【恩波內(nèi)部資料】口譯詞匯表(七)

1、漢英口譯分類詞匯（07）-世貿(mào)組織詞匯46（補貼協(xié)議）可訴補貼Actionable subsidy (紡織品與服裝、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)一體化進程Integration process（服務貿(mào)易）境外消費Consumption abroad（服務貿(mào)易）跨境交付Cross border supply（服務貿(mào)易）商業(yè)存在Commercial presence (服務貿(mào)易)自然人 natural person (服務貿(mào)易)自然人流動Presence of natural person (解決爭端)被訴方Defendant（解決爭端）調(diào)查結果Findings (解決爭端)上訴Appeal (解決爭端)申訴方Com

2、plaint (利益的)喪失和減損Nullification and impairment (農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)國內(nèi)支持Domestic support（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品）綜合支持量AMS (Aggregate Measurement of Support)（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國內(nèi)支持）黃箱措施Amber Box measures（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國內(nèi)支持）藍箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國內(nèi)支持）綠箱措施Green Box measures (農(nóng)業(yè))多功能性Multifunctionality（歐盟）共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策Common Agriculture Policy (爭端解決)專家

3、組Panel（知識產(chǎn)權）地理標識Geographical indications巴黎公約(關于保護工業(yè)知識產(chǎn)權的公約)Paris Convention巴塞爾公約（有關危險廢棄物的多邊環(huán)境協(xié)定）Basel Convention北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)瀕危物種國際貿(mào)易公約Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species伯爾尼公約（有關保護文學和藝術作品版權的公約）Berne Convention多種纖維協(xié)定MFA (Multifibre Agreement)紡

4、織品與服裝協(xié)議ATC (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)服務貿(mào)易總協(xié)定GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) 關于爭端解決規(guī)則與程序的諒解DSU(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes)京都議定書 Kyoto Protocol里斯本條約（有關地理標識及其國際注冊）Lisbon Agreement蒙特利爾議定書(有關保護大氣臭氧層的多邊環(huán)境協(xié)定)Montreal Protocol農(nóng)產(chǎn)品協(xié)議特殊保障S

5、SG (Special Safeguard)農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議中關于反補貼的和平條款Peace clause生物多樣性公約CBD(Convention on Biological Diversity)信息技術協(xié)議ITA (Information Technology Agreement)WTO最不發(fā)達國家高級別會議HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs)北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū) NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area)采取措施后Ex post采取措施前Ex ante產(chǎn)品生命周期分析LCA (Life Cycle Analysis)出口補貼Exp

6、ort subsidy出口實績Export performance垂直兼并 vertical merger當?shù)睾縇ocal content電子商務 Electronic Commerce 東部和南部非洲共同市場COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū)ASEAN Free Trade Area動植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standard )反補貼稅Countervailing duty反傾銷措施 anti-dumping measures against反向通

7、知Counter-notification非配額產(chǎn)品 quota-free products非生產(chǎn)性投資 investment in non-productive projects非洲、加勒比和太平洋國家集團（洛美協(xié)定）ACP(African, Caribbean and Pacific Group)風險管理/評估 risk management/ assessment關貿(mào)總協(xié)定，世界貿(mào)易組織的前身 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)規(guī)避Circumvention國際標準化組織ISO (International Organization

8、 for Standardization)國際紡織品服裝局ITCB (International Textile and Clothing Bureau)國際貨幣基金組織IMF (International Monetary Fund)國際勞工組織ILO (International Labor Organization)國際貿(mào)易中心ITC (International Trade Center)國際貿(mào)易組織ITO (International Trade Organization)國際貿(mào)易組織臨時委員會ICITO (Interim Commission for the Internation

9、al Trade Organization)國際清算 international settlement國際收支 balance of international payments/ balance of payment國際收支條款BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions國際獸疫組織International Office of Epizootics國民待遇National treatment國內(nèi)補貼Domestic subsidy國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)Domestic production海關估價Customs valuation海關完稅價值Customs value橫向兼并

10、horizontal merger環(huán)保型技術EST(Environmentally-sound technology)灰色區(qū)域措施Grey area measures貨幣留成制度Currency retention scheme貨幣貿(mào)易理事會CTG(Council for Trade in Goods)基礎稅率Base tariff level既定日程Built-in agenda交叉報復Cross retaliation進口差價稅Import variable duties進口附加稅Import surcharge進口環(huán)節(jié)稅 import linkage tax進口滲透Import pene

11、tration進口替代Import substitution進口許可Import licensing進口押金Import deposits經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)垃圾融資 junk financing聯(lián)合國環(huán)境署UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計劃署UNDP (United Nations Development Program)聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization o

12、f the United States)聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會議UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)糧食安全Food security慢性蕭條 chronic depression貿(mào)易和投資自由化和便利化 TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)貿(mào)易與發(fā)展委員會Committee on Trade and Development貿(mào)易與環(huán)境委員會Committee on Trade and Environment模式Modalities南方共

13、同市場（或稱南錐體共同市場）MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market)南亞區(qū)域合作聯(lián)盟SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional cooperation)歐洲自由貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟EFTA (European Free Trade Association)配額調(diào)整條款modulation of quota clause瓶頸制約 bottleneck restrictions全球配額 global quota上訴機構Appeal body申報制度 reporting system; income declaration system生產(chǎn)補

14、貼Production subsidy實行國民待遇 grant the national treatment to實質損害Material injury食品法典委員會 CAC(Codex Alimentaries Commission) 世界海關組織WCO (World Customs Organization)世界貿(mào)易組織WTO (World Trade Organization)世界知識產(chǎn)權組織WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)市場準人的行政管理措施 AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market A

15、ccess)市場準入Market access通知義務Notification obligation同類產(chǎn)品Like product烏拉圭回合Uruguay Round消費膨脹 inflated consumption協(xié)調(diào)制度（商品名稱及編碼協(xié)調(diào)制度）HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System)新議題New issues許可費License fee有秩序的市場安排Orderly market arrangements約束水平Bound level爭端解決機構Dispute Settlement Body政府采購 Government procureme

16、nt 知識產(chǎn)權IPRs (Intellectual property rights)直接支付Direct payment諸邊協(xié)議 Plurilateral agreement 專門的營銷機構Market boards轉基因生物GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)祖父條款 grandfather clause最不發(fā)達國家LDCs (Least-developed countries)最初談判權(初談權) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights) 最惠國待遇（現(xiàn)通常稱正常貿(mào)易關系）MFN（most-favored-nation) tr

17、eatment最惠國貿(mào)易地位(待遇)MFN (Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)WTO術語英文解釋GeneralGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTOs agreements. GATT 1947 The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.G

18、ATT 1994 The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods.Members WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).MFN Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating be

19、tween ones trading partners.national treatment The principle of giving others the same treatment as ones own nationals. GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS

20、 Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection.TPRB, TPRM The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the Trade Policy Review Mec

21、hanism.transparency Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable.Uruguay Round Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers

22、in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994. Tariffs binding, bound see “tariff binding”electronic commerce The production, advertising, sale and distribution of products via telecommunications networks.free-rider A casual term used to infer that a country which does not make any trade concessions, profits

23、, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries in negotiations under the most-favoured-nation principle.Harmonized System An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to c

24、lassify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level, countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes.ITA Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which partici

25、pants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000.ITA II Negotiations aimed at expanding ITAs product coverage.nuisance tariff Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates.schedule of concessions List of bound tariff rates.tariff binding Commitm

26、ent not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties.tariff escalation Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practice protec

27、ts domestic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate.tariff peaks Relatively high tariffs, usually on “sensitive” products, amidst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above ar

28、e generally recognized as “tariff peaks”.tariffs Customs duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific basis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government.WCO W

29、orld Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures.Non-tariff measures anti-dumping duties Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal t

30、o the difference between their export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury to producers of competing products in the importing country.circumvention Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties.countervailing measures Action taken by the importing coun

31、try, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country.dumping Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-co

32、untry markets, or at less than production cost.NTMs Non-tariff measures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc.price undertaking Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty.PSI Preship

33、ment inspection the practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas i.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.QRs Quantitative restrictions specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time per

34、iod. rules of origin Laws, regulations and administrative procedures which determine a products country of origin. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty. T

35、hese rules can vary from country to country.safeguard measures Action taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up of imports governed by Article XIX of the GATT 1994.subsidy There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred o

36、n a firm by the government that is contingent on exports. A domestic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.tariffication Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs. trade facilitation Removing obstacles to

37、 the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures).VRA, VER, OMA Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict export

38、s without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls. Textiles and clothing ATC The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.carry forward When an exporting country uses part of

39、the following years quota during the current year.carry over When an exporting country utilizes the previous years unutilized quota.circumvention Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.CTG Council for Trade in Goods oversees WTO agreements on goods, inc

40、luding the ATC.integration programme The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January 1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.ITCB International Textiles and Clothing Bureau Geneva-based group of some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.MFA Multifibre Arrangeme

41、nt (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions.swing When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.TMB The Textiles Monito

42、ring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments.transitional safeguard mechanism Allows members to impose restrictions against individual exporting countries if the importing country can show that both overall imports

43、 of a product and imports from the individual countries are entering the country in such increased quantities as to cause or threaten serious damage to the relevant domestic industry.Agriculture/SPS Agenda 2000 ECs financial reform plans for 200006 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to rec

44、eiving new members. Includes reform of the CAP (see below).border protection Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry.BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease”.box Category of domestic support. Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore per

45、mitted with no limits. Blue box: permitted supports linked to production, but subject to production limits and therefore minimally trade-distorting. Amber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commitments.Cairns Group Group of agricultural exporting nations lob

46、bying for agricultural trade liberalization. It was formed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round. Current membership: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines,

47、South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay.CAP Common Agricultural Policy The EUs comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world.Codex Alimentarius FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standar

48、ds on food safety.distortion When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market.deficiency payment Paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan

49、 rate, whichever is the less.EEP Export enhancement programme programme of US export subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets.food security Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on

50、 the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic dietary ernal support Encompasses any measure which acts to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and i

51、nput and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production.International Office of Epizootics Deals with international standards concerning animal health.multifunctionality Idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, e.g. environmental

52、 protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc. See non-trade concerns.non-trade concerns Similar to multifunctionality. The preamble of the Agriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. Also cited by members are rural development and employment,

53、 and poverty alleviation.peace clause Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.reform process/program The

54、Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement starts a reform process. It sets out a first step, in the process, i.e. a program for reducing subsidies and protection and other reforms. Current negotiations launched under Article 20 are for continuing the reform process.SPS regulations Sanitary and Phytosanita

55、ry regulations government standards to protect human, animal and plant life and health, to help ensure that food is safe for consumption.variable levy Customs duty rate which varies in response to domestic price criterion.Intellectual property Berne Convention Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the p

56、rotection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.CBD Convention on Biological Dpulsory licensing For patents: when the authorities license companies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent to make, use, sell or import a product un

57、der patent (i.e. a patented product or a product made by a patented process) without the permission of the patent owner. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use.counterfeit Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods.exhaustion The principle that once a product has been sold on a market, th