中英南京條約

1、中英南京條約 南京條約是中國(guó)近代史上與外國(guó)簽訂的第一個(gè)不平等條約。道光二十二年（1842年），清朝在與英國(guó)的第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中戰(zhàn)敗。清政府代表在泊于南京下關(guān)江面的英軍旗艦康華麗號(hào)（亦譯作皋華麗號(hào)）上與英國(guó)簽署江寧條約，又稱(chēng)中英南京條約。 南京條約主要內(nèi)容 中英南京條約共13款，主要內(nèi)容是： 1、宣布結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。兩國(guó)關(guān)系由戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)進(jìn)入和平狀態(tài)。 2、五口通商。清朝政府開(kāi)放廣州、廈門(mén)、福州、寧波、上海等五處為通商口岸，準(zhǔn)許英國(guó)派駐領(lǐng)事，準(zhǔn)許英商及其家屬自由居住。 3、賠款。清政府向英國(guó)賠款2100萬(wàn)銀元，其中600萬(wàn)銀元賠償被焚鴉片，1200萬(wàn)銀元賠償英國(guó)軍費(fèi)，300萬(wàn)銀元償還商人債務(wù)。其款分4年交納

2、清楚，倘未能按期交足，則酌定每年百元應(yīng)加利息5銀元。 4、割地。清朝政府將香港島割讓給英國(guó)。 5、中國(guó)海關(guān)關(guān)稅應(yīng)與英國(guó)商定。 6、廢除公行制度，準(zhǔn)許英商與華商自由貿(mào)易。 南京條約是近代西方資本主義國(guó)家強(qiáng)加在中國(guó)人民身上的第一個(gè)不平等條約。英國(guó)以武力侵略的方式迫使中國(guó)接受其侵略要求，這就使中國(guó)主權(quán)國(guó)家的獨(dú)立地位遭到了破壞。強(qiáng)占香港，損害了中國(guó)領(lǐng)土的完整。通商口岸成為西方資本主義對(duì)中國(guó)進(jìn)行殖民掠奪和不等價(jià)交換的中心。巨額賠償加重了清政府的財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)，同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)嫁到勞動(dòng)人民的身上，使他們的生活更加艱苦。南京條約簽訂后，西方列強(qiáng)趁火打劫，相繼強(qiáng)迫清政府簽訂了一系列不平等條約。從此，中國(guó)開(kāi)始淪為半殖民地半封建

3、社會(huì)。 背景 鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前，中國(guó)是一個(gè)獨(dú)立自主的封建國(guó)家。由于中國(guó)的自然經(jīng)濟(jì)占統(tǒng)治地位，在中英正當(dāng)貿(mào)易中，中國(guó)處于出超地位。英國(guó)為了改變貿(mào)易入超的狀況，向中國(guó)偷運(yùn)鴉片。鴉片的輸入給中華民族帶來(lái)了深重的災(zāi)難。人民群眾強(qiáng)烈要求禁煙。林則徐領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的禁煙運(yùn)動(dòng)，給英國(guó)侵略者以沉重的打擊。 1840年6月，英國(guó)侵略者為保護(hù)所謂的鴉片貿(mào)易，依仗其船堅(jiān)炮利，發(fā)動(dòng)了侵略中國(guó)的鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。英軍先后攻陷舟山、虎門(mén)、廈門(mén)、寧波、吳淞、鎮(zhèn)江等地，并霸占香港島。1842年（道光二十二年）8月4日，英軍進(jìn)逼南京，索要贖城費(fèi)300萬(wàn)元。軍事失利的清朝以欽差大臣耆英、兩江總督牛鑒、署乍浦副都統(tǒng)伊里布為代表，與英方交涉。中英和約談判開(kāi)

4、始。 危害 1、破壞中國(guó)主權(quán),使香港成為英國(guó)進(jìn)一步侵華的基地； 2、對(duì)中國(guó)人民的無(wú)恥掠奪,開(kāi)創(chuàng)侵略者勒索賠款的先例；增加財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)，激化階級(jí)矛盾，影響中國(guó)民族資本主義發(fā)展。 3、打開(kāi)了我國(guó)東南沿海門(mén)戶(hù),便于外國(guó)資本主義勢(shì)力入侵； 4、使中國(guó)開(kāi)始喪失關(guān)稅自主權(quán),為外國(guó)侵略者對(duì)中國(guó)進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)掠奪提供了有利條件； 5、使中國(guó)開(kāi)始淪為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)。 全文(譯文) 茲因大清大皇帝，大英君主，欲以近來(lái)之不和之端解釋?zhuān)拐蒯?，為此議定設(shè)立永久和約。是以大清大皇帝特派欽差便宜行事大臣太子少保鎮(zhèn)守廣東廣州將軍宗室耆英，頭品頂戴花翎前閣督部堂乍浦副都統(tǒng)紅帶子伊里布；大英伊耳蘭等國(guó)君主特派全權(quán)公使大臣英國(guó)所屬印度

5、等處三等將軍世襲男爵璞鼎查；公同各將所奉之上諭便宜行事及敕賜全權(quán)之命互相較閱，俱屬善當(dāng)，即便議擬各條，陳列于左： 一、嗣后大清大皇帝、大英國(guó)君主永存平和，所屬華英人民彼此友睦，各住他國(guó)者必受該國(guó)保佑身家全安。 二、自今以后，大皇帝恩準(zhǔn)英國(guó)人民帶同所屬家眷，寄居大清沿海之廣州、福州、廈門(mén)、寧波、上海等五處港口，貿(mào)易通商無(wú)礙；且大英國(guó)君主派設(shè)領(lǐng)事、管事等官住該五處城邑，專(zhuān)理商賈事宜，與各該地方官公文往來(lái)；令英人按照下條開(kāi)敘之列，清楚交納貨稅、鈔餉等費(fèi)。 三、因大英商船遠(yuǎn)路涉洋，往往有損壞須修補(bǔ)者，自應(yīng)給予沿海一處，以便修船及存守所用物料。今大皇帝準(zhǔn)將香港一島給予大英國(guó)君主暨嗣后世襲主位者常遠(yuǎn)據(jù)守主

6、掌，任便立法治理。 四、因大清欽差大憲等于道光十九年二月間經(jīng)將大英國(guó)領(lǐng)事官及民人等強(qiáng)留粵省，嚇以死罪，索出鴉片以為贖命，今大皇帝準(zhǔn)以洋銀六百萬(wàn)銀元償補(bǔ)原價(jià)。 五、凡大英商民在粵貿(mào)易，向例全歸額設(shè)行商，亦稱(chēng)公行者承辦，今大皇帝準(zhǔn)以嗣后不必仍照向例，乃凡有英商等赴各該口貿(mào)易者，勿論與何商交易，均聽(tīng)其便；且向例額設(shè)行商等內(nèi)有累欠英商甚多無(wú)措清還者，今酌定洋銀三百萬(wàn)銀元，作為商欠之?dāng)?shù)，準(zhǔn)明由中國(guó)官為償還。 六、因大清欽命大臣等向大英官民人等不公強(qiáng)辦，致須撥發(fā)軍士討求伸理，今酌定水陸軍費(fèi)洋銀一千二百萬(wàn)銀元，大皇帝準(zhǔn)為償補(bǔ)，惟自道光二十一年六月十五日以后，英國(guó)因贖各城收過(guò)銀兩之?dāng)?shù)，大英全權(quán)公使大臣為君主準(zhǔn)

7、可，按數(shù)扣除。 七、以上三條酌定銀數(shù)共二千一百萬(wàn)銀元應(yīng)如何分期交清開(kāi)列于左： 此時(shí)交銀六百萬(wàn)銀元； 癸卯年六月間交銀三百萬(wàn)銀元，十二月間交銀三百萬(wàn)銀元，共銀六百萬(wàn)銀元； 甲辰年六月間交銀二百五十萬(wàn)銀元，十二月間交銀二百五十萬(wàn)銀元，共銀五百萬(wàn)銀元； 乙巳年六月間交銀二百萬(wàn)銀元，十二月間交銀二百萬(wàn)銀元，共銀四百萬(wàn)銀元； 自壬寅年起至乙巳年止，四年共交銀二千一百萬(wàn)銀元。 倘有按期未能交足之?dāng)?shù)，則酌定每年每百元加息五銀元。 八、凡系大英國(guó)人，無(wú)論本國(guó)、屬?lài)?guó)軍民等，今在中國(guó)所管轄各地方被禁者，大清大皇帝準(zhǔn)即釋放。 九、凡系中國(guó)人，前在英人所據(jù)之邑居住者，或與英人有來(lái)往者，或有跟隨及俟候英國(guó)官人者，均由大

8、皇帝俯降御旨，謄錄天下，恩準(zhǔn)全然免罪；且凡系中國(guó)人，為英國(guó)事被拿監(jiān)禁受難者，亦加恩釋放。 十、前第二條內(nèi)言明開(kāi)關(guān)俾英國(guó)商民居住通商之廣州等五處，應(yīng)納進(jìn)口、出口貨稅、餉費(fèi)，均宜秉公議定則例，由部頒發(fā)曉示，以便英商按例交納；今又議定，英國(guó)貨物自在某港按例納稅后，即準(zhǔn)由中國(guó)商人遍運(yùn)天下，而路所經(jīng)過(guò)稅關(guān)不得加重稅例，只可按估價(jià)則例若干，每?jī)杉佣惒贿^(guò)分。 十一、議定英國(guó)住中國(guó)之總管大員，與大清大臣無(wú)論京內(nèi)、京外者，有文書(shū)來(lái)往，用照會(huì)字樣；英國(guó)屬員，用申陳字樣；大臣批復(fù)用札行字樣；兩國(guó)屬員往來(lái)，必當(dāng)平行照會(huì)。若兩國(guó)商賈上達(dá)官憲，不在議內(nèi)，仍用稟明字樣為著。 十二、俟奉大清大皇帝允準(zhǔn)和約各條施行，并以此時(shí)準(zhǔn)

9、交之六百萬(wàn)銀元交清，大英水陸軍士當(dāng)即退出江寧、京口等處江面，并不再行攔阻中國(guó)各省商賈貿(mào)易。至鎮(zhèn)海之招寶山，亦將退讓。惟有定?？h之舟山海島、廈門(mén)廳之古浪嶼小島，仍歸英兵暫為駐守；迨及所議洋銀全數(shù)交清，而前議各?？诰验_(kāi)辟俾英人通商后，即將駐守二處軍士退出，不復(fù)占據(jù)。 十三、以上各條均關(guān)議和要約，應(yīng)候大臣等分別奏明大清大皇帝、大英君主各用親筆批準(zhǔn)后，即速行相交，俾兩國(guó)分執(zhí)一冊(cè)，以昭信守；惟兩國(guó)相離遙遠(yuǎn)，不得一旦而到，是以另繕二冊(cè)，先由大清欽差便宜行事大臣等、大英欽奉全權(quán)公使大臣各為君上定事，蓋用關(guān)防印信，各執(zhí)一冊(cè)為據(jù)，俾即日按照和約開(kāi)載之條，施行妥辦無(wú)礙矣。要至和約者。 道光二十二年七月二十四日即

10、英國(guó)記年之 一千八百四十二年八月二十九日 由江寧省會(huì)行 大英君主汗華船上鈴關(guān)防 原文 Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), 1842 (Ratifications exchanged at Hongkong, 26th June 1843.) VICTORIA, by the Grace of God, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc., etc., etc. To All and Singular to whom these Prese

11、nts shall come, Greeting ! Whereas a Treaty between Us and Our Good Brother The Emperor of China, was concluded and signed, in the English and Chinese Languages, on board Our Ship the Cornwallis, at Nanking, on the Twenty-ninth day of August, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Fo

12、rty-two, by the Plenipotentiaries of Us and of Our said Good Brother, duly and respectively authorized for that purpose; which Treaty is hereunto annexed in Original. TREATY Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the Emperor of China, being desirous

13、 of putting an end to the misunderstandings and consequent hostilities which have arisen between the two Countries, have resolved to conclude a Treaty for that purpose, and have therefore named as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say: Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, HENRY POTT

14、INGER, Bart., a Major General in the Service of the East India Company, etc., etc.; And His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China, the High Commiasioners KEYING, a Member of the Imperial House, a Guardian of the Crown Prince and General of the Garrison of Canton; and ELEPOO, of Imperial Kindred, gra

15、ciously permitted to wear the insignia of the first rank, and the distinction of Peacock's feather, lately Minister and Governor General etc., and now Lieutenant-General Commanding at Chapoo: Who, after having communicated to each other their respective Full Powers and found them to be in good a

16、nd due form, have agreed upon, and concluded, the following Articles: ARTICLE I. There shall henceforward be Peace and Friendship between Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the Emperor of China, and between their respective Subjects, who shall e

17、njoy full security and protection for their persons and property within the Dominions of the other. ARTICLE II. His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees that British Subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purpose of carrying on their Mercantile pursuits,

18、 without molestation or restraint at the Cities and Towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochow-fu, Ningpo, and Shanghai, and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc., will appoint Superintendents or Consular Officers, to reside at each of the above-named Cities or Towns, to be the medium of communication be

19、tween the Chinese Authorities and the said Merchants, and to see that the just Duties and other Dues of the Chinese Government is hereafter provided for, are duly discharged by Her Britannic Majesty's Subjects. ARTICLE III. It being obviously necessary and desirable, that British Subjects should

20、 have some Port whereat they may careen and refit their Ships, when required, and keep Stores for that purpose, His Majesty the Emperor of China cedes to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc., the Island of Hongkong, to be possessed in perpetuity by Her Britannic Majesty, Her Heirs and Succes

21、sors, and to be governed by such Laws and Regulations as Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc., shall see fit to direct. ARTICLE IV. The Emperor of China agrees to pay the sum of Six Millions of Dollars as the value of Opium which was delivered up at Canton in the month of March 1839, as a Ra

22、nsom for the lives of Her Britannic Majesty's Superintendent and Subjects, who had been imprisoned and threatened with death by the Chinese High Officers. ARTICLE V. The Government of China having compelled the British Merchants trading at Canton to deal exclusively with certain Chinese Merchant

23、s called Hong Merchants (or Cohong) who had been licensed by the Chinese Government for that purpose, the Emperor of China agrees to abolish that practice in future at all Ports where British Merchants may reside, and to permit them to carry on their mercantile transactions with whatever persons the

24、y please, and His Imperial Majesty further agrees to pay to the British Government the sum of Three Millions of Dollars, on acoount of Debts due to British Subjects by some of the said Hong Merchants (or Cohong), who have become insolvent, and who owe very large sums of money to Subjects of Her Brit

25、annic Majesty. ARTICLE VI. The Government of Her Britannic Majesty having been obliged to send out an Expedition to demand and obtain redress for the violent and unjust Proceedings of the Chinese High Authorities towards Her Britannic Majesty's Officer and Subjects, the Emperor of China agrees t

26、o pay the sum of Twelve Millions of Dollars on account of the Expenses incurred, and Her Britannic Majesty's Plenipotentiary voluntarily agrees, on behalf of Her Majesty, to deduct from the said amount of Twelve Millions of Dollars, any sums which may have been received by Her Majesty's comb

27、ined Forces as Ransom for Cities and Towns in China, subsequent to the 1st day of August 1841. ARTICLE VII. It is agreed that the Total amount of Twenty-one Millions of Dollars, described in the three preceding Articles, shall be paid as follows: Six Millions immediately. Six Millions in 1843. That

28、is:NThree Millions on or before the 30th of the month of June, and Three Millions on or before the 31St of December. Five Millions in 1844. That is:NTwo Millions and a Half on or before the 30th of June, and Two Millions and a half on or before the 31St of December. Four Millions in 1845. That is:NT

29、wo Millions on or before the 30th of June, and Two Millions on or before the 31 st of December; and it is further stipulated, that Interest at the rate of 5 percent. per annum, shall be paid by the Government of China on any portions of the above sums that are not punctually discharged at the period

30、s fixed. ARTICLE VIII. The Emperor of China agrees to release unconditionally all Subjects of leer Britannic Majesty (whether Natives of Europe or India) who may be in confinement at this moment, in any part of the Chinese Empire. ARTICLE IX. The Emperor of China agrees to publish and promulgate, un

31、der His Imperial Sign Manual and Seal, a full and entire amnesty and act of indemnity, to all Subjects of China on account of their having resided under, or having had dealings and intercourse with, or having entered the Service of Her Britannic Majesty, or of Her Majesty's Officers, and His lmp

32、erial Majesty further engages to release all Chinese Subjects who may be at this moment in confinement for similar reasons. ARTICLE X. His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees to establish at all the Ports which are by the 2nd Article of this Treaty to be thrown open for the resort of British Merchan

33、ts, a fair and regular Tariff of Export and Import Customs and other Dues, which Tariff shall be publicly notified and promulgated for general information, and the Emperor further engages, that when British Merchandise shall have once paid at any of the said Ports the regulated Customs and Dues agre

34、eable to the Tariff, to be hereafter fixed, such Merchandise may be conveyed by Chinese Merchants, to any Province or City in the interior of the Empire of China on paying a further amount as Transit Duties which shall not exceed percent. On the tariff value of such goods. ARTICLE Xl. It is agreed t

35、hat Her Britannic Majesty's Chief High Officer in China shall correspond with the Chinese High Officers, both at the Capital and in the Provinces, under the term "Communication" chinese characters. The Subordinate British Officers and Chinese High Officers in the Provinces under the te

36、rms "Statement" chinese characters on the part of the former, and on the part of the latter " Declaration " chinese characters, and the Subordinates of both Countries on a footing of perfect equality. Merchants and others not holding official situations and, therefore, not includ

37、ed in the above, on both sides, to use the term " Representation " chinese characters in all Papers addressed to, or intended for the notice of the respective Governments. ARTICLE XII. On the assent of the Emperor of China to this Treaty being received and the discharge of the first instal

38、ment of money, Her Britannic Majesty's Forces will retire from Nanking and the Grand Canal, and will no longer molest or stop the Trade of China. The Military Post at Chinhai will also be withdrawn, but the Islands of Koolangsoo and that of Chusan will continue to be held by Her Majesty's Fo

39、rces until the money payments, and the arrangements for opening the Ports to British Merchants be completed. ARTICLE XIII. The Ratification of the Treaty by Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc., and His Majesty the Emperor of China shall be exchanged as soon as the great distance which separ

40、ates England from China will admit; but in the meantime counterpart copies of it, signed and sealed by the Plenipotentiaries on behalf of their respective Sovereigns, shall be mutually delivered, and all its provisions and arrangements shall take effect. Done at Nanking and Signed and Sealed by the

41、Plenipotentiaries on board Her Britannic Majesty's ship Cornwallis, this twenty-ninth day of August, 1842, corresponding with the Chinese date, twenty-fourth day of the seventh month in the twenty-second Year of TAOU KWANG. (L.S.) HENRY POTTINGER, Her Majesty's Plenipotentiary. Chinese Signa

42、tures (3).* | Chinese Seal. | We, having seen and considered the Treaty aforesaid, have approved, accepted, and confirmed the same in all and every one of its Articles and Clauses, as We do by these Presents approve, accept, confirm, and ratify it for Ourselves, Our Heirs, and Successors:Engaging and Promising upon Our Royal Word, that We will sincerely and faithfully perform and observe all and singular the thin