修辭學(xué) Session 4 隱喻

1、Simile 明喻明喻Definition: 明喻明喻(Simile)是是通過(guò)通過(guò)比喻詞比喻詞將具有某種將具有某種共共同特征同特征的兩種的兩種不同事物不同事物聯(lián)系起來(lái)聯(lián)系起來(lái)的一種修辭手法。的一種修辭手法。Structure: Tenor+Comparative Word+VehicleCommon Forms: like型型, as型型, as.as.型型, 虛擬語(yǔ)氣型虛擬語(yǔ)氣型A is to B as/what C is to D型型and型型動(dòng)詞型動(dòng)詞型 A is compared to BA is likened to BA resembles B treat/regard/consi

2、der A as BThe Rhetorical Functions of Simile 1.使使陌生的事物熟悉化陌生的事物熟悉化to make the unfamiliar things familiar2.使抽象的事物具體化使抽象的事物具體化to make the abstract things concrete3. 使平凡的事物生動(dòng)化使平凡的事物生動(dòng)化to make the ordinary things vivid Metaphor 隱喻隱喻大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)。嘈嘈切切錯(cuò)雜彈，嘈嘈切切錯(cuò)雜彈，_。大珠小珠落玉盤大珠小珠落玉盤天生麗質(zhì)難自棄，一

3、朝選在君王側(cè)。天生麗質(zhì)難自棄，一朝選在君王側(cè)?；仨恍Π倜纳鶎m粉黛無(wú)顏色?；仨恍Π倜纳?，六宮粉黛無(wú)顏色。春寒賜浴華清池，春寒賜浴華清池，_。侍兒扶起嬌無(wú)力，始是新承恩澤時(shí)。侍兒扶起嬌無(wú)力，始是新承恩澤時(shí)。溫泉水滑洗凝脂溫泉水滑洗凝脂凌波不過(guò)橫塘路，但目送，芳?jí)m去。錦瑟華年誰(shuí)凌波不過(guò)橫塘路，但目送，芳?jí)m去。錦瑟華年誰(shuí)與度？月橋花院，瑣窗朱戶，只有春知處。與度？月橋花院，瑣窗朱戶，只有春知處。飛云冉冉蘅皋暮，彩筆新題斷腸句。試問(wèn)閑愁都飛云冉冉蘅皋暮，彩筆新題斷腸句。試問(wèn)閑愁都幾幾許許?_,_,_.?_,_,_.一川煙草，滿城風(fēng)絮，梅子黃時(shí)雨一川煙草，滿城風(fēng)絮，梅子黃時(shí)雨。賀鑄賀鑄青玉案青玉案

4、作者妙筆一點(diǎn)，用作者妙筆一點(diǎn)，用隱喻隱喻的修辭手法將無(wú)形變有的修辭手法將無(wú)形變有形，將抽象變形象，顯形，將抽象變形象，顯示了超人的藝術(shù)才華和示了超人的藝術(shù)才華和高超的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力。高超的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力。Metaphor Definition: Metaphor is an implied comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common(Corbett 1990).定義：隱喻是在兩種性質(zhì)存在差異、但又具定義：隱喻是在兩種性質(zhì)存在差異、但又具有相似點(diǎn)的事物之間進(jìn)行有相似點(diǎn)的事物之間進(jìn)行暗含的

5、比較暗含的比較。 All the worlds a stage.大千世界是個(gè)舞臺(tái)。大千世界是個(gè)舞臺(tái)。Metaphor& SimileMetaphor is a condensed(濃縮的）濃縮的） simile. In simile:the comparison is explicit(明確表達(dá)的）明確表達(dá)的）In metaphor：the comparison is implicit/implied（含蓄表達(dá)的）（含蓄表達(dá)的） Classification of Metaphor: both the tenor（本體）（本體） and the vehicle(喻體喻體) are presen

6、t in the sentence.e.g. All the worlds a stage. :the tenor or the vehicle is not present in the sentence.e.g. 嘈嘈切切錯(cuò)雜彈，大珠小珠落玉盤。嘈嘈切切錯(cuò)雜彈，大珠小珠落玉盤。visible metaphorinvisible metaphor 1.The theory is a building.2.The romance is a plant.3.The temperature is a murderer.Discussion: What do the sentences imply?

7、1.I can see a sea of people from here.2.At last he saw a ray of hope.3.While most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism,we are unwilling to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.大多數(shù)人只是隨時(shí)給予別人大多數(shù)人只是隨時(shí)給予別人批評(píng)的冷風(fēng)批評(píng)的冷風(fēng), ,而不而不愿意給自己的同伴贊揚(yáng)的陽(yáng)光愿意給自己的同伴贊揚(yáng)的陽(yáng)光. .變體：變體：critic

8、isms cold wind1. seeking the bubble(喻體）喻體） reputation（本體）（本體）追求那泡沫的名聲追求那泡沫的名聲2.Love（本體）（本體） bud（喻體）（喻體）, quietly took root in my heart.愛(ài)愛(ài)的的萌芽，悄然在心底扎了根。萌芽，悄然在心底扎了根。Fire proves gold, adversity proves men.烈火鍛煉金，憂患磨練人。烈火鍛煉金，憂患磨練人。adversity dvstAdversity is a very difficult or unfavorable situation. 困境困境

9、; 逆境逆境Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Tenor:books(visible) Vehicle: food(invisible)(類型一）本體顯喻體隱類型一）本體顯喻體隱書(shū)有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則需咀嚼消化書(shū)有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則需咀嚼消化。 Googles newly developed software could challenge the Seattle giants desktop dominance. 谷歌新開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件可以

10、挑戰(zhàn)谷歌新開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件可以挑戰(zhàn)西雅圖巨人西雅圖巨人對(duì)桌面對(duì)桌面系統(tǒng)的控制。系統(tǒng)的控制。Tenor: Microsoft(invisible)Vehicle: Seattle giant(visible)（類型二）喻體顯本體隱。（類型二）喻體顯本體隱。1.nominal metaphor2.verbal metaphor3.adjective metaphor4.adverbial metaphor名詞性隱喻名詞性隱喻動(dòng)詞型隱喻動(dòng)詞型隱喻形容詞性隱喻形容詞性隱喻副詞性隱喻副詞性隱喻 Charles Dow put us on the worlds greatest roller coaster.

11、We laugh nervously all the way up and we scream like hell all the way down. 查爾斯查爾斯道將我們置于世界最大的道將我們置于世界最大的過(guò)山車過(guò)山車上：我們?cè)谏希何覀冊(cè)谏仙臅r(shí)候緊張得大笑；而在下降的時(shí)候拼命尖叫。上升的時(shí)候緊張得大笑；而在下降的時(shí)候拼命尖叫。Charles Henry Dow (1851 1902) was an American who co-founded Dow Jones & Company with Edward Jones and Charles Bergstresser.Tenor: the

12、 stock market Vehicle: roller coaster1.They are birds of a feather.他們意氣相投他們意氣相投/他們是一丘之貉。他們是一丘之貉。2.A silver plate is rising up in the sky.一輪銀盤似的月在天邊升起。一輪銀盤似的月在天邊升起。3. The boat disappeared in a mountain of a wave. 船在一股如山高的大浪中消失了。船在一股如山高的大浪中消失了。Discussion & TranslationThe romance is budding.Tenor:roman

13、ceVehicle: plant Science is propelled primarily by human curiosity. 科學(xué)發(fā)展主要由人類的好奇心驅(qū)動(dòng)?？茖W(xué)發(fā)展主要由人類的好奇心驅(qū)動(dòng)。The tiny rocket is attached to the spacecraft and is designed to propel it toward Mars.微型火箭附在宇宙飛船上，微型火箭附在宇宙飛船上，用來(lái)用來(lái)推進(jìn)推進(jìn)飛船飛向火星。飛船飛向火星。Tenor:science Vehicle: automobile or space craftDiscussion & Transl

14、ation1. The corridor was flooded with boys and girls.走廊里擠滿了男孩女孩。走廊里擠滿了男孩女孩。2. The children pigged together.孩子們像豬一樣擠在一起。孩子們像豬一樣擠在一起。3.He poured scorn（輕蔑）（輕蔑） on my ideas.他對(duì)我的建議不屑一顧。（把輕蔑比作他對(duì)我的建議不屑一顧。（把輕蔑比作當(dāng)頭冷水當(dāng)頭冷水）4.Everything was bathed in the golden sunlight. 萬(wàn)物沐浴在金色的陽(yáng)光下。（把陽(yáng)光比作萬(wàn)物沐浴在金色的陽(yáng)光下。（把陽(yáng)光比作雨露雨露

15、） This evening when my father burst in（突（突然出現(xiàn)）然出現(xiàn)）, his mood seemed even more thunderous than usual.Tenor:my fathers mood Vehicle: thunder暴跳如雷暴跳如雷1. golden age黃金時(shí)代黃金時(shí)代/輝煌年代輝煌年代2. stormy applause暴風(fēng)雨般的掌聲暴風(fēng)雨般的掌聲3.iron will 鋼鐵一般的意志鋼鐵一般的意志Discussion & Translation The idea of becoming an artist had come t

16、o me off and on since my childhood. 自童年起，成為藝術(shù)家的想法就偶爾在我腦中自童年起，成為藝術(shù)家的想法就偶爾在我腦中閃現(xiàn)閃現(xiàn)。 off and on: from time to time 不時(shí)地；偶爾地不時(shí)地；偶爾地 off and on is used to describe a light bulb.Tenor:the idea of becoming an artistVehicle: the off and on of a light bulb“We use metaphor in life without knowing it.”1.You are

17、 wasting my time.2.The English assignment cost me an hour.3.You are running out of time.The Nature of Metaphor Metaphors is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. “隱喻滲透于日常生活，不僅僅存在語(yǔ)隱喻滲透于日常生活，不僅僅存在語(yǔ)言中，同時(shí)也存在我們的思維和活動(dòng)中。言中，同時(shí)也存在我們的思維和活動(dòng)中。（Lakoff & John, 1980:3） 正像正像Lak

18、off說(shuō)的那樣，隱喻式一種普遍現(xiàn)象，說(shuō)的那樣，隱喻式一種普遍現(xiàn)象，它無(wú)處不在。而且，我們賴以思考和活動(dòng)的一般它無(wú)處不在。而且，我們賴以思考和活動(dòng)的一般概念系統(tǒng)是建立在隱喻之上的（概念系統(tǒng)是建立在隱喻之上的（Lakoff & John, 1980:3）。）。 Feeling happy is fair weather.Feeling bad is foul weather.a sunny smilea frosty smilethunder at sb. 怒斥某人怒斥某人dark days 悲傷的日子悲傷的日子feel gloomy Emotion is water.1.Anger surged

19、 within him. (surge:風(fēng)、水等突然的涌動(dòng)風(fēng)、水等突然的涌動(dòng))怒氣在他心中洶涌澎湃。怒氣在他心中洶涌澎湃。2.Among the crowd there is a wave of panic.人群中一陣驚慌。人群中一陣驚慌。3.Her heart was flowing with happiness.她的心中她的心中洋溢洋溢著快樂(lè)。著快樂(lè)。4.She poured out her feelings to her mother。她對(duì)母親傾訴衷腸。她對(duì)母親傾訴衷腸。 is Context: a romantic relationship1.We are at the cross-r

20、oads（十字路口）（十字路口）.2.Since we have got this far, why not go on?3.We have to go our separate ways.4.We cannot turn back now.Lovejourney. is 1.She cast her spell on me.2.I am charmed by her.3.She is bewitching.4.The magic is gone.Lovemagic.cast spell:施咒語(yǔ)施咒語(yǔ)charm:施魔法施魔法bewitch:施魔法施魔法 is 1.She is besieged

21、 by（被包圍）（被包圍） suitors. 2.I am going to fight for her.3.I am going to make an ally of her mother. Lovewar.Go for the Gold. 分析：分析：Ballantine威士忌的廣告威士忌的廣告充分利用了充分利用了gold詞的意義，使詞的意義，使人覺(jué)得該酒人覺(jué)得該酒色澤金黃色澤金黃，像，像金子金子一樣寶貴一樣寶貴，同時(shí)使人聯(lián)想到，同時(shí)使人聯(lián)想到淘淘金時(shí)代（金時(shí)代（ Gold Rush）的韻味。的韻味。In advertisement The most sensational（轟動(dòng)的，（轟動(dòng)

22、的，最好的）最好的） place to wear satin（絲緞）（絲緞） is on your lips. 直譯：穿絲緞的最佳之處就是你的雙唇。直譯：穿絲緞的最佳之處就是你的雙唇。 意譯：意譯： 使你的雙唇如絲緞般柔潤(rùn)亮澤。使你的雙唇如絲緞般柔潤(rùn)亮澤。分析：分析：這段口紅的廣告語(yǔ)讓人聯(lián)想到一這段口紅的廣告語(yǔ)讓人聯(lián)想到一種意境：緞子的光亮、柔滑、輕軟、細(xì)種意境：緞子的光亮、柔滑、輕軟、細(xì)薄。如果將這種口紅涂在唇上，會(huì)產(chǎn)生薄。如果將這種口紅涂在唇上，會(huì)產(chǎn)生像綢緞般美麗、動(dòng)人的效果。隱喻使得像綢緞般美麗、動(dòng)人的效果。隱喻使得該廣告更具說(shuō)服力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。該廣告更具說(shuō)服力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。Monologue:

23、All the worlds a stage All the worlds a stage a monologue from William Shakespeares As You Like It皆大皆大歡喜歡喜(published in 1623), spoken by the melancholy Jaques（杰奎斯杰奎斯）in Act II Scene VII. The speech compares the world to a stage and life to a play, and catalogues(列舉）列舉） the seven stages of a mans lif

24、e.In LiteratureAll the worlds a stage,大千世界是個(gè)舞臺(tái)，大千世界是個(gè)舞臺(tái)，And all the men and women merely players:所有男男女女不外是演員所有男男女女不外是演員;They have their exits and their entrances;各有登場(chǎng)和退場(chǎng)，各有登場(chǎng)和退場(chǎng)，And one man in his time plays many parts,一生扮演著好些個(gè)角色一生扮演著好些個(gè)角色.His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,演出可以演出可以分七幕。首

25、先是嬰兒，分七幕。首先是嬰兒，Mewling and puking in the nurses arms.在奶媽懷中啼哭嘔吐。在奶媽懷中啼哭嘔吐。And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel接著是接著是嗚咽嗚咽著的小學(xué)生，背著書(shū)包，著的小學(xué)生，背著書(shū)包，And shining morning face, creeping like snail滿面紅光滿面紅光，像蝸牛般，像蝸牛般Unwillingly to school. And then the lover不情愿地拖著腳步去學(xué)堂不情愿地拖著腳步去學(xué)堂。接接著是情人，著是情人，Sighing

26、 like furnace, with a woeful ballad像爐灶一樣嘆著氣像爐灶一樣嘆著氣，專為情，專為情人人的的Made to his mistress eyebrow. Then a soldier,娥眉作悲歌。隨后是士兵，娥眉作悲歌。隨后是士兵，F(xiàn)ull of strange oaths and bearded like the pard,滿是新奇的罵人話，胡子像豹滿是新奇的罵人話，胡子像豹子子的的一樣一樣，Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,愛(ài)惜著名譽(yù)，卻動(dòng)不動(dòng)就要吵架愛(ài)惜著名譽(yù)，卻動(dòng)不動(dòng)就要吵架Seeking th

27、e bubble reputation追求那泡沫追求那泡沫般般的名聲的名聲Even in the cannons mouth. And then the justice,連火炮口也不怕連火炮口也不怕。然后是法官，然后是法官，In fair round belly with good capon lined,那好圓的肚子用上等的閹雞填滿，那好圓的肚子用上等的閹雞填滿，With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,眼色嚴(yán)峻，胡須眼色嚴(yán)峻，胡須整潔整潔，F(xiàn)ull of wise saws and modern instances;滿嘴都是格言和老生常談。滿嘴都是格

28、言和老生常談。And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts演著自己。第六演著自己。第六幕中幕中Into the lean and slipperd pantaloon,化作瘦削的、穿化作瘦削的、穿拖鞋的龍鐘老朽拖鞋的龍鐘老朽，With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,鼻子鼻子上架著上架著眼鏡，眼鏡，腰邊懸著錢腰邊懸著錢袋袋;His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide年輕時(shí)的年輕時(shí)的緊身褲，緊身褲，好好好好保存保存了，了，但但已太寬松，已太寬松，F(xiàn)or h

29、is shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,穿在萎縮了的小腿上穿在萎縮了的小腿上;雄壯的嗓子雄壯的嗓子Turning again toward childish treble, pipes轉(zhuǎn)向小孩的高音，聽(tīng)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)向小孩的高音，聽(tīng)來(lái)And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,像打呼哨。最后的一像打呼哨。最后的一幕幕戲戲That ends this strange eventful history,終結(jié)終結(jié)這這古怪多事古怪多事的的人生歷史人生歷史Is second childishness and mere obli

30、vion,是是孩提時(shí)期的再現(xiàn)孩提時(shí)期的再現(xiàn)、全然的健忘。、全然的健忘。Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.沒(méi)沒(méi)有有牙齒、沒(méi)牙齒、沒(méi)有有眼力、沒(méi)眼力、沒(méi)有有口味、沒(méi)口味、沒(méi)有有一切。一切。All the worlds a stage,大千世界是個(gè)舞臺(tái)，大千世界是個(gè)舞臺(tái)，And all the men and women merely players:所有男男女女不外是演員所有男男女女不外是演員;They have their exits and their entrances;各有登場(chǎng)和退場(chǎng)，各有登場(chǎng)和退場(chǎng)，And one man

31、 in his time plays many parts,一生扮演著好些個(gè)角色一生扮演著好些個(gè)角色.Extended metaphor( (延伸式隱喻）：延伸式隱喻）：即隱喻的擴(kuò)大即隱喻的擴(kuò)大形式。能夠形式。能夠進(jìn)一步描繪喻體發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或產(chǎn)生的狀進(jìn)一步描繪喻體發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或產(chǎn)生的狀態(tài)，對(duì)喻體特性進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，具有解釋喻體的功用態(tài)，對(duì)喻體特性進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，具有解釋喻體的功用。延喻由詞組構(gòu)成：延喻由詞組構(gòu)成： Her eyes, pools of love, were rippling in tenderness.(她的雙眼似愛(ài)的池塘，正泛著柔情蜜意的漣漪。她的雙眼似愛(ài)的池塘，正泛著柔情蜜意的漣漪。) 延

32、喻由介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：延喻由介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成： The huge sunlight flamed like a monstrous dahlia with petals of yellow fire.陽(yáng)光燃得像一朵巨大的大麗花，黃黃的火舌恰似花陽(yáng)光燃得像一朵巨大的大麗花，黃黃的火舌恰似花瓣。瓣。延喻由從句構(gòu)成延喻由從句構(gòu)成例句例句1. A photographer is a cod（鱈魚(yú)）（鱈魚(yú)）, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. 攝影師通常拍片成堆，難覓一成功之作，似鱈魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵無(wú)數(shù)，長(zhǎng)攝影師通常拍片成堆，難覓一成功之作，似鱈魚(yú)產(chǎn)卵無(wú)數(shù)，長(zhǎng)成者廖廖。故蕭伯納把攝影師先比作成者廖廖。故蕭伯納把攝影師先比作codcod，再進(jìn)一