正式語言與非正式語言歸納的很好

1、正式語言與非正式語言、口語與書面語的區(qū)別1. 從詞匯選擇來看語體的區(qū)別A. 名詞(a) 抽象名詞作主語抽象名詞作主語多見于書面體、正式用語, 如 :The success of the book brought him tremendous popularity. (very formal)The book was highly successful and made him a very popular writer. (colloquial 口語 )(b) 以表示事物的名詞作為通常屬于人的行為、動作的主體時, 常見于書面體；在口語體中,一般采用較樸實的說法( 如 : 把書面體中的動詞改為意

2、義相近的其他動詞, 或改為以人為主語 ) 。如 :His knowledge is insufficient to enable him to complete this task. (formal)He is not competent enough to do this job. (colloquial)The manufacture of these goods is acquiring importance as an industry. (formal)The manufacture of these goods is becoming an important industry.

3、(colloquial)(c) 有重復主語的句子有重復主語的句子一般只用于日常用語, 不用于正式場合, 如 :Jim and I took the long road. (formal)Jim and I, we took the long road. (informal)(d) 以 there 為開首的句子, 主語與謂語在數上一致的是正式語言, 不一致的是非正式語 三 言。There are a group of children ready to sing songs. (formal)There is a group of children ready to sing songs. (i

4、nformal)(e) 所有格The hood of the car is insulated (絕緣). (formal)The car s hood is insulated. (informal)(f) 縮略語與全稱正式語言常用全稱, 非正式語言常用縮略語。雖然在正式語言中用縮略語的情況越來越多 , 但在非正式語言中縮略語用得更多, 如 :TV, VOA,BBC, VIP, etc. 當然在一些個別場合,書面語中可用縮略語, 而口語中不使用。(g) 關于單復數在泛指時, 用復數偏通俗化, 用 the 加單數比較文氣, 如 :The cow is a useful animal.(a li

5、ttle literary)Cows are useful animals. (a little vulgar)B. 形容詞口語體中所用的形容詞往往是人們最常用的形容詞, 這些形容詞往往一詞多義；而書面體中所用的形容詞則往往不那么常用, 這些形容詞的含義往往不如口語體中所用的形容詞的含義那么廣泛, 但其含義卻往往具體、有特殊性。C. 副詞與形容詞同形的英文副詞往往用于口語, 但詩歌中有時也用這種形式。然而, 這些詞卻很少用于其他方面的正式用語。如:Work slowly and steadily. (formal)Work slow and steady. (informal)D. 介詞在一些

6、狀語或定語中, 省略介詞的屬于口語, 保留介詞的屬于書面語。如:It happened the day he did the experiment. (informal)It happened on the day on which he did the experiment. (formal) I ll come in thefollowing spring. (formal)I ll come the following spring. (colloquial)E. 代詞(a) 口語中多省略作主語的代詞。如:Haven t seen you for ages! (informal)(b)

7、關于 mine, his, yours, ours 當 mine, his, yours, ours 等物主代詞作賓語或表語時 , 可用于書面語, 也可用于口語。但如果這種物主代詞( 或名詞所有格) 作主語放在句首,并暗指表語名詞所用的概念, 那就是一種比較文雅的說法了。如:His (or Mr. Li s) is a noble character.在日?？谡Z中一般這么用:His (or Mr. Li s) character is a noble one. / He has a noblecharacter. 但下面這類句子對書面語和口語都適用:Your teacher and mine

8、are talking inthe room.(c) we, I在一些正式場合，作者或演講人為了表示謙虛，往往避免用I,而用we代替。如:As we showed a moment ago . (formal)As I said a moment ago . (not so formal)(d) you, we 用we代替you是一種表示客氣的語言。如 :Don t worry about your shoes! (imperative)Why don t we not worry about your shoes, OK (polite)(e) you, one 在翻譯中文 任何人 、 誰都

9、 等時 , 譯成 one 為 formal language, 譯成 you為 informal language 。如 :One must love one s country. (forma l)You must love your country. (informal)(f) 關于 I, me, he, him, etc.He says she saw you and me. (formal)He says she saw you and I. (informal)F. 動名詞在書面語中，一般用物主代詞或名詞所有格來修飾動名詞短語，以表示行為者。如：Mr. Li dislikes Zha

10、ng Hui s coming home late.There will be little chance of my visiting the place again.Li Wen s falling ill suddenly gave me a surprise.口語中一般以代詞的賓格或名詞普通格加分詞、for加賓語加不定式、從句、獨立句等方式表達。如:Mr. Li dislikes Zhang Hui coming home late.There will be little chance for me to visit the place again.Li Wen fell 川 sud

11、denly. This gave me a surprise.G.關于縮寫用縮寫形式多為非正式語言，而用非縮寫形式多為正式語言，如:do not, we are, I am, I have, there is, cannot, will not等多見于正式語言，而 don t, we re, I m,I ve, there s, cant, won t 多見于非正式語言。exam, bike 等多用于口語,examination, bicycle等多用于書面語。oh, dear, why, well等是口語中常見的感嘆詞。2.從句法來看語體的區(qū)別A.修飾語在書面文字中，修飾語可以與中心詞相隔較

12、遠，修飾語也可以較長，而在口語中則相反。 如：There exist complex computations in science and engineering which people are unable to make. (written)There are complex computations in science and engineering, and people are unable to make those computations. (colloquial)B.句子的長短一般來說，書面語句子較長，口語句子較短。(a)議論文、商業(yè)或法律公文等書面語不僅常用較長的修飾

13、語，而且有時用較長的插入語，甚至插入語中還有插入語。但在一般的口語中則不用較長的插入語。常用的較短插入語 有:of course, for example, I believe, I think, you see, you know, to be frank, etc. (b)在書面語中，一個句子有時有好幾個關系代詞；而口語中關系代詞則用的極少，往往被分成幾個簡單句。如：These needles, which were madeof fish-shaped pieces of iron that floated on water, were acted on by the earth s m

14、agnetic field. (formal)These needles were made of fish-shaped pieces of iron that floatedon water. Theywere acted on by the earth s magnetic field. (informal)C.關于時態(tài)在現在的口語中，有時用過去時代替現在完成時。如：Is anybody using this chairNo. I saved it for you.在口語中常用現在時代替將來時。如：She is coming tomorrow.在口語中有時用一般現在時說明一個已經發(fā)生了的

15、動作。如 ：He says it is very important.D.虛擬語氣(a)不夠熟悉的人之間對話，或在正式場合演講、對話時，一般用虛擬語氣來陳述自己的看 法、提出請求或邀請、提出建議或勸告、提出問題。如 ：If Mr. Wang was here now, he would tell you about it. (informal)If Mr. Wang were here now, he would tell you about it. (formal)(b)有一些表示主觀愿望和情緒的形容詞，如desirous等要求后面的狀語從句的謂語動詞 用虛擬語氣，這種結構主要用于書面語中，

16、口語中往往用不定式來代替這種從句。如：He was anxious that we should stay for dinner. (formal)He was anxious to have us stay for dinner. (informal)E.語序在書面語中，為了使句子平衡對稱，或為了表示強調，常把狀語、表語、賓語等成分放 在句首，并將主謂次序顛倒過來；而口語體則一般用自然語序。F.關于省略(a)在正式文字或正式場合的對話中，一般要用完整的句子。在口語中用省略句較多，主要 是為了節(jié)省時間，使對話自然、生動、簡潔、有力。如：(colloquialWhere to go now Wh

17、y not do it this way(b)在正式語言中，所省略的部分一般都是前邊出現過的。如:He had finished the work and gone home.(c)關系代詞在限定性定語從句中做謂語動詞賓語或介詞賓語時，在口語中一般省去。如The girl you spoke to just now is my sister.(d)賓語從句前的that在口語中往往省去，表語后面的從句之前的that在口語中也常省 去。如：He said he would go to London.I m afraid he is right.G.主謂語的一致性在有些情況下，非正式語言中常按意思決

18、定動詞的單復數，所以主語和謂語在數上可能 不一致。如：Neither he nor his wife have arrived. (informal)Neither he nor his wife has arrived. (formal)摘自漢英翻譯技巧，外語教學與研究出版社Drill OneChinese Traditions and CultureChinese traditions and culture are unique. The Chinese have a rich tradition andculture that gives importance to health, s

19、pirituality, food and eating habits. The Chinese traditional clothes show that Chinese were well versed （精通） in the art fembroidery （刺繡） and stitching（縫紉） even during the prehistoric era. Toknow more about the Chinese traditions and culture （you can）read on Chinese culture is one of the oldest cultu

20、res of the world. The Chinese traditions and culture vary between the different towns, and provinces. A topic on Chinese traditions and culture would be incomplete without mentioning their food, clothes, education and architecture and transport. The historians claim that Chinese culture was very civ

21、ilized and they had some unique and wonderful traditions.Chinese FoodChinese food is known for its aroma （香味）,color and flavor. The Chinese food, culture and traditions can be traced back （can go back） to the 16th century . YiYin, a scholar who lived during the Shang Dynasty （He） was of the opinion

22、that food should include flavors such as sweet, sour, bitter, piquant（辛辣） and salty.The reason is, the five major organs of the human body - heart, liver, spleen（脾）,lungs and kidneys, require nutritional diet. He formulated the theory of harmonization of food, which stresses on good nutritional diet

23、 to maintain good health. The traditional belief that food and medicine share the same origin is apart of Chinese tradition. This could be the reason that Chinese use scallions, garlic, dried lily buds （芽）,fresh ginger root, bamboo shoots and tree fungus in their cooking. The Chinese believe that th

24、ese herbal plants have properties that prevent as well as cure various illnesses.Drill TwoChinese Hospitality 中國人的待客之道 ?A: I was invited to a traditional Beijing household for dinner once. It was an eye-opening experience. The girl who invited me was my colleague. Her father was over 60 years old. H

25、e didn t eat much but was constantly proposing a toast. His wife was busy cooking in the kitchen all the time. I asked her to join us but her husband said No, she doesn t. After dinner, I asked mycolleague whyher father didn t eat much and why her mother didn t join us. She said that was an old trad

26、ition. Her father was there to keep me companybecause I was a guest of honour and usually women did not eat with the guests.B： I had a similar experience too. I always feel spoiled to be a guest in a Chinese household. The host usually prepares a sumptuous （奢侈的） meal. The kids are sent to the neighb

27、ours so the guests can have a peaceful meal. Usually, they would start preparing for our visit days ahead. Even though there would be a lot of food on the table, the host would still say “ Wedon t have much, so please bear with us. ” They keep putting food on my plate despite the fact I may not like

28、 certain food.I usually feel very embarrassed. Some hosts even force their children to perform a song or recite a poem for me.A： That is Chinese hospitality. People want to bring out their best food to welcome the guests. Westerners are different. They don t stay in the kitchen when the guests have arrived. They want to socialize with the guests rather than simply showing hospitality.B： Chinese people are very friendly and always ready to treat their guests with the best things they have. But this hospitality may cause inconvenience to both the guests and the hosts themselves. An America