初中英語零基礎(chǔ)學(xué)語法--英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)

1、英語句子結(jié)構(gòu) 基本成分基本成分 附屬成分附屬成分 獨立成分獨立成分 省略成分省略成分 連接成分連接成分 簡單句簡單句 并列句并列句 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 主語主語 系動詞系動詞 表表 (S + LV + predicative) 主語主語 不及物動詞不及物動詞 （ S + Vi ） 主語主語 及物動詞及物動詞 賓語賓語 ( S + Vt + O)主語動詞主語動詞+間賓間賓+直賓直賓(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主語主語 動詞動詞 賓語賓語 補語補語 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)簡單句的五種基本句型簡單句的五種基本句型主語、動詞（不及物動詞、及物動詞、雙賓動詞、系動

2、詞、賓補動詞)、賓語及補語可以稱為基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2個基本成分，至多4個基本成分。主主語語謂謂語語賓語賓語賓語賓語賓補賓補表語表語賓語賓語(間)賓語賓語(直直)Vt（及物動詞及物動詞）系動詞Vi（不及物動詞不及物動詞）be / feel / seem / lookappear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / smell etc. 1、主語、主語 系動詞系動詞 表語（主語補語）表語（主語補語） She is happy2、主語、主語 不及物動詞不及物動詞

3、 She came/ My head aches.3、主語、主語 及物動詞及物動詞 賓語賓語 She likes English.4、主語、主語 動詞動詞 間接賓語間接賓語 直接賓語直接賓語 She bought John a book/She bought a book for John.5、主語、主語 動詞動詞 賓語賓語 補語補語 She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.簡單句基本句型實例簡單句基本句型實例主語（主語（subject）句子的主體，全句述說的對象句子的主體，全句述說的對象, ,一般常

4、置于句首。一般常置于句首。 Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true. （名詞）（名詞） （代詞）（代詞） （數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（不定式） （動名詞）（動名詞） （名詞化的形容詞）（名詞化的形容詞） （句子）（句子）找出句中主語找出句中主語The s

5、un rises in the east. Twenty years is a short time in history. The poor are now living in the shelter. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. He likes dancing. What he needs is a book.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（名詞）（名詞） （代詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）（動名詞）（動名詞） （不定式）（不定式）

6、（句子）（句子）(名詞化的形容詞）名詞化的形容詞）（It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）謂語謂語說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)，常置于主語后說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)，常置于主語后 簡單謂語簡單謂語:由由動詞動詞或或動詞詞組動詞詞組組成組成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 復(fù)合謂語復(fù)合謂語 :由由情態(tài)動詞或助動詞情態(tài)動詞或助動詞+動詞動詞構(gòu)成構(gòu)成; He can speak English well. She doesnt seem to like dancing My fath

7、er is watching TVShow your passport, please. She didnt say anything. How many do you want? - I want two. They sent the injured to hospital. They decided to leave now. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名詞（名詞 ）( 代詞）代詞）(數(shù)詞數(shù)詞)(名詞化的形容詞名詞化的形容詞)(三三)賓語賓語動作的對象或承受者，常置于及物動詞或介詞后動作的對象或承

8、受者，常置于及物動詞或介詞后（不定式）（不定式）（動名詞）（動名詞）（句子）（句子） 賓語分為賓語分為直接賓語直接賓語和和間接賓語間接賓語.直接賓語指直接賓語指物或事物或事,間接賓語指人或動物間接賓語指人或動物. He gave me some books.間接間接賓語賓語直接直接賓語賓語please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.（四）表語（四）表語表述主語的特征、身份、狀態(tài)等，置于表述主語的特征、身份、狀態(tài)等，置于系動詞系動詞后后1. My father is a boss.2. This book is mi

9、ne.3. Time is precious.4. Ill be twenty next year.5. The war was over.6. I dont feel at ease. (形容詞形容詞)(代詞代詞)(名詞名詞)(數(shù)詞數(shù)詞)(副詞副詞)(介詞短語介詞短語)7. They seem to know the truth.8. His main hobby is smoking .9. This story is very interesting .10. Never touch an electric wire when it is broken . 11. Is that why

10、 you were angry? (不定式不定式)(現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞/形容詞形容詞)(動名詞動名詞/名詞名詞)(過去分詞過去分詞/形容詞形容詞)(從句從句) 注：注：除了除了be 系動詞外，還有一些動詞也可以用作系動詞系動詞外，還有一些動詞也可以用作系動詞，1)表表感官的動詞感官的動詞:2) 表表轉(zhuǎn)變變化轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動詞的動詞:3)表表延續(xù)延續(xù)的動詞的動詞feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。等。become, get, grow, turn, go,等等remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等等。There be

11、結(jié)構(gòu)1、定義：There be句型表示某處存在某物或某人。2、結(jié)構(gòu)：(1) There is +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+ 地點狀語. (2) There are +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+地點狀語. 注意事項：注意事項： there是引導(dǎo)詞，在句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，翻譯時也不必譯出。句子的主語是某人或某物，謂語動詞be要與主語（某人或某物）的數(shù)保持一致。當(dāng)主語是兩個或兩個以上的名詞時，謂語動詞要與跟它最近的那個名詞一致。如： There is a bird in the tree. 樹上有一只鳥。 There is a teacher and many students in our classroom.

12、我們教室里有一位老師和許多學(xué)生。 There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 樹下有兩個男孩，一個女孩。 1.不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。 2.名詞 At the meeting we elected him monitor. I think your brother a clever boy. 3.形容詞 I found the classroom empty. 4.副詞 Please call the students back

13、at once. 5.現(xiàn)在分詞 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.過去分詞 He saw his face reflected in the water.認(rèn)識補語認(rèn)識補語附屬成分附屬成分基本成分的修飾語?？梢允牵夯境煞值男揎椪Z?？梢允牵?定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句 狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語或從句。狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語或從句。定定 語語Poor John tottered toward a

14、hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John

15、makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.狀狀 語語Examples:Oh！What is that?。@嘆詞）！（驚嘆詞）He has，alas，failed again (哎呀哎呀,唉唉) Com

16、e here，John（呼語）（呼語）Roll on，Ocean，roll on(流動啊，海洋，流動 )句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的完整性。這種成分和句子的句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的完整性。這種成分和句子的其他詞沒有語法的關(guān)系。其他詞沒有語法的關(guān)系。獨立成分獨立成分（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. (

17、 I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分連接成分實際上是一個連詞，用來連接兩個或幾個平行的詞、連接成分實際上是一個連詞，用來連接兩個或幾個平行的詞、短語和分句。這種連詞叫做短語和分句。這種連詞叫做并列連詞并列連詞。He tried hard but he was unsuccessful. I used to live

18、in Paris and London. 另一類連接成分是用來連接兩個句子、且一個句子從屬于另另一類連接成分是用來連接兩個句子、且一個句子從屬于另一個句子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫一個句子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫從屬連詞從屬連詞。從屬連。從屬連詞主要用于引導(dǎo)各種從句。詞主要用于引導(dǎo)各種從句。He said that he did not want to go . You may come if you want to. 一個完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含一個完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含2個到個到4個基本成分，個基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個或更多其他的句子此外，如果

19、意思上有需要，還可包含一個或更多其他的句子成分。成分。連接成分連接成分There be 結(jié)構(gòu)1、定義：There be句型表示某處存在某物或某人。2、結(jié)構(gòu)：(1) There is +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+ 地點狀語. (2) There are +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+地點狀語. 注意事項：注意事項： there是引導(dǎo)詞，在句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，翻譯時也不必譯出。句子的主語是某人或某物，謂語動詞be要與主語（某人或某物）的數(shù)保持一致。當(dāng)主語是兩個或兩個以上的名詞時，謂語動詞要與跟它最近的那個名詞一致。如： There is a bird in the tree. 樹上有一只鳥。 There is a

20、teacher and many students in our classroom. 我們教室里有一位老師和許多學(xué)生。 There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 樹下有兩個男孩，一個女孩。 總結(jié)：總結(jié)：句子必須主謂俱備句子必須主謂俱備一般情況下主在謂前一般情況下主在謂前表語定在系動詞后表語定在系動詞后賓語有雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（賓補），賓補肯定在賓語后賓語有雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（賓補），賓補肯定在賓語后定語不一定在它修飾的詞前面定語不一定在它修飾的詞前面狀語最靈活，功能最為強(qiáng)大狀語最靈活，功能最為強(qiáng)大除了謂語、賓補之外，其它都可以由從句充當(dāng)除了謂

21、語、賓補之外，其它都可以由從句充當(dāng)簡單句只有一個限定動詞（即只有一個主謂結(jié)簡單句只有一個限定動詞（即只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種構(gòu)），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種作用中的一種。作用中的一種。 作一種陳述作一種陳述 提出一個問題提出一個問題 發(fā)出一種命令或請求發(fā)出一種命令或請求 表示一種感嘆表示一種感嘆Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.

22、Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!簡單句的基本詞序簡單句的基本詞序主語主語動詞部分動詞部分賓語賓語 狀語狀語（謂語）（謂語） 方式方式地點地點時間時間Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in

23、 the room.They drove him away in a police car.簡單句的擴(kuò)展成份簡單句的擴(kuò)展成份簡單句的主語、賓語可以加上一個短語（如定語）來擴(kuò)展，及物動詞或不及物動簡單句的主語、賓語可以加上一個短語（如定語）來擴(kuò)展，及物動詞或不及物動詞也可以與其它短語（如狀語）連用進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。詞也可以與其它短語（如狀語）連用進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright littl

24、e boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.兩個簡單句的主語可以連詞兩個簡單句的主語可以連詞and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等連詞連接組等連詞連接組成一個簡單句，但應(yīng)注

25、意主語和謂語動詞的一致性。成一個簡單句，但應(yīng)注意主語和謂語動詞的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is fl

26、ying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主語、謂語、賓語的合并主語、謂語、賓語的合并兩個簡單句的賓語可由兩個簡單句的賓語可

27、由and、bothand等連詞連接組成等連詞連接組成一個簡單句。一個簡單句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband.兩個或兩個以上限定

28、動詞也可合并為一個簡單句。兩個或兩個以上限定動詞也可合并為一個簡單句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主語、謂語、賓語的合并主語、謂語、賓語的合并并列句并列句需把幾個意思連接在一起時，可用分號需把幾個意思連接在一起時，可用分號或把兩個或幾個簡單句用或把兩個或幾個簡單句用并列連詞并列連詞連接連接起來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)即構(gòu)成一個并列句。起來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)即構(gòu)成一個并列句。用分號：用分號：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分號，后跟一個連接副詞：用分號，后跟

29、一個連接副詞：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列連詞（如用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet等等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.并列句并列句常用并列連詞常用并列連詞coordinating conjunctions 平行并列連詞平行并列連詞: 轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞：轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞： 因果并列連詞因果并列連詞: 選擇并列連詞選擇并列連詞:and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and thenbut, howeve

30、r, while, yetfor, soor, eitheror并列句并列句并列句的詞序：并列句的詞序：并列句基本上保留了簡單句并列句基本上保留了簡單句的詞序。的詞序。主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語 連詞連詞 主語主語 動詞動詞 表語表語Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五種簡單句型可用五種簡單句型可用并列連詞并列連詞連接起來組成并列句。連接起來組成并列句。 主主 謂謂 狀（方式）狀（方式） 連連 主主 謂謂 表表Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect.主主 謂謂 賓賓 連連 主主 謂謂

31、 地點地點I ve got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主主 謂謂 賓賓 賓補賓補 連連 主主 謂謂 賓賓They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.Exercise:請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He went to bed. 2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was af

32、raid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, but He didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.由一個主句和一個或者一個以上從句所由一個主句和一個或者一個以上從句所構(gòu)成的句子。在英語書面語中應(yīng)用廣泛。構(gòu)成的句子。在英語書面語中應(yīng)用廣泛。主句是一個完整的句子主句是一個完整的句子,它可以獨立存在。它可以獨立存在。從句是一個不完整的句子從句是一個不完整的句子,它必須和一

33、個它必須和一個主句連用，不能獨立存在。主句連用，不能獨立存在。復(fù)合句可以通過把兩個以上簡單句連接復(fù)合句可以通過把兩個以上簡單句連接在一起構(gòu)成在一起構(gòu)成,但復(fù)合句的各組成部份并非但復(fù)合句的各組成部份并非同等重要，其中一個句子由同等重要，其中一個句子由從屬連詞從屬連詞引引導(dǎo)（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。導(dǎo)（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 = 主句主句 + 從句從句復(fù)合句復(fù)合句復(fù)合句是在簡單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個或兩個復(fù)合句是在簡單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個或兩個以上簡單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起以上簡單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起形

34、容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從句：句： 1. 主語從句主語從句 2. 賓語從句賓語從句3. 表語從句表語從句 4. 定語從句定語從句5. 狀語從句狀語從句 6. 同位語從句同位語從句 英文寫作中最常使用的從句英文寫作中最常使用的從句1. 賓語從句賓語從句2. 狀語從句狀語從句 3. 定語從句定語從句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.賓語賓語how much

35、 he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris.that his fatherwas working in that school.賓語從句賓語從句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句I don

36、t know him.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.賓語從句賓語從句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Wash

37、ington.復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主語主語That he didnt know the answerin the room.定語定語who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡

38、單句That is the fact.表表 語語what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地點狀語地點狀語時間狀語時間狀語where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.復(fù)合句與簡單