大學(xué)英語四級(jí)寫作

1、 1 說明文寫作寫作 2 2 應(yīng)用文應(yīng)用文寫作寫作 3 3 圖表圖表寫作寫作 四級(jí)短文寫作四級(jí)短文寫作 說明文寫作 段落寫作一段落的組成一段落的組成 主題句(Topic sentence)； 擴(kuò)展句（Developing sentences）； 結(jié)尾句(Ending sentence). 1. 1.主題句主題句 主題句明確地表示全段要展開的中心點(diǎn),四級(jí)短文寫作中最好是把主題句放在段首 。 E.g. Smoking is harmful to peoples health. Medical science has now proved that smoking can cause lung ca

2、ncer and other diseases. Your chances of having a heart attack also increase. Smoking is definitely a health hazard. 2.2. 擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句 擴(kuò)展句是用來說明，解釋，引申，或論證主題句所表達(dá)的中心思想的句子。 E.g. Smoking is harmful to peoples health. Medical science has now proved that smoking can cause lung cancer and other diseases. Your cha

3、nces of having a heart attack also increase. Smoking is definitely a health hazard. 3.3.結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾句 結(jié)尾句是用一句話對(duì)段落的主題進(jìn)行重述,評(píng)論,或總結(jié),借以強(qiáng)化主題,加深讀者的印象. E.g. Smoking is harmful to peoples health. Medical science has now proved that smoking can cause lung cancer and other diseases. Your chances of having a heart att

4、ack also increase. Smoking is definitely a health hazard. Sample English is favored on the following grounds. It is the official language of a number of countries. Of other countries, it is their second language. In still others, English is spoken as their major foreign language. Thats why English i

5、s so popular in our present world. 二二. . 段落的基本特征段落的基本特征要寫好段落就要清楚段落應(yīng)具有的基本特征: 統(tǒng)一性(unity)， 連貫性(coherence)， 簡(jiǎn)潔性(conciseness)， 重點(diǎn)突出(emphasis)， 用字遣句有變換(variety)1.段落的統(tǒng)一性一個(gè)段落只有一個(gè)主題。組成該段落的所有句子一個(gè)段落只有一個(gè)主題。組成該段落的所有句子都應(yīng)為這個(gè)主題服務(wù)。任何與主題無關(guān)的內(nèi)容，都應(yīng)為這個(gè)主題服務(wù)。任何與主題無關(guān)的內(nèi)容，任何不能支持段落主題的內(nèi)容都必須舍棄。例如：任何不能支持段落主題的內(nèi)容都必須舍棄。例如： Autumn is

6、 a good season for picnicAutumn is a good season for picnic. The weather . The weather is fine and it is not as hot as it is in the summer. is fine and it is not as hot as it is in the summer. People feel cool and comfortable. The scenery is People feel cool and comfortable. The scenery is very beau

7、tiful with all kinds of flowers here and very beautiful with all kinds of flowers here and there. And there are various kinds of fruits. there. And there are various kinds of fruits. The The peasants begin to gather in crops and fruits.peasants begin to gather in crops and fruits.修改后： Autumn is a go

8、od season for picnic. It is easy for people to choose a fine day for an outing because the weather is always nice， neither too hot nor too cold. The scenery is beautiful，too. The red leaves covering the mountains， the wild flowers booming in the fields and colorful fruits hanging on the trees are al

9、l pleasant to look at. 2.段落的連貫性 一個(gè)段落除了內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一一個(gè)段落除了內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一, , 意思完整之外意思完整之外, , 句句與句之間還必須按一個(gè)清晰與句之間還必須按一個(gè)清晰, , 合乎邏輯的順合乎邏輯的順序安排內(nèi)容序安排內(nèi)容, , 轉(zhuǎn)折自然轉(zhuǎn)折自然, ,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊. . 例一：(1)To develop tourism has advantages. Tourism helps develop a nations commerce and contribute to one nations economy. Tourism provides jobs for ma

10、ny people and helps us solve or ease the social problem of unemployment. Tourism helps increase understanding between peoples and helps people learn about different cultures of the world. 無連接詞語，是一堆簡(jiǎn)單句的組合，讀起來枯燥單調(diào)。 (2) To develop tourism has many advantages. In the first place, tourism helps develop a

11、 nations commerce and contribute to one nations economy. In the second place, tourism provides jobs for many people and helps us solve or ease the social problem of unemployment. Third, tourism helps increase understanding between peoples and helps people learn about different cultures of the world.

12、 上段雖然也是由簡(jiǎn)單的句子組成，但由于有效使用了連接詞語，讀者可以正確地了解到作者所陳述的many advantages的具體內(nèi)容。作文常用句式和過渡連接詞 A proverb says It is easy to see that As the proverb says Some people say that No one can deny that Many people believe that As we all know that It is quite clear that Various views exist as to, but擴(kuò)展段的過渡性詞語Clearly, Obvio

13、usly, Similarly,Moreover, Likewise, In addition to ,First, second, Third, Finally, For one thing, for another,On one hand, On the other hand,表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過渡性詞表例證關(guān)系的過渡性詞 for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as, a case in point is, to illustrate, say, namely, that is, like, take

14、 as an example, etc.讓步過渡詞 although, though, in spite of, even though, however, nevertheless, still after all, 因果關(guān)系過渡詞 because, as, since, for, because of, due to, owing to, as a result of, result from, thus, so, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, as a consequence, result i

15、n, contribute to 終結(jié)段的過渡詞語 To sum up, To conclude, As a result, To be frank, I think For this (very) reason, With respect to From this point of view, All in all, In summary, In short, On the whole,3.段落中的變化 We have seen many great changes taking place in recent China. There have been great changes tak

16、ing place in recent China. China has witnessed many great changes in recent years.最近中國發(fā)生了很多巨大變化。最近中國發(fā)生了很多巨大變化。OnlineShopping 現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已成為一種時(shí)尚 網(wǎng)上購物有很多好處，但也有不少問題 我的建議SampleWriting:Example:14分OnlineShoppingShoppingontheinternetisbecomingafashioninmanycitiesduetotherapiddevelopmentoftheInternettechnology.I

17、tisespeciallypopularamongcollegestudentsandwhite-collars.14分Theadvantageofshoppingonlineisobvious:itcansavesometimeforthosebusywiththeirworkorstudy.Withinafewclicks,theycangetwhatevertheywantwithoutsteppingoutoftheroom.Still,onlineshoppinghassomedisadvantages.Firstly,itislessreliableandtrustworthyco

18、mparedwithface-to-faceshopping.Secondly,itfailstoofferthefunofbargain.14分Thereisnodoubtthatonlineshoppingisaveryconvenientwayandhasbecomeanirresisitabletrendinoursociety.Itsurgentthattherelativelawsberegulatedinaccordancewiththerapiddevelopmentofonlineshopping.Onlyinthiswaycanpeopleenjoythefunandcon

19、venienceofonlineshoppingwithouttheconcernofbeingcheated.11分Nowadaystheinformationtechnologydevelopsrapidlyandshoppingonlinehasbeenpopularandafashionfortheyoungsters.11分Onlineshoppinghasmadeourdailylifemoreconvenientandcomfortable.Forexample,shoppingontheinternetcansavestudentsagreatdealoftimeonthewa

20、ybetweenhomeandstore.Sotheywouldbeabletoconcentrateontheiracademicwork.Theinternethasshortenthedistancebetweenmanufacturersandconsumersandthuswecanevenbuygoodsinothercountrieswithoutsteppingoutofourhouses.Ontheotherhand,onlineshoppinghasitsproblems.Itmaynotbereliableandtrustworthy.Thedeliverywillinc

21、reasetheriskofitemsdamaging.11分Inmyopinion,shoppingontheinternetisanecessarytrend.Moreandmorepeoplewillbeaccustomedtoit.Itwillbemuchmorepopularinthenearfuture.Andatthesametimeweshouldtakesomemeasurestomakeitperfect.8分Nowadays,manypeoplepaytheirattentionstoonlineshoppingwhensomethingisneeded,especial

22、lyforyoungpeople.8分Infact,itisconvenienttobuysomethingonline.Firstwecangetwewantjuststayathome.Besides,thepricesofgoodsonlinearealwayscheaper.Buttherearealotofproblemsshoppingonline.8分First,weknownothingaboutthethingswebuy,wejustcantdependonwhattheownerdescribeaboutit.Sowecantjudgeifitisingoodqualit

23、y.Second,ifwearetreated,wearedifficulttodefendourright.8分AsIcansee,shoppingonlineisagoodchoicebecauseitsavesmoneyandtimeforus.Butwemustbewarnofthedangerouspartofonlineshoppingandkeepaclearmindintheunknowninternetworld.5分Currently,onlineshoppingbecomeafashion.Inincreasingnumberofpeopleareshoppingonli

24、neinsteadgotomaket.Ofcause,onlinebroughtusgreatbenefition.Itmakesourlifemoreconvivenced5分Onthecountry,onlineshoppinghasmanyproblem.Whethertheproductsaretrueornotwerenotsure.Wecanseetheproductsjustfromthepicture.Sothatmeanscanttouchit,tryit.Thenhowcouldweknowitfittingperfectly.Besides,itmaydifferentf

25、romthepicturewhichhaveseenintheinternet.However,wereallycannottrustthebosseverytime.Becausesomebodylookingforwardtogettingmoney,notinbusiness.5分Inmyopinion,itissuggeststhatbusinessshouldbemoreclearly.Ononehand,wecanchoosetheproductscarefully.Ontheotherhand,thetruebosswillbeingoodfuture.2分Nowtheonlin

26、eshoppingisbecameakindofshopsaswellchangeourlife. Somepeopleaboutitthinkverywell,theonlineshoppingmakeshopmore,donttakeverylongtimeontheway,andonlineshoppingalsobecameafesion.2分 Buttheotheroneconsidertheonlineshoppinghavesomequestions.Becauseofbuysomethingontheline.Wemustbeifitiswell.Andwecantsee,ju

27、stlookpicture.Sosomepeopledontonlineshoppingisverywell. Theimportanttheonlinewillhavemostshoppingways.Ofcausewellshouldmakeonlineshoppingandshoppingtogether.Makinguslifemoreandmorefaster,moreandmoresimlip. SoIconsidertheonlineshoppingmorethanshoppingbetter. 應(yīng)用文寫作 英文書信信頭 (heading) 信頭指的是發(fā)信人的地址以及發(fā)信日期.

28、一般寫在信紙的右上角.先寫發(fā)信的地址,地址的書寫順序是由小到大,依次為: 門牌號(hào)、 街名、 城市名、省或州名、郵政編碼、國名 如在院系寄信的,地址順序應(yīng)為:班級(jí)、年級(jí)、系名、院名、學(xué)校名、城市名、省州名、郵政編碼、國名 發(fā)信日期單獨(dú)成行.日期要按英語習(xí)慣書寫,常用寫法有兩種: 月、日、年, 如: June 3, 2002 或者日、月、年, 如: 3rd June, 2002 在年份之前有一個(gè)逗號(hào). 2. 稱呼 (Salutation) 稱呼指對(duì)收信人的稱呼.稱呼語后常用逗號(hào)“，”第一類書信是寫給個(gè)人. 1) 寫信人認(rèn)識(shí)收信人,但關(guān)系不是很親密Dear Mr. (Miss, Dr, Prof等)

29、, 后接收信人姓氏, 如: Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Dr Tan, Dear Miss Chen, Dear President， 2) 寫給朋友，兩人關(guān)系較為親密，可直呼其名，如：Dear Mary, Dear Jack, Dear Mom, 等 第二類書信是寫給某個(gè)團(tuán)體組織或機(jī)構(gòu)的1)寫信人不認(rèn)識(shí)其負(fù)責(zé)人,稱呼語可用Dear Sir，或者Dear Sir or Madam， 2)寫信人認(rèn)識(shí)其負(fù)責(zé)人可稱Dear Mr. Black, Dear Professor Chen， 3. 正文 (Body) 正文是信的主體部分，正文每段第一行往右縮進(jìn) 英語信件習(xí)慣上不用“你好”開頭

30、，可以直接用一兩句話講明寫信的目的所以正文常為三個(gè)部分：開頭段，正文段和結(jié)尾段 4. 結(jié)束語 (Complimentary close) 結(jié)束語是正文下面的寫信人對(duì)收信人的謙稱一般從信紙中央稍右的地方寫起，第一個(gè)字母要大寫，后面要用逗號(hào)不同的通信關(guān)系要用不同的結(jié)束語 寫給公司或相識(shí)的人 Yours (very) truly, Yours (very) faithfully, Yours (very) sincerely, Yours (very) cordially, 寫給上司或長(zhǎng)輩 Yours (very) respectfully, Yours (very) obediently, 寫給親

31、朋好友 Yours (ever), (With) love, Miss you, Always yours, Yours affectionately, (With) best wishes, Your sincere/good friend, . . 簽名 (Signature) 署名發(fā)信人的簽名寫在結(jié)束語下面一行，信紙中央梢偏右的位置即便有了打印的姓名，也要加上親筆簽名，以示鄭重簽名時(shí)，一般寫上全名 6. 信內(nèi)地址 (Inside address) 信內(nèi)地址指的是收信人的姓名職務(wù)單位及地址.多見于正式的商務(wù)信件,私人信件可以省略不寫.第一行寫收信人姓名,第二行寫地址.18 Hanzheng

32、 StreetWuhan, Hubei 430020P.R.ChinaOct. 25, 1994Dear Mr. William Madison, -Yours sincerely, Patrick BakerMr. William MadisonGeneral ManagerRoss Engineering Associates1767 Palm StreetLong Beach, CA96104U.S.A.三種主要的應(yīng)用文類型：三種主要的應(yīng)用文類型： 1.投訴信投訴信 2. 2.申請(qǐng)信申請(qǐng)信 3. 3.咨詢信咨詢信IamasophomoremajoringinBiologyEngineer

33、ing.Iamwritingtoyoutosaysomethingaboutthecanteenserviceoncampus.Whensteppingintothebrightandspaciouscanteen,weareimmediatelyattractedbythesmellofvariousdishes.Butwegetalittlesurprisedwhenpayingforthefood,becauseitspriceistwicethatoftheuniversitynearby.Thehighpriceisthebiggestobstacleforustohaveadeli

34、ciousmeal.Onthisaccountanumberofstudentshavetochoosethefoodthatischeapandwithlittlenutrition.Itisharmfultoourhealth.Soitisadvisabletodropthefoodpriceinourcanteen.Astowhatpercentageofpriceshouldbereduced,astudentpollmaybehelpful.Iamoneofthousandsofthestudentswhoarezealoustoseeouruniversitytakeefforts

35、toreducetheprice.Yoursrespectfully,LiMingDear Mr. President,Letter of complaint:Dear Mr. .,Letter of application:IamaseniorfromShaanXiNormalUniversity.IheXianEveningNewsonMay14,2013fora.InJulyIwillreceivemyBADegreein.Iwouldliketobeconsideredforthepost.IbelieveIcoulddosatisfa

36、ctoryworkforyourcompany.Asindicatedinmyattachedresume,mymajorisconcernedwith.butIalsohavetakensuchcoursesasMarketing.Inaddition,Ihavetakenpartinallkindsofsocialactivitiestogainexperiences.AsformyEnglishability,IhavepassedCET-6.Iwouldwelcomeanopportunitytojoinyourstaff.IfyoualsofeelImightfityourrequi

37、rement,Iwouldbeavailableforaninterviewanytimeatyourconvenience.Yoursrespectfully,MaryDearMr.,Letter of Inquiry:IamChinesestudentwhowillgraduatefromcollegeinthecomingJulyandwishtostudyforM.Adegreeatyouruniversity.Iwouldbegratefulifyouprovidemetheinformationbelow.Firstly,whatqulificationsdoIneedtostud

38、yatyouruniversity?Secondly,howmucharethetuition?Thirdly,whatisthesituationasregardsaccomodations?.Ilookforwardtoyourreplyandtheopportunitytoattendyourprestigiousinstitution.Thanks!Yoursrespectfully,Mary 圖表作文寫作 常見的圖表類型有: 1.table(表格) 2.curve graph(曲線) 3.Bar Graph(柱狀) 4.Pie Graph(餅狀) 圖表作文圖表作文1 1) )曲線曲線

39、(curve graph ),(curve graph ),它常用表示事物的它常用表示事物的變化趨勢(shì)變化趨勢(shì): :2) 表格(table),它表示多種事物的變化及相互關(guān)系ChangeinPeoplesDietinChina3)柱狀(Bar Graph)它用來比較兩種事物的變化情況及相互關(guān)系4)餅狀(Pie Graph)表示各事物在總體中所占的比例及相互關(guān)系 圖表式作文內(nèi)容一般涉及以下三個(gè)方面： 1.描述圖表， 2.指明寓意，分析原因、 3.聯(lián)系自己或?qū)嶋H、給出建議.FeaturesFeatureseg:ReadingPreferenceofStudentsinanAmericanUnivers

40、ityin2002 1) 根據(jù)上表，簡(jiǎn)要描述美國 某大學(xué)學(xué)生借閱圖書的情況. 2）你對(duì)于這些學(xué)生閱讀偏愛的評(píng)論. 3）聯(lián)系自己的實(shí)際情況談?wù)勀銓?duì)閱讀的看法. Reading Preferences Reading Preferences （范文）（范文） From the table,we have witnessed that college students vary in reading preference in an American university. According to the table , the circulation of popular fictions ac

41、counts for 65.9% while the circulation of art / literature books is only 5.1%. As we see, college students seem more interested in popular ficton, while lack of passion for art or literature. Many reasons contribute to this phenomenon. To begin with, popular fictions usually possess more appealing plots than other types of books do, so many readers are attracted by popular fiction. Moreover, popular fictions are easier to be understood while science and art books demand certain knowledge in special fiel