2018人版初中英語(yǔ)一~三年級(jí)句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)

1、英語(yǔ)句子成分及句子結(jié)構(gòu)句子結(jié)構(gòu)-五種簡(jiǎn)單的基本句型1 .主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞如She came. My head aches.2 .主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ) 如She likes English.3 .主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ) 如She is happy.4 .主語(yǔ)+ 雙賓動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)如He gave John a book.5 .主語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)如 She makes her mother a ngry. The teacher asked me ti read a newspaper.英語(yǔ)句子基本構(gòu)成成分：主語(yǔ)：可以作主語(yǔ)的成分有名詞(如boy),主格代詞(如I ,we, he

2、, she, they ), 數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞等。最常用的便是 名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng) 詞不定式。主語(yǔ)一般在句首。(1)名詞作主語(yǔ)English is very important.英語(yǔ)是彳艮重要的。The students all love their English teacher.'這些學(xué)生都愛(ài)他們的英語(yǔ)老師。(2)代詞作主語(yǔ)They go to school by bus.他們乘公共汽車(chē)上學(xué)。(3)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.看電視太多對(duì)你的眼睛是有害的。It，s no use regretting i

3、t.后悔是無(wú)用 的。(4)動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)To see is to believe. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。It is necessary to master a foreign language.掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很必要的謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化都體現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞的變化上，一般在主語(yǔ)之后。(1)及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)We should help each other.我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。All of the students like the novel.所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說(shuō)。(2)不及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)You' re driving too fast.你開(kāi)車(chē)開(kāi)得太快了。The teach

4、er came in , book in hand.老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著書(shū)。(3)連系動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)He 100ks worried.他看起來(lái)很擔(dān)心。The box itself is not so heavy.箱子本身并不重。復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. 由助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形，現(xiàn)在分詞，過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。如：Do you speak English ?They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.注意：謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。賓語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)位于及物動(dòng)

5、詞之后，一般同主語(yǔ)成分一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)的代詞必須是"代詞賓格” 如：me, us, him , her ,themI like Chinese food .我喜歡中國(guó)菜。I saw him yesterday.（代詞）昨天我看到他了。I enjoyed talking to you.我和你談話很高興。He wanted to have a cup of tea .（不定式短語(yǔ)）他想要一杯茶。We hoped that you would stay for a few days.我們希望你能多待幾天的。直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)一一有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，指人的叫

6、作間接賓語(yǔ)，指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ)。合稱雙賓。例如：He gave me some ink .他給了我一些墨水。間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)Our teacher told us an interesting story . 老師給我們講了一個(gè)有趣 的故事。間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)：與連系動(dòng)詞連用，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征，一般由形容詞、名詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞 等充當(dāng)。如：The flower is beautiful .They are brother and sister . 他們是兄妹。Her father is sixty-five .她父親 65 歲。The poor boy was m

7、yself. 那個(gè)可憐的孩子就是我自己。All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport.你只需從機(jī)場(chǎng)打個(gè)的即可。My favourite sport is swimming我最喜愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)是游泳。定語(yǔ)：定語(yǔ)為句子的次要成分，起修飾限制名詞或代詞的作用， 可分為前置定語(yǔ)和后置定語(yǔ)。一般由形容詞性物主代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞（短語(yǔ)）或句子充當(dāng)。如：1） His father is a doctor.他父親是一名醫(yī)生。（代詞）2） Mr. Green hastwo sons. 格林先生有兩個(gè)兒子。（數(shù)詞）3） The g

8、irl under the tree is Kate.在樹(shù)下的那個(gè)女孩是凱特。（介詞短語(yǔ)）4） I bought a new dictionary.我買(mǎi)了 本新字典。5）This is a green cup.這是一個(gè)綠色的杯子。（形容詞）6） The people here are very friendly.（副詞）這里的人們非常友好。7） Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的東西嗎？（不定式）8） A barking dog seldom bites.吠狗很少咬人。（V-ing ）9） The suggestion sent to the c

9、ommittee was adopted.（過(guò)去分詞）送往委員會(huì)的建議被采納了。10） Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? （定從） 你認(rèn)識(shí)站在格林先生旁邊的那個(gè)人嗎？狀語(yǔ)：狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、條件、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。狀語(yǔ)在句子中的位置很靈活，常見(jiàn)情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)一般須在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)之前；一些表示不確定時(shí)間(如：often )或程度(如：almost)的副詞狀語(yǔ)通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)

10、詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。(1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上 5:30 起床。Hearing the news, they felt very excited.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他們感到很興奮。Jim went to Shanghai yesterday.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，句末 )(2)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)Pandas only live in China.熊貓僅生活在中國(guó)。I met him in the street.( 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))(3)程度狀語(yǔ)He is quite young. (修飾 adj., 放在 adj.前)(4)目的狀語(yǔ)We ll go

11、 to the beach for a picnic this Sunday.這個(gè)星期天我們將去沙灘野炊。He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.他從口袋里掏出一些零錢(qián)來(lái)買(mǎi)報(bào)紙。She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.她早早地起床，以便能夠趕上這輛早班車(chē)。(5)方式狀語(yǔ)We usually go to school on foot. 我們通常步行去上學(xué)。Please do it as I told you. 請(qǐng)按我告訴你的去做。(6)讓步狀語(yǔ)Though

12、she has a 10t of money, she is unhappy.雖然她很有錢(qián)，而她并不幸福。No matter what happens, I will never lose heart.無(wú)論發(fā)生什么，我將決不失去信心。(7)條件狀語(yǔ)If you don ' t work hard, you ' ll fall behind the others.假如你不努力學(xué)習(xí)，你將落后于別人。Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better.如果給予更多的關(guān)心的話，這些花將長(zhǎng)得更好。(8)原因狀語(yǔ)We didn

13、，t go to the park because of the bad weather.由于天氣不好，我們沒(méi)有去公園。Because he was 川 ，he didn ' t go to school.由于病了，他沒(méi)有去上學(xué)。(9)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.風(fēng)是如此地猛烈，以致于我們寸步難行。He left early, so that he caught the train.他早早地離去，(結(jié)果)因此趕上了火車(chē)。(10)伴隨狀語(yǔ)The doctor hurried off, with

14、a medicine box under his arm.這位醫(yī)生匆匆離去，胳膊下夾著一個(gè)藥箱子。The teacher cameinto the classroom, followed by a group of his students.老師進(jìn)到教室里來(lái)，后面跟著一群學(xué)生。補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用的成份。最常見(jiàn)的是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。名詞、動(dòng)名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞都可以在句子中作賓補(bǔ)。1） We call her Xiao L i.（名詞）賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)2） You must keep the room clean and tidy . （形容詞）賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)3） J

15、ohn asked me to help him with his Chinese . （動(dòng)詞不定式）賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)4） I w川 have my hair cut tomorrow.（過(guò)去分詞）賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)5） We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just n ow. （v-ing ）賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)6） Rain makes plants grow.雨水使植物生長(zhǎng)。（動(dòng)詞原形）賓語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ)注意：后跟名詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有call, name, think, make, choose等，后跟形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有

16、 keep, find, get, think, make等。動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)、當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞（如feel, see,hear, notice, watch, observe, sound,等）, 使役動(dòng)詞（如 let, have,make等），動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to 。英語(yǔ)中的五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)一、 句型 1: Subject （ 主語(yǔ)）+ Verb （謂語(yǔ)）這種句型中的動(dòng)詞大多是不及物動(dòng)詞，所謂不及物動(dòng)詞、就是這種動(dòng)詞后不可以直接接賓語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump,arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, ha

17、ppen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard. 李明學(xué)習(xí)很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.3) Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.5) The sun was shining.太陽(yáng)在照耀著。二、句型 2： Subject (主語(yǔ))+ Link. V (系動(dòng)詞)+ Predicate( 表語(yǔ))這種句型主要用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)的身份、特點(diǎn)等。其系動(dòng)詞一般可分為下列兩類：(1)表示狀態(tài)。 這樣的詞有： be, look, seem, s

18、mell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.這種食物吃起來(lái)很可 口。2) He looked worried just now.剛才他看上去有些焦急。3) The dinner smells good.午餐的氣味很好。(2) 表示變化。這類系動(dòng)詞有：become, turn, get, grow, go 等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天氣變得越來(lái)越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller t

19、han before.這棵樹(shù)比以前長(zhǎng)得高多了。3) His face turned red.他的臉紅了。三、句型 3: Subject(主語(yǔ))+ Verb (謂語(yǔ))+ Object ( 賓語(yǔ))這種句型中的動(dòng)詞一般為及物動(dòng)詞,所謂及物動(dòng)詞，就是這種動(dòng)詞后可以 直接接賓語(yǔ)，其賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句等來(lái) 充當(dāng)。例：1) He took his bag and left.（名詞）他拿著書(shū)包離開(kāi)了代詞）（不定式）2） Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties.(當(dāng)我遇到困難時(shí)，李雷總能給我?guī)椭?） She plans to t

20、ravel in the coming May Day.她打算在即將到來(lái)的“五一”外出旅游。4） She likes watching TV.（動(dòng)名詞）她喜歡看電視。5） I don ' t know what I should do next.（ 從旬）我不知道下一步該干什么。注意：英語(yǔ)中的許多動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞，又是不及物動(dòng)詞。四、句型 4： Subject（主語(yǔ)）+ Verb（謂語(yǔ)）+ Indirect object（間接賓語(yǔ)）十 Direct object （直接賓語(yǔ)）這種句型中，直接賓語(yǔ)為主要賓語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰(shuí)做的或?yàn)檎l(shuí)做的， 在 句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名詞來(lái)充當(dāng)；

21、問(wèn)接賓語(yǔ)也被稱之為第 二賓語(yǔ)，去掉之后，對(duì)整個(gè)句子的影響不大，多由指“人”的名詞或代詞 承擔(dān)。引導(dǎo)這類雙賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach,show, bring, send 等。如：1） Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. 她 爸爸給她買(mǎi)了一本詞典作為生日禮物。2） The old man always tells the children stories about theheroes in the Long March.老人經(jīng)常給孩子們講述長(zhǎng)征途中那些英雄的

22、故事。3） Sandy gave the dog some food.桑迪給狗喂了些食物。上述句子還可以表達(dá)為：1 ） Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2 ） The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.3 ） Sandy gave some food to the dog.五、句型 5: Subject（主語(yǔ)）+ Verb （動(dòng)詞）+Object（賓語(yǔ)）+ Complement（補(bǔ)

23、 語(yǔ)）此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不 能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：位于賓語(yǔ)之后對(duì)賓語(yǔ)作出說(shuō)明的成分。賓語(yǔ)與其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的主要作用或者是補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)、身份等；或者表示 讓賓語(yǔ)去完成的動(dòng)作等。擔(dān)任補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的常常是名詞、形容 詞、副詞、介詞短 語(yǔ)、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等。如：1） You should keep the room clean and tidy.（形容詞）你應(yīng)該讓屋子保持干凈整潔。2） They painted the door green.（ 形容詞）

24、他們把門(mén)漆成綠色。3） We made him our monitor .（名詞）我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。4） What makes him think so?（動(dòng)詞原形）他怎么會(huì)這樣想？5） His father told him not to play in the street.（ 不定式） 他父親告訴他不要在街上玩。6） My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball .（現(xiàn)在分詞）7） I saw a cat running across the road.（現(xiàn)在分詞）我看見(jiàn)一只貓跑過(guò)了馬路.8） Yesterday I had a

25、picture taken with two Americans.（過(guò)去分詞）昨天我跟兩個(gè)美國(guó)人合了張影。9） I found it difficult to learn English.（形容詞。It充當(dāng)形式賓語(yǔ)，to learn English是真正的賓語(yǔ)。）我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)英語(yǔ)很難。簡(jiǎn)單句五種基本句型巧記歌訣：英語(yǔ)句子萬(wàn)萬(wàn)千，五大句型把線牽。句型種類看動(dòng)詞，后接成分是關(guān)鍵。系詞之后接表語(yǔ)，不及物后無(wú)需連。及物又可分三類，單賓雙賓最常見(jiàn)。還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，各種搭配記心問(wèn)。Exercises:指出下列句子中劃線部分的成分。1. We all study hard at English .A.主語(yǔ) B.

26、 謂語(yǔ) C. 賓語(yǔ)D.表語(yǔ)2. Betty likes her new bike very much.A. 主語(yǔ) B. 謂語(yǔ) C.賓語(yǔ) D.表語(yǔ)3. My brother is a policeman .A. 主語(yǔ) B. 謂語(yǔ) C.賓語(yǔ) D.表語(yǔ)4. Were you at home last night ?A.定語(yǔ) B. 狀語(yǔ) C.賓補(bǔ) D. 表語(yǔ)5. Winter is the coldest season of the year.A 定語(yǔ) B. 狀語(yǔ) C.賓補(bǔ) D. 表語(yǔ)6. He often walks in the park.A.定語(yǔ) B. 狀語(yǔ) C. 賓語(yǔ) D. 表語(yǔ)7. Mary

27、 asked me to help her yesterday.A.定語(yǔ) B. 狀語(yǔ) C. 賓補(bǔ) D. 表語(yǔ)8. He bought me a nice present last week.A.賓語(yǔ) B.直接賓語(yǔ)C.間接賓語(yǔ)D.賓補(bǔ)9. His parents are doctors.A.賓語(yǔ) B. 表語(yǔ) C. 謂語(yǔ) D. 定語(yǔ) 10. I' ll get you some tea now.A.賓語(yǔ) B.直接賓語(yǔ)C. 間接賓語(yǔ)D.賓補(bǔ)11. My mother told us an interesting story last nightA.表語(yǔ) B.直接賓語(yǔ)C. 間接賓語(yǔ)D.賓補(bǔ)12

28、. He has read the book twice.A.主語(yǔ) B. 謂語(yǔ) C. 表語(yǔ) D.賓語(yǔ)13. They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.A.表語(yǔ)B.謂語(yǔ)C.賓語(yǔ)D.定語(yǔ)14. Do you have something to eat ?A.狀語(yǔ)B.定語(yǔ)C.賓語(yǔ)D.賓補(bǔ)15. We made him our monitor .A.賓語(yǔ) B.定語(yǔ) C. 狀語(yǔ) D.賓補(bǔ)Exercises:指出下列句子的基本類型1. They are listening.2. My mother is fifty now.3. I have bought three books.4. My friend gave me a birthday present.5. I painted the wall white.6. The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.7. They arrived at six o ' clock.8.