2020年雅思閱讀全面分析及答案

1、雅思閱讀全面分析及答案考試前對試題千錘百煉是必要的，以下是為大家搜索的雅思閱讀全面分析及答案，希望能給大家?guī)韼椭? 更多精彩內(nèi)容請及時關(guān)注我們 !ComplianceorNonplianceforChildrenManyScientistsbelievethatsocializationtakesalongprocess,whileplianceistheoutsetofit.Aordingly,plianceforeducationofchildrenisthepriority.Motivationallydistinctformsofchildplianc e,mutuallyposit

2、iveaffect,andmaternalcontrol,observedin3cont rolcontextsin103dyadsofmothersandtheir26-41-month-oldchildr en,wereexaminedascorrelatesofinternalization,assessedusingo bservationsofchildrenwhilealonewithprohibitedtemptationsand maternalratings.Oneformofpliance(mittedpliance),whenthechil dappearedmitted

3、wholeheartedlytothematernalagendaandeagertoe ndorseandaeptit,wasemphasized.Mother-childmutuallypositivea ffectwasbothapredictorandaconitantofmittedpliance.Childrenw hosharedpositiveaffectwiththeirmothersshowedahighlevelofmit tedplianceandwerealsomoreinternalized.Differencesandsimilar itiesbetweenchi

4、ldren'spliancetorequestsandprohibitions("Do" vs."Don't"demandcontexts)werealsoexplored.Maternal"Dos"appe aredmorechallengingtotoddlersthanthe"Don't".Someindividualcoherenceofbehaviorwasalsofoundacrossbothdemandcontexts.Thei mplicationsofmittedplian

5、ceforemerginginternalizedregulators ofconductarediscussed.Anumberofparentswerenoteasytobeawareofthepliance,someevenoverlookedtheirchildren'snonpliance.Despitegoodeducation,thes echildrendidnotfollowthewordsfromtheirparentsonseveraloasio ns,especiallyboysincertainages.Fortunately,thisratewasaepta

6、 ble,someparentscouldbepatientwiththenonpliance.Someoneheldt hatnonplianceisprobablynotawrongthing.Inordertodeterminethe effectsofdifferentparentaldisciplinarytechniquesonyoungchil dren'splianceandnonpliance,mothersweretrainedtoobserveemoti onalincidentsinvolvingtheirowntoddler-agedchildren.Repo

7、rtso fdisciplinaryencounterswereanalyzedintermsofthetypesofdisci plineused(reasoning,verbalprohibition,physicalcoercion,love withdrawal,andbinationsthereof)andchildren'sresponsestothat discipline(pliance/nonplianceandavoidance).Therelationbetwe enpliance/nonplianceandtypeofmisdeed(harmtopersons,

8、harmtopr operty,andlapsesofself-control)wasalsoanalyzed.Resultsindic atedthatlovewithdrawalbinedwithothertechniqueswasmosteffect iveinsecuringchildren'splianceandthatitseffectivenesswasnot afunctionofthetypeoftechniquewithwhichitwasbined.Avoidantresponsesandaffectivereunificationwiththeparentwer

9、emorelikely tofollowlovewithdrawalthananyothertechnique.Physicalcoercio nwassomewhatlesseffectivethanlovewithdrawal,whilereasoninga ndverbalprohibitionwerenotatalleffectiveexceptwhenbothwereb inedwithphysicalcoercion."NonpliantChildrensometimesprefertosaynodirectlyastheywereyounger,theyareeasyt

10、odealwiththerelationshipwithcontemporarieswhentheyaregrowingup.Duringtheperiodthatchildrenisgettingelder,whomaylearntousemoreadvancedapproachesfortheirnonpliance.Theyaremoreskillfultonegotiateorgivereasonsforrefusalratherthanshowtheiroppositeideatoparentsdirectly,"SaidHenryPorter,scholarworking

11、inPsychologyInstituteofUK.Heindicatedthatnonpliancemeansgrowthinsomeway,mayhavebenefitforchildren.ManyExpertshelddifferentviewpointsinrecentyears,theytrieddrillingplianceintochildren.HiscollaboratorWallaceFreisenbelievedthatOrganizingchild'sdailyactivitiessothattheyourinthesameordereachdayasmuch

12、aspossible.Thisfirststrategyfordefiantc hildrenisultimatelythemostimportant.Developingaroutinehelps achildtoknowwhattoexpectandincreasesthechancesthatheorshewi llplywiththingssuchaschores,homework,andhygienerequests.Whe nundesirableactivitiesourinthesameorderatoptimaltimesduringtheday,theybeehabitst

13、hatarenotquestioned,butdonewithoutthought.Chancesarethatyouhavedevelopedsometypeofroutineforyourselfintermsofshowering,cleaningyourhouse,ordoingothertypesofwork.Youhaveanideainyourmindwhenyouwilldothesethingsonaregu larbasisandthishelpsyoutoknowwhattoexpect.Infact,youhavepro bablyalreadybeenusingmos

14、tofthesepliancestrategiesforyoursel fwithoutrealizingit.Forchildren,withoutsettingtheseexpectat ionsonadailybasisbymakingthempartofaregularroutine,theycanb eeveryupset.Justlikeadults,childrenthinkaboutwhattheyplanto dothatdayandexpecttobeabletodowhattheywant.So,whenyouealong andaskthemtodosomethingt

15、heyweren'talreadyplanningtodothatda y,thiscanresultinautomaticrefusalsandotherundesirabledefian tbehavior.However,byusingthispliancestrategywithdefiantchil dren,theseactivitiesaredonealmosteverydayinthesamegeneralor derandthechildexpectstoalreadydothem.DoctorStevenWalsonaddressedthatorganizingfu

16、nactivitiestoour afterfrequentlyrefusedactivities.Thisstrategyalsoworksasapo sitivereinforcerwhenthechildplieswithyourrequests.Byarrangi ngyourdaysothatthingsoftenrefusedourrightbeforehighlyprefer redactivities,youareabletoeliminatedefiantbehaviorandmotiva teyourchild'sbehaviorofdoingtheundesira

17、bleactivity.Thisisnottobepresentedinawaythatthepreferredactivityisonlyallowedif adefiantchilddoesthenon-preferredactivity.However,youcanwor dyourrequestinawaysothatyourchildassumesthatyouhavetodothen on-preferredactivitybeforemovingontothenextpreferredactivit y.Forexample,youdonotwanttosaysomethings

18、uchas,"Ifyoucleanyo urroomwecanplayagame."Insteadwordyourrequestlikethis,"Assoo nasyouaredonecleaningyourroomwewillbeabletoplaythatreallyfu ngameyouwantedtoplay."Question27-31Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.Writeyouranswersinboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.27Thechildren,especiallybo

19、ysreceivedgoodeducationmayAalwaysplywiththeirparents'wordsBbegoodatmathChaveahighscoreatschoolDdisobeytheirparentsordersometimes28Facetotheirchildren'splianceandnonpliance,parentsAmustbeawareoftheplianceBaskforhelpfromtheirteachersCsomeofthemmayignoretheirnonplianceDpretendnottosee29Aordingt

20、oHenryPorter,nonplianceforchildrenAareentirelyharmfulBmayhavepositiveeffectsCneedsmedicineassistanceDshouldbetreatedbyexpertdoctor30Whenchildrenaregrowingup,theyAalwaystrytodirectlysaynoBaremoreskillfultonegotiateClearntocheatinsteadofnonplianceDtendtokeepsilent31Whichisthepossiblereactionthepassage

21、mentionedforelderchildrenandyoungeronesiftheydon'twanttoplywiththeorder AelderchildrenprefertorefusedirectlyBelderonesrefusetoanswerCyoungerchildrenmayrejectdirectlyDyoungeronesmaysaveanywordsLookatthefollowingpeopleandlistofstatementsbelow.Matcheachpersonwiththecorrectstatement.Writethecorrectl

22、etterA-Ginboxes32-35onyouranswer32HenryPorter33WallaceFreisen34StevenWalson35PaulEdithListofstatementsAchildrenofallageswillindirectlyshownonplianceBelderchildrentendtonegotiateratherthanshownonplianceCconversebehaviormeansnonplianceDorganizingfunactivitiestoourafterfrequentlyrefusedactiviti esEorga

23、nizingchild'sdailyactivitiesinthesameorderasmuchasposs ibleFusepraiseinordertomakechildrenpliantGtakethechildrentoschoolatanearlyageQuestion36-40DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadi ngPassage?Inboxes36-40onyouranswersheet,writeYESifthestatementistrueNOifthestatementisfalse

24、NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage36Socializationtakesalongprocess,whileplianceisthepriorresearchsubject.37Parents'cognitionandattitudetotheirchildren'splianceornonpliancearevaried.38Youngerchildrenchoosetobenonpliantbecauseitmaybesimpletogetalongwiththepeersinthesameage.39Expert

25、snevertrieddrillingplianceintochildren.40PsychologistPaulEdithnegatedtheimportancethatknowinghowtopraisechildreninaencouragedway.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)兒童的聽從與不聽從體裁：論說文結(jié)構(gòu)： ( 一句話概括每段大意 )A 段：對于孩子聽從和不聽從行為的探討B(tài) 段：家長在孩子聽從和不聽從行為中扮演的角色C 段：英國心理學(xué)家對不聽從行為表示理解以及反對者的觀點D 段：反對者認(rèn)為孩子應(yīng)該聽從的理由E 段：反對者給出如何讓孩子聽從的意見F 段：新的學(xué)者提出鼓勵在聽從與不聽從行為中的作用。試題

26、分析：Question27-40題目類型：單選題 (5 題) 答案： DCBBCListofStatement人名配對 (4 題) 答案： BEDFT/F/NG(5題) 答案： NGYYNN參考譯文：許多科學(xué)家認(rèn)為社會化是一個長期的過程，而聽從正是其開端。相應(yīng)地，對于孩子的聽從觀念的教育就成為優(yōu)先考慮的問題，通過對3 個控制組中 103 對母親和她們26 至于 4 個月的孩子的觀察，激發(fā)性的兒童聽從模式和母親的控制有相互的正面影響，而這個結(jié)果作為孩子內(nèi)在化的相關(guān)性研究， 是通過給與實驗組的孩子禁止性的誘惑和母親對孩子干預(yù)的評級來評定的， 聽從的模式之一 ( 忠誠性聽從 ) 是指孩子全身心地聽從

27、母親的日程安排， 并且很愿意去贊同和接受這種安排，母子之間這種正面的相互影響既是一種預(yù)示， 也是忠城性聽從隨之而來的一種結(jié)果。 能和母親分享這種良好的正面影響的孩子表現(xiàn)出很高水平的忠誠性聽從， 同時也更加愿意把想法藏在心底。 孩子對于要求的聽從和禁止 (“做”與“不做”的要求指示 ) 的差異性和相似性也同時被探究出來。對于蹣跚學(xué)步的孩子來說，母親對孩子的“做”的要求指示與“不做”的要求指示相比來說更有挑戰(zhàn)性，而跨越這兩種要求指示的一些個別的行為連貫性也被揭示。 而忠誠性遵從作為日益顯露的孩子行為的內(nèi)在化的調(diào)節(jié)指標(biāo)成為人們討論的對象。對于很多家長來說，讓他們意識到聽從這件事并不容易，一些家長甚至

28、忽視孩子的不聽從。即使對于一些接受了良好教育的孩子，他們在很多情況下也不聽父母的話，尤其是到了一定年紀(jì)的男孩子。幸運的是，這種情況的比率還是在可接受范圍內(nèi)的， 一些家長對于孩子的這種不聽從還是表現(xiàn)出了耐心。 有些人認(rèn)為， 孩子不聽從大概也不是一件錯的事情。 為了確定不同的家長訓(xùn)誡方式對小孩子聽從與不聽從的影響，母親往往需要訓(xùn)練有素， 能夠觀察到她們蹣跚學(xué)步的孩子感情變化的細節(jié)。專家從使用的訓(xùn)誡方式的類型 ( 包括講道理，口頭禁止，身體的壓制，對孩子的關(guān)愛取消和以上幾種方式的組合 ) 以及孩子對這些訓(xùn)誡方式的反應(yīng) ( 聽從或是不聽從還是回避 ) 來分析這些有關(guān)訓(xùn)誡方式的報告。 專家還分析了聽從與

29、不聽從和不端行為的類別( 包括對別人的傷害， 對財務(wù)的損壞以及自我控制的失誤 ) 之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果顯示，對孩子的關(guān)愛取消輔以其他的一些訓(xùn)誡方式在保證孩子聽從父母意見方面是最有效的， 結(jié)果還表明這種有效性并不是與關(guān)愛取消的訓(xùn)誡方式組合的其它方式的功能。 和其它訓(xùn)誡方式相比， 當(dāng)父母對孩子取消關(guān)愛，孩子往往會對父母的命令產(chǎn)生回避性的反應(yīng)，并表現(xiàn)出對父母的情感回歸， 和關(guān)愛取消的訓(xùn)誡方式相比， 對孩子身體的壓制沒有那么有效， 與此同時，講道理和口頭禁止也一點不起作用，除非它們兩個和身體壓制這種方式相結(jié)合。英國心理學(xué)研究所的學(xué)者HenryPorter曾說道：“不聽話的孩子在他們還小的時候有時喜歡直接說“不”，在成長的過程中，他們?nèi)菀滋幚砗屯g人的關(guān)系問題。而當(dāng)他們再長大些， 他們學(xué)會用更高級的方式來表現(xiàn)他們的不聽從。 他們會更善于用和父母協(xié)商和向他們講出拒絕的理由的方式， 而不是直接向他們的父母表達反對的觀點。”他指出，孩子不聽話某種程度上來講意味著他們在成長，這對他們也許有利。近些年來，許多專家對此持不同的觀點。他們試圖訓(xùn)練孩子變得聽