商務(wù)英語翻譯教程

1、商務(wù)英語翻譯教程College Business EnglishA Course for Translationn從商務(wù)英語翻譯教程這門課的名稱來看， 他有兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，一個(gè)商務(wù)英語，一個(gè)翻譯。這門課就圍繞這兩方面來進(jìn)行。n說到翻譯呢，對(duì)于一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的翻譯人員的話，理論是基礎(chǔ)，實(shí)踐是真理。n也就是說，實(shí)踐對(duì)于學(xué)好翻譯來說是至關(guān)重要的。如果只掌握了理論，而不去實(shí)踐，是不能成為好的翻譯人員的。相反，沒有理論系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)，而有大量的翻譯實(shí)踐，有可能是以為合格的翻譯者。n而商務(wù)英語翻譯除了關(guān)系著翻譯，還涉及到很多商貿(mào)知識(shí)。翻譯理論n在我國，文字翻譯最早開始于春秋時(shí)期的越人歌，迄今大約有2500年的歷史，對(duì)翻

2、譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的爭(zhēng)論也有1000多年，但有關(guān)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在翻譯界迄今還沒有達(dá)成“共識(shí)”，即還沒有一個(gè)大家都認(rèn)同的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。n翻譯是一門推敲的，無唯一答案的課程。n國內(nèi)外翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)百家爭(zhēng)鳴、白花齊放。 n信、達(dá)、雅”。n1898年，嚴(yán)復(fù)在天演論的譯例言中說：“譯事之難：信、達(dá)、雅。求其信，已大難矣！顧信矣，不達(dá)，雖譯，猶不譯也，則達(dá)尚焉?！焙髞硪话憔桶选靶?、達(dá)、雅”當(dāng)作翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。n用今天的話來說，“信”就是忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確，“達(dá)”就是通順流暢，“雅”就是文字古雅。 n“功能對(duì)等”。n“功能對(duì)等”（Functional Equivalence）翻譯準(zhǔn)則是由美國著名翻譯家尤金.奈達(dá)（Eugene A . Nida）博士

3、提出的。在眾多的國外翻譯家中，奈達(dá)的翻譯理論可以說對(duì)我國的影響最大。他認(rèn)為，翻譯的預(yù)期目的主要是原文與譯文在信息內(nèi)容、說話方式、文體、風(fēng)格、語言、文化、社會(huì)因素諸方面達(dá)到對(duì)等。 n綜觀國內(nèi)外翻譯家們的觀點(diǎn)，可以得出結(jié)論：中外翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)其實(shí)質(zhì)上有一致性，即：信息對(duì)等。n說到底，不管什么樣的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，都離不開一個(gè)“真”字，換言之，譯文應(yīng)該是原文信息的真實(shí)反映，譯者最大限度地將原文作者所賦予原文語言文字的“任務(wù)”轉(zhuǎn)譯到譯文里。 譯者應(yīng)具備的能力n翻譯過程是一個(gè)語言轉(zhuǎn)化的過程，涉及跨語言，跨文化的內(nèi)容。n外語水平能力n母語水平能力n知識(shí)水平能力商務(wù)英語專業(yè)行話 術(shù)語n應(yīng)用水平能力n只有通過練習(xí)實(shí)踐，才能

4、真正提高譯者的翻譯水平Business negotiationsnThe conclusion of a favorable sale contract results largely from careful and meticulous(極仔細(xì)的; 一絲不茍的) business negotiation between the exporter and the importer. nTrade negotiations in international business background consist of five steps: enquiry, offer, counter-of

5、fer, acceptance, and the formation of contract.EnquiriesnAn enquiry is usually made by an importer to an exporter, asking for prices lists, catalogues, samples, and details about the goods or trade terms.n However, the exporter, on receiving the enquiry, will make a reply to, thus getting the negoti

6、ation started. Business negotiations in foreign trade usually commence with an enquiry by an overseas buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the sale. Offers nDefinitionnAn offer is a good proposal that is made to a specific individual or entity to enter into a contract. The proposal must c

7、ontain definite terms and must indicate the offerors intent to be bound by an acceptance.nThe party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the another party that receives the offer is called the offeree. Definition of an offernA proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more spe

8、cific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. (CISG Art 14-1)nCISG: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約Withdrawal of offernThe withdrawal of offer me

9、ans that the offeror, for some reason, withdraw his offer before it reaches the offeree or before it becomes effective.nThis may happen when the offeror finds that the offer he makes contains some mistake, or that the situation has changed which makes his offer unfavorable to him.Revocation of offer

10、nTo revoke an offer means that when the offer has reached the offeree, it has become effective, the offeror acts to revoke the offer thus to kill its effectiveness.nThe Convention agrees in principle that an offer is revocable before the note of acceptance is dispatched but provides that on the foll

11、owing two occasions, an offer is irrevocable.A. It indicates, whether by stating a fixed time or otherwise, that it is irrevocable.B. if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.Termination of offern“An offer, even

12、 if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror” (CISG Art.17).OffersnAccording to different criteria, offers can be classified into various kind:nSelling offersoffers made by the sellernBuying offersoffers made by a buyernFirm offers or offers with engagementnIndefinite of

13、fers or offers without engagement Firm offersnA firm offer or an irrevocable offer or an offer firm, is intended to make a contract with the offeree. nThe terms or conditions put forward in the offer can not be revoked or amended without consents from the other party. Once it is unconditionally acce

14、pted by the offeree within its validity, the transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately. Until this time, the offer has legally binding force on the both parties.nSuch offer usually has phrases like: “we offer firm, or we make a firm offer for the following goods”.Indefinite of

15、fersnAn indefinite offer is not binding on the offeror, and is stated unclear, incomplete and with reservation. Some expressions can help the reader to identify this nature of the offer, such as, reference price, subject to our final confirmation, subject to being unsold.nActually, quotation sheets

16、and price lists can serve as offers without engagement because they only include part of the terms, such as descriptions, specifications and unit prices. They do not include those terms about shipment, payment etc.Counter-offersnDefinitionnA counter-offer is a reply to an offer that materially alter

17、s the terms of the offer. nThe party who has received the offer is not in a position to fully accept the business terms offered. He may make a counter-offer, in which some alternations have been made about the business trade terms, such as, the price or other terms with the purpose of bargaining.nTh

18、ere are also two kinds of counter-offer: one with engagement and the other is without engagement. Acceptance (Accept) nDefinition nAn acceptance is an unconditional assent to an offer, or an assent conditioned on minor changes that do not affect material terms of the offer.nThe acceptance, in practi

19、ce, serves to conclude the business transaction. It must be absolute and unconditional, otherwise, it is not an acceptance but a counter-offer.nAn acceptance may be tendered only by the person to whom the offer is directed.nIt is a regular practice in international trade that a written contract is u

20、sually signed to bind both the seller and the buyer.nA formal contract should be prepared in duplicate. Both parties should sign each copy, and each party should keep a sign of it.nSome of the contracts commonly used in foreign trade are available in printed forms, so that only the date, price, name

21、 of commodities, names of parties, and similar particulars are needed to be filled in.Formation of contractsDefinition of contractsnA contract is simply an agreement that defines relationship between one or more parties. A commercial contract, in the simplest term, is merely an agreement made by two

22、 or more parties for the purpose of transacting business.nIf the seller works out a contract, it is called a sales contract; or if the buyer works it out, it is called a purchase contract. Business proceduresnenquiry offer counter-offer acceptance formation of contract.nApply for opening a letter of

23、 credit through a bank receive a complete set of shipping documents check or examine the documents in strict conformity with each other apply for the commodity inspection and quarantine apply for customs entry & customs formalities clearance collect the consignments from the forwarder at the por

24、t of entering fetch the goods to the plant for production get the quality certificate from the CCIB (China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中國商品檢驗(yàn)局) complain and claim.Methods and techniquesn翻譯的形式n直譯 (literal translation) 不等于對(duì)譯n 意譯 (free translation)n活譯 (dynamic equivalence translation)nThey dont know th

25、eir right hand from their left.nI gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.nAll roads lead to Rome.nI want to hit the sack and get some Zs.nSmashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.nMaybe he has cut of

26、f his own head and destroyed himself.nCast pearls before swine.nShe was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.nI threw myself in a chair.nHe has to make a terrible decision.詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 (P.8, 106, 236)n英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動(dòng)詞 （與英語中名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞詞義不同）All I wanted was to go somewhere, all I wanted was a change. 我只不過是想到別的地方去，我只想換

27、換空氣。n英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語形容詞，副詞He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the problem. 他注意到兩國在這問題上的意見是非常一致的。nThe application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity.nThere is considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality.nThe

28、board of directors will hold a consultation about the matter.nThe firm has a large business connection.nThere is a large attendance at the Fair.nWithdraw of offernRevocation of offernTermination of offernWithout his consent or confirmationnShe is a real beauty.nIndependent thinking is an absolute ne

29、cessity in study.nWe find difficulty in solving this problem.nIt is our great pleasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously.nThe blockade was a success.n人稱代詞的省略n英語冠詞的省略The blood-red sun sank below the horizon. 火紅的太陽沉入地平線。n增減法增詞法An American officer slipped on a banana skin. 一個(gè)美

30、國軍官踩在香蕉皮上滑到了。減詞法Could you help me in any way?你能幫幫我嗎？翻譯中的省略, 增減nDont put your hands in your pocket.nI am afraid she will come.nWe had much rain last summer.nWe live and learn.nThey say he is a genius.nGive him an inch and hell take an ell.nLiquids are like solids in that they have definite volume.nTh

31、e average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.nIn most cases, bona fide party to an international sales contract will do his best to perform his duties either as a seller or a buyer.nIt is not rare that either party to a contract may fail to perform his d

32、uties, or his performance is inconsistent with the terms provided on the contract.nThe atom is the smallest particle of an element.nGo into the garden and give an eye to the children.nHe has an eye for beauty.nPlease give me the letter you received yesterday.nShe is quite a beauty.nHe is the man I w

33、ant to see.nTake the medicine.nThe dean had a lot of work to do before the meeting.nScience demands of men great efforts and complete devotion.nIn the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.nI could knit when

34、I was seven.nSteel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust.nAir is a mixture of gases.nThings in the universe are changing all the time.nThe design is considered practical.nMatter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.nThis is the first step toward the solution of air po

35、llution.nOur railway system is being improved.nThe lion is the king of the animals.nReports of new successes keep pouring in.nStudies serve for delight, for ornament or for ability.nAt the meeting he made a speech, eloquent and energetic.nThese early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.nHe is qu

36、eer.nArrangements have been made to give the foreign guests a warm welcome.nWhere was his smile and hearty hand grasp.nOnce you are in, you wouldnt be allowed to get out.nHe entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.nThere are still many difficulties ahead which we must

37、 not overlook.nIt seems incredible that he has finished the work so soon.nHe believes it necessary to learn some rules before doing it.nThe day when he was born remains unknown.nEarly to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy.nThe year of 1949 saw the founding of the Peoples Republic of China. nY

38、ou dont look very well today.nHe shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.nRumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.被動(dòng)句的翻譯n英語中的被動(dòng)句既可以譯成主動(dòng)句， 又可以譯成被動(dòng)句，還可以根據(jù)漢語表達(dá)形式譯成無主句，判斷句等。nIt was founded in 1993它創(chuàng)建于1993年 （主動(dòng)句）nThey are ratified by members parliaments.它們

39、經(jīng)成員國議會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。（主動(dòng)句）nIf the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately.如果方案被批準(zhǔn)了，這項(xiàng)工程將立即動(dòng)工。（被動(dòng)句）nTwo days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.給了他們兩天的時(shí)間來做準(zhǔn)備。（無主句）nPrinting was introduced into Europe from China.印刷術(shù)是從中國傳入歐洲的。（判斷句）nOur price has already been closely calc

40、ulated.我方價(jià)格是經(jīng)過精密核算的。（判斷句）n 有些英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯成中文時(shí)，可以按中文習(xí)慣加上 受，被，給， 讓給，遭到，把，使，由，為所，用，靠，予以等。nVegetable oil has been known from antiquity.植物油自古以來就為人們所熟悉。nShe was blamed for everything her sister did.nThe lights have been turned on by him.nThe crops were washed away by the flood.nThe finished products must be c

41、arefully inspected before delivery.nHe was elected chairman of the Students Union.nBoats are moved by oars or by the wind. n合并法：將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上詞義相同或相近的詞組翻譯成一個(gè)詞。n單詞合并Toms father is dead and gone.湯姆的父親死了。nHe suffered aches and pains all over.nShe was frightened into shaking and trembling.nnull and void 無效 nt

42、erms and conditions 條款nfew and far between 稀少 nfree and clear 無 n句子合并she waited, but in vain.她白等了。nHe was born poor and poor he remained all his life.nThe train had left before he got to the station.nStudy hard before it is too late.定語從句的翻譯n五大步驟區(qū)分主從緊縮主干辨析詞義調(diào)整搭配潤飾詞語。n定語從句?？勺g為：定語結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，獨(dú)立句，簡單句，狀

43、語結(jié)構(gòu)等。譯為定語結(jié)構(gòu)n較短的定語從句比較容易理解與其它成分之間的關(guān)系，翻譯時(shí)，可將從句譯為定語結(jié)構(gòu)，“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)，直接放在被修飾詞的前面。只要句子較短，無論是限定性定語從句，還是非限定性定語從句，都可以采用這種方法。nA crane can be defined as a machine which lifts heavy pads and displaces them horizontally.nCongress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that received U. S. aid.nThe sun, w

44、hich had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.nIf one object is charged with the same kind of electricity as appears on another near by, the two objects will repel each other.譯為并列結(jié)構(gòu)n有些定語從句與主句的關(guān)聯(lián)不大緊密，或意思比較獨(dú)立，在邏輯上有追述，描寫，轉(zhuǎn)折等作用。這是一般把定語從句譯為前置或后置的并列結(jié)構(gòu)。n翻譯非限定定語從句，這種方法更加常見。nArchimedes principle

45、applies to liquids, by which we mean all liquids and gases.nAt dinner I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradley and a shy drab girl, who seemed even younger than the others.nIsabel was a tall girl with the oval face, straight nose, fine eyes and full mouth that appeared to be characteristic of the

46、family.nYou compare her with your English women who wolf down from three to five meat meals a day; naturally you find her a sylph.譯為謂語結(jié)構(gòu)n將原主句的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)壓縮成漢語的詞組作譯文的主語，把定語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語，合并成一個(gè)句子。nWe are a nation that must beg to stay alive.nShe had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhe

47、re.譯為獨(dú)立句n由于非限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系比較松散，所以很多情況下可以轉(zhuǎn)譯為獨(dú)立的句子，關(guān)系代詞只作為一般的代詞，從句也變?yōu)榫渥拥闹黧w。nOnce was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.nHe had talked to the vice-president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.譯為簡單句n限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系比較密切，因此可以把主句和從句合并

48、在一起，變成簡單句。這類句子常含有there be等結(jié)構(gòu)。nIs it history you are reading?nThe oil tanker carries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed.nThere were men in the crowd who had stood there every day for a month.譯成狀語從句n有些從句形式上是定語從句，但在語法功能及深層含以上卻起著狀語從句的作用，表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，結(jié)果，目的，讓步，條件，假設(shè)等。nTo make an atom bomb w

49、e have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.nWe recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to tame the unbridled exercise of power.nHe would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.nFormality has alway

50、s characterized their relationship.nMost U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.nHe is not very familiar with the biological terms.nThey returned game and glee.nThe new contract would be good for ten years.nHer voice rings through the who

51、le house.否定句的翻譯n雙重否定句：肯定譯法(正譯法）和否定譯法。nNo children will be admitted unless accompanied by an adult.無大人陪伴，小孩不得入內(nèi)。nDont come unless I telephone.nThere is no rule that has no exceptions.nThere is no steel not containing carbon.nNothing is impossible to a willing heart.nWe shouldnt be careless of consequ

52、ences.nUnusual occurrences in exporting are not uncommon.nAn elaborate banquet consisting of 8 to 12 courses in business entertainment is not uncommon in many Asian countries.雙重否定n主 + never + V.+but + 從句主 + nerve + V. + without + V-ing每必nThere is no + 名詞 + but + V沒有一個(gè)不nfew + 名詞 + but + V幾乎每個(gè)都nHe nev

53、er goes to a bookstore but he buys some books.nHe never goes to a bookstore without buying some books.nThere is no mother but loves her children.nI know few people but are concerned about the air pollution.部分否定nAll, both, every not并非 所有，兩者，每一not always, not necessarily 未必是nAll men are not honest.nBo

54、th his parents are not living.nThis train doesnt stop at every stop.nThe rich are not always happy.nLeaves are not necessarily green.表示“也不”的倒裝句型n否定句 +and + 主語 + 助V.（aus.) + not, either (也不）否定句 + and + nor, neither +助V. (aus.)+ 主語nYou do not smoke, nor do I.nYou do not smoke, and I dont either. 否定句型n

55、The last + 名詞 + to +V. ,that (clause)再怎么說也不會(huì)的， 最不可能的nHe is the last man for me to invite.nThis was the last thing I would do.nFail to + V. = be unable to + V.未能， 沒有nNot, never, fail to + V. = V. + without fail一定，務(wù)必nHe failed to follow my advice.nI never fail to keep my word.nI keep my word without f

56、ail.nSb. + be above + V-ing, N.恥于， 不屑nHe is above such conduct.nHe is not above asking questions.nFar from = anything but = by no means = not at all = not in the least 絕不nHe is far from honest.nHis explanation is far from satisfactory.nNothing but = only 只是 僅僅nAll but = almost 幾乎nCannot but 不得不 禁不住n

57、He was nothing but a child.nHe was all but drowned.nHe cannot but laugh.nIt goes without saying thatNeedless to say不用說nIt goes without saying that education is important.nNeedless to say, education is important.nCannottoo愈愈好, 再也不為過nA student cannot be too diligent.nNot so much (A) as (B)與其說A不如說BnHe

58、is not so much diligent as clever.nThere is no + V-ingIt is impossible to + V.不可能nThere is no knowing what may happen in the future.nLeave nothing to be desired = be perfect毫無缺點(diǎn)nYour work leaves nothing to be desired.長句的翻譯nI was on my way home.nI was on my way home from tramping about the street.nI

59、was on my way home from tramping on the street, my drawings under my arm.nI was on my way home from tramping on the street, my drawings under my arm, when I found myself in front of the gallery.n劃清主干化整為零（分層次）分而譯之化零為整n斷句譯法， 即將長句斷開后化整為零， 分而譯之。斷句主要是把各種后置修飾語與其被修飾成分拆開，然后單獨(dú)敘述。nHe felt that books and the k

60、nowledge in them were part of a world that was against him, a world to which he did not belong and which he did not want to enter, the world of which the teachers were representatives and symbols. n逆序法：再重新組合語言的過程中，經(jīng)原文的一些語句順序打亂，或前置，或后置。nThey remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usuall