第五章翻譯的語(yǔ)言對(duì)比

1、第五章 翻譯的語(yǔ)言對(duì)比 英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)分屬于不同的語(yǔ)言體系 英語(yǔ)是拼音文字，是一種以形合為主的語(yǔ)言。形與義之間沒有必然的聯(lián)系。詞匯量大，語(yǔ)法形態(tài)齊備 漢語(yǔ)是在象形文字的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展出來(lái)的意合為主的語(yǔ)言。往往可以因形見意。語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)松散，詞匯意義的蘊(yùn)涵較廣。一、語(yǔ)義的差異 詞匯的意義詞義完全對(duì)等 只限于一些通用的技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)和少數(shù)的專有名詞 The Pacific ocean Helicopter paper詞義部分對(duì)等1.It is a cat. She is a cat.(她是個(gè)心地狠毒的女人。)2.marriage(嫁、娶)、sister(姐、妹)、3.sophisticated man (老于世故的

2、人)、sophisticated woman（狡猾的女子） sophisticated columnist(老練的專欄作家)Sophisticated electronic device(精密的電子裝置)Sophisticated weapon(尖端的武器)4.顏色詞、動(dòng)物詞等 Fish in the air(水底撈月) One boy is a boy, two boys half boy, three boys no boys. As poor as a church mouse Lead a dog life Spend money like water Put a fifth whee

3、l to the other詞義完全不對(duì)等 Ajar Commuter In my poor opinion,you should let her go. In private Thatcher scoffed at his continental allies as “bloody wets(軟弱)”. If you think I am for him, you are all wet（wrong）. In the end I had to have a caesarean(剖腹產(chǎn)), which just knocked me for six(made me at a loss). He

4、 has only untutored strength, like a bull in a china. Among the blind the one eyed man is king. They were too strong to be opposed head on. To do that was to tilt at windmills. 他有力氣，可是沒有經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練，想一頭鉆進(jìn)瓷器店的牛，一動(dòng)就闖禍。 山中無(wú)老虎，猴子稱霸王。 他們太強(qiáng)大了，不能同他們正面對(duì)陣。要是正面對(duì)陣，就會(huì)跟唐吉可德一樣，躍馬持槍向風(fēng)車沖刺。 She was born with a silver spoon

5、in her mouth. The student from provincial area feels like a fish out of water White elephant Golden cock詞義沖突 Love me, love my dog. Dragon Red The local press challenged the license of the TV station. 當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)紙要求吊銷那個(gè)電視臺(tái)的執(zhí)照。句法差異：1.形合與意合 形合（hypotaxis）:句中的詞語(yǔ)或分句之間需要一種語(yǔ)言形式如連詞，或關(guān)聯(lián)詞連接起來(lái)，表達(dá)一定的語(yǔ)法和邏輯意義； 意合（parataxi

6、s）句中的詞語(yǔ)或分句之間不用語(yǔ)言學(xué)上手段進(jìn)行連接，句中的語(yǔ)法意義或邏輯關(guān)系通過(guò)詞語(yǔ)或分句的含義來(lái)表達(dá)。 就表情功能而言，意合是明示，意合是隱含 You feel such a sense of exhilaration that you wouldnt exchange it for all the power and glory of the world.(你是那樣的歡樂(lè)，世界上的任何權(quán)力與榮耀你都視若敝埽。) If you tell me all about it, I shall be able to decide. A.如果你把一切都告訴我，那么，我就能做出決定了。 B.你把一切都告訴

7、我，我就能做出決定了英語(yǔ)重形合，漢語(yǔ)重意合。但不絕對(duì)。 Poor acoustics spoilt the performance. The good tiding filled the whole nation with joy. I shall pass by the next paragraph, which has nothing to do with the topic in hand. Beggars must not be choosers. A little of everything and nothing at all. 音響效果不好，演出大為遜色。 捷報(bào)傳來(lái)，舉國(guó)歡騰。

8、下一段我不準(zhǔn)備談了，因?yàn)樗c目前討論的話題無(wú)關(guān)。 既然已經(jīng)是要飯的，就不要挑肥揀瘦。 如果什么事情都是淺嘗即止，終將一事無(wú)成。2.前重心與后重心 英語(yǔ)從小到大，從特殊到一般，從個(gè)體到整體，重心一般放在句前。 Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life. One problem in trying to discuss my reporting is its sheer volume. 生活中既然有悲劇，文學(xué)作品就可以些悲劇。 我的報(bào)告篇幅特別長(zhǎng)，若要討論我的報(bào)告，這就 成了一個(gè)問(wèn)題。 With co

9、nsiderable justification, environmental groups accuse the Administration of “destroying environmental laws by failing to enforce them or by enforcing them in ways that deliberately encourage non-compliance.” 某些環(huán)境保護(hù)組織批評(píng)政府“不執(zhí)行環(huán)境法，或者名為執(zhí)行，實(shí)際上卻在蓄意縱容犯法”。這種批評(píng)是很有道理的。 So it was that the farm poor were caught

10、 in their won past, the double victims of technology: exile from their home by advance in agricultural machinery; unfitted for life in the city because of consequences of industrial mechanization. 農(nóng)村中的窮人如同過(guò)去一樣貧窮，他們成了即使發(fā)展的雙重犧牲品：以來(lái)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的廣泛應(yīng)用使得他們不得不背井離鄉(xiāng)；二來(lái)工業(yè)機(jī)械化所產(chǎn)生的后果又使得他們?cè)诔鞘欣餆o(wú)法立足。 It works by eliciting

11、the general principles which apply to the facts, as they exist, and then by an intellectual survey of alternative possibilities which are consistent with those principles. 想象是通過(guò)引出適用于具體事實(shí)本身的一般規(guī)律，并隨之對(duì)與這些規(guī)律一致的種種可能性進(jìn)行理性推理概括而起作用的。3.已知與未知 英語(yǔ)在敘事與表態(tài)的關(guān)系上是先表態(tài)后敘事，在分析與結(jié)論的關(guān)系上是先結(jié)論后分析，在前提與假設(shè)的關(guān)系上是先假設(shè)后前提，在原因與結(jié)果的關(guān)系上是

12、先結(jié)果后原因。而漢語(yǔ)則相反。 The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 因?yàn)榫嚯x遠(yuǎn)，又缺乏交通工具，農(nóng)村社會(huì)是與外界隔絕的。這種隔絕狀態(tài)，由于通訊工具的不足，就變得更加嚴(yán)重。 The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only

13、they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. 小國(guó)人民敢于起來(lái)都在，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己國(guó)家的命運(yùn)，就一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國(guó)。 借助想象與持有不同偏見的人進(jìn)行辯論，是一個(gè)很好的辦法。 For reasons that range from simple mak

14、ing ends meet to putting money away for luxuries or for retirement, millions are taking on second and even third jobs for added cash. 成千上萬(wàn)的人為了掙外快，身兼雙職，甚至三職，兼職的原因各有不同，有的想平衡家庭開支，有的想存些錢購(gòu)買高檔消費(fèi)品，有的則是存錢防老。 Tess and the other three were dressing themselves rapidly, the whole bevy have agreed to go together

15、 to Mellstock Church, which lay some three or four miles distant from diary house. 離牛奶場(chǎng)三、四英里是梅勒陶教堂，苔絲和她那三個(gè)伙伴商議好了，要一塊到那兒去做禮拜，所以現(xiàn)在都在屋里急急忙忙地?fù)Q衣服。 苔絲和三個(gè)伙伴在屋子里急急忙忙地?fù)Q衣服，她們已經(jīng)事先商量好，要一塊到梅爾斯托克教堂去做禮拜，那兒離擠奶場(chǎng)有三、四英里地。 It requires that discipline of character which can say “yes” and “no” to other men, not by reason

16、 of blind obstinacy, but with firmness derived from a conscious evaluation of relevant alternatives. 在性格上必須受過(guò)這樣的訓(xùn)練，即對(duì)別人的看法表示贊同或者反對(duì)時(shí)，不是出自于固執(zhí)己見，而是理智地權(quán)衡各種相關(guān)選擇方案，從而變得果斷的結(jié)果。4.被動(dòng)與主動(dòng) 英語(yǔ)多被動(dòng)，漢語(yǔ)少被動(dòng)。不覺青林沒晚潮。門鎖上了。字典潮了。他淋雨了。他受人尊重。他遇刺身亡。黃浦江上又建了一座橋。 I always believe that I was very lucky to have been brought up in

17、 a small town with a great sense of friendliness and voluntary service . The visitor was flattered and impressed. He said it would be preferable for the experts to be at present at the sessions, whether or not they were invited to express their views. 我常常感到，我得以生長(zhǎng)在一個(gè)小城鎮(zhèn)中是一件幸事，因?yàn)樾℃?zhèn)具有 純厚的街坊感情和自覺的公益精神。

18、這位客人受寵若驚，大為感動(dòng)。 他說(shuō)，最好也請(qǐng)專家列席會(huì)議，不管他們是否已受到邀請(qǐng)來(lái)表達(dá)他們的意見。 it +be +past participle +that It should be noted that應(yīng)當(dāng)指出 It is believed that .據(jù)信 The clever failed because of their cleverness.(聰明反被聰明誤。)5.肯定與否定 We decide that as it was only for a few days our pocketbook would stand the strain. The thought of retur

19、ning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation. These demands seemed less than reasonable. 我們商量以后認(rèn)為，我們只在這里呆幾天，所以我們的錢不至于告罄。 在苦難的日子里，歸國(guó)的念頭一直縈繞在他心中。 這些要求似乎不近情理。 she has been a widow only six months. 他的丈夫死了才半年。 We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我們對(duì)生活要永遠(yuǎn)抱樂(lè)觀態(tài)度。6.抽象主語(yǔ)與人

20、稱主語(yǔ) The seclusion in which they had kept themselves so long, had cut them off from a knowledge of the relation between the nations. The enjoyment of pornography and use of obscenity became the self-imposed obligation of the emancipated women. 他們與世事隔絕日久，對(duì)于國(guó)際間錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)系已經(jīng)一無(wú)所知。 一些所謂思想解放的婦女沉溺于荒誕放縱的生活，并視此為自

21、己應(yīng)該得到的享受。 Her eagerness to be gone from Norland was preserved from diminution by the evident satisfaction of her daughter-in-law in the prospect of her removal; a satisfaction which was but feebly attempted to be concealed under cold invitation to her to defer her departure. 譯文1.達(dá)什伍德太太渴望離開若蘭德的心情絲毫沒有

22、減弱，因?yàn)樗膬合笨吹剿龑⒁嶙呙黠@地露出了滿意的神情，這種滿意的神情只在假惺惺地請(qǐng)婆婆推遲她們的行期時(shí)稍微地掩蓋了一下。 譯文2.看到達(dá)什伍德要搬走，她兒媳喜形于色。她假惺惺地邀請(qǐng)婆婆推遲她們的行期，以便稍稍地掩蓋了一下這種心情。但達(dá)什伍德太太一心渴望離開若蘭德，根本不為所動(dòng)。 The justification for a university is that it preserves the connection between knowledge and the zest of life, by uniting the young and the old in the imaginat

23、ive consideration of learning. Nightfall found him many miles short of his appointed preaching place. 大學(xué)之所以有理由存在，是因?yàn)樗估仙賰纱嗽诟挥谙胂罅Φ膶W(xué)習(xí)中，保持了知識(shí)與對(duì)生活熱情之間的聯(lián)系。 夜幕降臨，他離預(yù)定的不道地點(diǎn)還有好幾英里呢。時(shí)空差異 在時(shí)間的坐標(biāo)里，英語(yǔ)沿用空間思維，用back來(lái)指稱過(guò)去，用forward指稱未來(lái)；漢語(yǔ)雖然也有用空間思維來(lái)表示時(shí)間的，但方位相反，稱過(guò)去為以前，未來(lái)為以后，所以英語(yǔ)from this time forward翻譯為漢語(yǔ)就是“從此以后”，two

24、 years back是“兩年以前”。所以，漢譯時(shí)往往需要把以空間順序構(gòu)建英語(yǔ)句子或句群按照時(shí)間的順序來(lái)處理。 例1 The decision was taken only after the most serious consideration and careful weighing of implication. 譯文1只有在極為嚴(yán)肅地考慮并慎重地權(quán)衡了利弊以后，這一決定才能做出。 譯文2做出這一決定之前，我們極為嚴(yán)肅地考慮并始終地權(quán)衡了利弊。 辨析：兩個(gè)譯文其實(shí)都體現(xiàn)了原文的含義，但譯文更符合漢語(yǔ)的思維習(xí)慣。 例2 I am getting ahead of the story. 譯文我講到故事