備階段可以使用，在辯論中也可偶爾參照，但不能照本宣讀。各參賽隊(duì) 自備參考資料和工具書(shū)。 30 分鐘準(zhǔn)備期內(nèi)，只允許一名指導(dǎo)老師對(duì)選手進(jìn)行輔導(dǎo)。6. Teams must arrive at their chamber within five minutes

20、of the scheduled/given time of commencement of debate. Teams failing to arrive in time will forfeit the debate, at the discretion of the chair of the panel.參賽隊(duì)必須在比賽開(kāi)始前 5 分鐘到達(dá)比賽場(chǎng)地，未能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到場(chǎng)的參賽隊(duì)將失去本場(chǎng)比賽資 格。PART IIITIMING 計(jì)時(shí)1. It is the duty of the timekeeper to time speeches. The timing of each speech sta

21、rts at the moment that the member begins speaking.計(jì)時(shí)員要嚴(yán)格計(jì)時(shí)。辯手開(kāi)始發(fā)言時(shí)，計(jì)時(shí)開(kāi)始。2. Time signals will be given in the following manner 計(jì)時(shí)遵循以下規(guī)則：i) Prime Minister (7 minutes)End of first minute - single knock of the gavel. / End of 6th minute - single knock of the gavel./ End of 7th minute - double knocks of

22、the gavel.ii) Leader of Opposition, Member of the Government and Member of theOpposition (8 minutes)End of first minute - single knock of the gavel. / End of 7th minute - single knock of the gavel./ End of 8th minute - double knocks of the gavel.iii) Leader of Opposition Rebuttal (4 minutes)End of 1

23、st minute - single knock of the gavel./ End of 3rd minute - single knock of the gavel. / End of 4th minute - double knocks of the gavel.iv) Prime Minister Rebuttal (5 minutes)End of 1st minute - single knock of the gavel./ End of 4th minute - single knock of the gavel. / End of 5th minute - double k

24、nocks of the gavel.1 ）正方一辯（ 7 分鐘）第一分鐘結(jié)束敲一下槌/ 第六分鐘結(jié)束敲一下槌/ 第七分鐘結(jié)束敲兩下槌。2 ）反方一辯、正方二辯、反方二辯（ 8 分鐘）第一分鐘結(jié)束敲一下槌第七分鐘結(jié)束敲一下槌/ 第八分鐘結(jié)束敲兩下槌。3 ）反方一辯總結(jié)（ 4 分鐘）第一分鐘結(jié)束敲一下槌第三分鐘結(jié)束敲一下槌/ 第四分鐘結(jié)束敲兩下。4 ）正方一辯總結(jié)（ 5 分鐘）第一分鐘結(jié)束敲一下槌第四分鐘結(jié)束敲一下槌/ 第五分鐘結(jié)束敲兩下槌。have a 20-second3. Overtime Speeches: Once the double knocks of the gavel has

25、sounded, speakersgrace period ' , during which they should conclude remarks already under contention. It is not a time for new matter to be introduced, and such new matter will be discounted by the adjudicators. Speakers continuing after thisgrace periodwill be penalized in the Method category.發(fā)

26、言超時(shí)： 在提示鈴響后有 20 秒的寬限期， 發(fā)言者必須在此期間內(nèi)完成自己的發(fā)言。 此時(shí)， concludes his/her speech on or near the second single knock of the gavel, he or she will not be penalized for an under time speech. However, if significantly under time, a speaker may be penalized under Method and possibly also under Matter. The latter,

27、assuming that less matter was advanced, or that it was clearly underdeveloped.不得提出新的素材。如果超過(guò)寬限期，則扣分。4. Under time Speeches: If the speaker發(fā)言時(shí)間不足： 如果發(fā)言時(shí)間遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于規(guī)定的時(shí)間， 則評(píng)委會(huì)將此看作沒(méi)有充分展開(kāi)自己的 觀點(diǎn)而給發(fā)言者扣分。PART IVADJUDICATION 評(píng)判1. Debates in Phase one of the competition will be adjudicated by an odd number of adjud

28、icators, preferably three adjudicators.第一階段的比賽每場(chǎng)通常由三位評(píng)委評(píng)判。2. Debates in Phase two of the competition will be adjudicated by a minimum of 5 adjudicators.第二階段的比賽每場(chǎng)至少由五位評(píng)委評(píng)判。3. Adjudicators will arrive at their decisions on an individual basis, fill in the necessary ballots and pass their completed for

29、ms and ballots to the timekeeper.Prior to the announcement of the decision, the Chair may call upon the other panel members for the purposes of discussion.評(píng)委首先單獨(dú)評(píng)判， 填寫(xiě)打分表， 比賽結(jié)束后交給計(jì)時(shí)員。 評(píng)判結(jié)果嚴(yán)格按照打分表以多勝 少得出。在口頭評(píng)判之前，評(píng)委會(huì)的主席將召集其他評(píng)委合議。4. At the end of a debate, Chair of a panel will announce the decision an

30、d give an oral adjudication within 15 minutes. This is to occur in every round of competitivedebating except for the knockout rounds.比賽結(jié)束后 15 分鐘內(nèi)，評(píng)委會(huì)主席將宣布比賽勝負(fù)并給出口頭評(píng)判，淘汰賽階段只宣布比' s decision, he or she賽結(jié)果，無(wú)口頭評(píng)判。5. In the event that the Chair is in the minority of the panel may call upon one of the

31、other panel members to provide an oral adjudication.當(dāng)評(píng)委主席是少數(shù)派的時(shí)候，則由多數(shù)派中的一個(gè)評(píng)委做出本場(chǎng)比賽的口頭評(píng)判。6. Chairs may not announce marks, nor indicate the margin of win/loss unless asked to by the Chief Adjudicator of the competition. All adjudicators are expected to observe the confidentiality of individual and te

32、am scores, and margins.除非經(jīng)過(guò)總裁判允許， 評(píng)委不得宣布比賽分?jǐn)?shù)， 也不得給出任何暗示。 所有評(píng)委要對(duì)獨(dú)立打 分的結(jié)果和分?jǐn)?shù)保密。 7 Generally, adjudicators are required to fulfill four duties:To take clear notes and decide which team won the debate;To provide reasons for the decision with clarity and objectivity;To score the debate to reflect the dec

33、ision;To provide teams and speakers with constructive feedback.通常來(lái)說(shuō)，在一場(chǎng)比賽中評(píng)委須承擔(dān)以下四項(xiàng)職責(zé)：做詳細(xì)筆記并決定勝負(fù)方；給出明確客觀的評(píng)判理由；打分；就比賽情況給予勝負(fù)雙方積極點(diǎn)評(píng)。PART VDEFINITIONS AND CHALLENGE OF DEFINITION 定義以及對(duì)定義提出質(zhì)疑1. The definition is the interpretation of the motion as put forward by the PrimeMinister in his opening remarks.定

34、義就是正方一辯對(duì)辯題的解釋。2. The definition should be reasonable.定義要合理。3. The definition should state the issue or issues arising out of the motion to be debated, state the meanings of any terms in the motion requiring clarification and display clear and logical links to the wording and spirit of the motion.做定義

35、時(shí)，應(yīng)該解釋清楚辯題中需要澄清的術(shù)語(yǔ)， 并將定義和辯題的中心內(nèi)容有機(jī)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。4. The definition should not be4.1 A truism (a matter stated as fact). This refers to any Definition that forces theOpposition to counter an inarguable fact or truth, clearly an impossible task.4.2 A tautology (a definition which, in development, proves itself)

36、. (Because neither allows any reasonable substantive case to be mounted in opposition).4.3 Place set (setting an unnaturally restrictive geographical or spatial location as its major parameter).4.4 Time set (setting an unnaturally restrictive chronological duration as its main parameter).(Because ne

37、ither allows the opposition reasonable access to Matter).4.5 Wholly unreasonable (displaying no clear or logical links to the original motion)that any person would question the validity， violates the principles of fairness, as itdenies the opposition anyreasonable ' access to Matter and preparat

38、ion).定義不應(yīng)該是：真理（事實(shí)存在） 同義反復(fù)（即循環(huán)定義） 定位（人為限定特定的空間或地理位置） 設(shè)定時(shí)間（人為限制特定的時(shí)間跨度作為參照系）以上這些將使反方無(wú)法準(zhǔn)備素材） 完全不合理（定義與所給辯題無(wú)清楚邏輯關(guān)系，使反方無(wú)法準(zhǔn)備素材，違背公平原則）5. The Opposition may only challenge the definition advanced by the Government on the basis of one of the conditions outlined in PART VII-4. The Opposition may才可以對(duì)正方的定義提not

39、 challenge a definition supplied by the Government on the basis that: 反方只有當(dāng)正方的定義發(fā)生了第七章第四點(diǎn)中提到的錯(cuò)誤的情況下， 出質(zhì)疑，而不能在以下情況下質(zhì)疑正方所做的定義：5.1 The Opposition' s own definition is MORE reasonable.認(rèn)為本身的定義更合理。5.2 A better debate will result. Nor may the Opposition re-define terms or words contained in the motion

40、so that a completely different debate is thereby set up.However, an Opposition may contend with the specific or general approach to terminology supplied by the definition of the Government.但是，反認(rèn)為將會(huì)產(chǎn)生更好的辯論效果。 反方也不得為偷換辯題而重新定義辯題中的術(shù)語(yǔ)。方可以就正方在定義中使用的術(shù)語(yǔ)提出質(zhì)疑。6. If the definition advanced by the Leader of the

41、 Government contravenes any of the prohibitions set out in term PART VII-4, the Opposition has the right to challenge the definition.如果正方提出的定義違反第七章第四節(jié)中的任何一個(gè)規(guī)定，則反方有權(quán)利質(zhì)疑正方的定義。7. The challenge must be made in the speech of the Leader of the Opposition, following a clear statement that the definition is

42、 being rejected.質(zhì)疑必須由反方一辯提出，并用清晰的陳述告知對(duì)方定義受到質(zhì)疑。8. In the event of a challenge, the Leader of the Opposition must justify his/her rejection by supplying the grounds on which the original definition has been rejected. 反方一辯提出質(zhì)疑時(shí)，必須提供證據(jù)證明自己的質(zhì)疑是正確的。9. If the Leader of the Opposition does not challenge the

43、 definition, no other speakers may do so.如果反方一辯沒(méi)有對(duì)正方的定義提出質(zhì)疑，那么其他辯手就不能提出質(zhì)疑。10. The onus to prove that a definition is unreasonable is on the Opposition.證明定義不合理的責(zé)任在反方這邊。11. Adjudicators will not indicate during the debate which definition they find to be (more) acceptable. But he/she can take the unre

44、asonable definition drew by theGovernment into consideration.在辯論過(guò)程中， 評(píng)委不可以暗示哪個(gè)定義更加合理， 或哪個(gè)定義可以接受。 但是評(píng)委在打分 時(shí)有權(quán)將正方的不合理定義考慮在內(nèi)。12. Neither team should abandon either the definitions or the challenges of its opening speakers.雙方隊(duì)員都不可以對(duì)雙方一辯的定義或質(zhì)疑置之不理。13. Definitions should not require members of the house t

45、o have access to, or possess, specific or expert knowledge.定義內(nèi)容不得涉及過(guò)于專(zhuān)業(yè)的知識(shí)。PART VIMATTER 素材1. Matter ' relates to the issues in debate, the case being presented and the material used to substantiate argumentation.Matter 指辯論過(guò)程中的素材，即用來(lái)支持定義的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。2. The issues under debate should be correctly prior

46、itized (by teams) and ordered (by individuals), dealing with the most important/pertinent first.素材應(yīng)該按照由主到次的順序提出，將最切題、最重要的素材放在前面。3. Matter should be logical and well reasoned.素材要符合邏輯而且合理。4. Matter should be relevant, both to the issue in contention and the cases being advanced.素材要與辯題密切相關(guān)。5. Matter sh

47、ould be persuasive.素材要有說(shuō)服力。the average reasonable person6. Matter will be assessed from the viewpoint ofAdjudicators must disregard any special knowledge they have, even though pertinent to the issues under debate.對(duì)素材的評(píng)價(jià)將以“常人”的觀點(diǎn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。評(píng)委應(yīng)該忽略辯手提出的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)，即使這種知識(shí)很切題。7. Bias will not affect an adjudicator

48、9;s assessment (objective) or evaluation(subjective) of a debate. Debaters must not be discriminated against on the basis of religion, sex, race, fame of their university, sexual preference, age, social status, accent or any disability.評(píng)委不應(yīng)被偏見(jiàn)所左右。 辯手不能因?yàn)樽诮绦叛觥?性別、種族、學(xué)校知名度、 性取向、 年齡、 社會(huì)地位、口音或殘疾等原因而受到歧視

49、。8. No new matter ' is to be introduced during Rebuttal Speeches. The RebuttalSpeech presents teams with an opportunity to focus on the major issue(s) in thepoint of Clash ' . Thedebate and the way in which both teams approach thatRebuttal Speech should also give anoptimistic overview '

50、of the generalapproach to the debate and the relative weaknesses in the case of the opposing team.在總結(jié)陳詞過(guò)程中不得提出新的素材。 辯論雙方應(yīng)利用總結(jié)陳詞來(lái)重申主要論點(diǎn)及雙方立論方法。 總結(jié)陳詞要從總體上對(duì)己方的觀點(diǎn)給予肯定，同時(shí)指出對(duì)方的弱點(diǎn)。 總結(jié)陳詞不得繼續(xù)辯論，也不得將辯題引入新的方面。9. All speakers should developpositive matterin advancing their respectivecases. While an Opposition t

51、eam may win by demonstrating that the Government has not proved the motion true, they should not rely purely on their rebuttal of theGovernment case and will likely benefit from presenting positive matter in opposition to the motion.所有辯手在發(fā)展己方觀點(diǎn)時(shí)要從正面闡述觀點(diǎn) （不得一味反駁對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)或給對(duì)方指出錯(cuò)誤） 。反方不可一味反駁正方觀點(diǎn)站不住腳，應(yīng)提出與正方觀

52、點(diǎn)相反的論據(jù)以證明己方觀點(diǎn)。PART VIIMANNER 辯論風(fēng)格1. Manner refers to the presentation and delivery style of a speaker.Manner 指辯手陳述己方觀點(diǎn)的風(fēng)格。2. The following list represents some of the elements which are, or may be, subsumed under Manner. The list is intended as a guide, rather than as a number of marking categories.

53、 It is the combination of these elements (rather than the accomplishment of each), in various proportions that contributes to an individualIs the speakerspeaker ' s style. The major influence on an adjudicator must be: s Manner EFFECTIVE in advancing the case?以下僅是評(píng)判辯手風(fēng)格的一些指導(dǎo)性要素而非全部，評(píng)委須綜合評(píng)判辯手的辯論風(fēng)

54、格。a) Vocal Style: Volume, clarity, pronunciation, pace, intonation, fluency, confidence, and authority.b) Language: Conversational.c) Use of notes: Should not distract, should not be read.d) Eye Contact: With audience.e) Gesture: Natural, appropriate.f) Sincerity: Believability.g) Personal Attacks:

55、(derogatory comments are not to be tolerated).h) Humor: Effectiveness, appropriateness.說(shuō)話(huà)方式：音量，清晰度，發(fā)音，節(jié)奏，語(yǔ)調(diào)，流利程度，自信心以及說(shuō)服力 語(yǔ)言：口語(yǔ)化表達(dá) 提示條的使用：不能照本宣科 目光交流 手勢(shì)：自然、恰當(dāng) 真誠(chéng)：要有可信度 不得使用貶低性的言語(yǔ)進(jìn)行個(gè)人攻擊3. Participants in FLTRP CUP must be aware that they will experience many different debating styles from the differe

56、nt universities and experience levels representedtherein. There is no singlecorrect ' or right ' style to adopt in this competition.本比賽沒(méi)有一成不變的“正確”風(fēng)格。4. Adjudicators of FLTRP CUP must be aware that for the participants, English is a foreign language. Consideration must be given to the Manner

57、in which a debater presents his or her arguments, but English language competency should not be the exclusive or primary criterion on which an assessment of Manner is made.評(píng)委應(yīng)該記住英語(yǔ)并非參賽辯手的母語(yǔ)， 英語(yǔ)水平可以作為評(píng)分的一個(gè)依據(jù)， 但是評(píng)委不能 把英語(yǔ)水平作為主要的評(píng)分依據(jù)。5. As with Matter (8.7) personal bias must not be allowed to influence anadjudicator ' s assessment of Manner.評(píng)委不得受個(gè)人偏見(jiàn)的影響（參見(jiàn)8.7）。PART VIIIMETHOD辯論方法1. Method refers to the strategy and tactics employed by debaters and the teamsthey represent 。辯論方法指的是辯手及其辯論隊(duì)所采取的策略和方式。2. The following list represents some of the elements which are,