understanding cultural differences文化維度理論

1、Understanding Cultural DifferencesIntercultural Organizational Value DimensionsIntercultural Organizational Value Dimensions Hofstede的文化維度理論是由他在全球40多個(gè)國家的IBM分支中調(diào)查收集的數(shù)據(jù)分析而成，有很多學(xué)者因此質(zhì)疑其研究結(jié)果的客觀性，但這并不影響文化維度成為跨文化管理的經(jīng)典和持續(xù)的焦點(diǎn)。 依照他的理論，國家間文化的差異可以被歸納為5個(gè)不同的維度，分別為：權(quán)力距離(Power Distance), 不確定性規(guī)避 (Uncertainty Avoidan

2、ce),個(gè)人/集體主義(Individualism/ Collectivism), 男性度/女性度(Masculinity-femininity),時(shí)間導(dǎo)向性(Time Orientation)。Individualism & CollectivismThe Power Distance DimensionThe Uncertainty Avoidance DimensionThe Masculinity & Femininity DimensionCultural DimensionsIndividualism & CollectivismIndividualism

3、& CollectivismIndividualismEmphasize the importance of individual identity over group identity, individual rights over group rights, and individual needs over group needs.CollectivismEmphasize the “we” identity over the “I” identity, group rights over individual rights, and in-group-oriented nee

4、ds over individual wants and desires.Individualism & CollectivismIndividualism clarity, directness; meeting personal needs and goals; more “I” than “we”; more independent;Collectivism indirect communication; concern for others feelings, not hurting others; avoiding negative evaluation; interdepe

5、ndent and group concerned; in-group harmony and in-group collaborative spirit;Individualism & CollectivismAnswer the following question: Which country can be classified into the culture of individualism? USA, Australia, Britain, Netherland, Canada, Germany, Chinese Hong Kong, Chinese Taiwan, etc

6、.Individualism & CollectivismIndividualism found in most northern and western regions of Europe and in North America.Collectivism a cultural pattern common in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Central and South America, and the Pacific island.Individualism & CollectivismThe Power Distance Dimen

7、sion Power distance is defined as the “extent to which the less powerful members of institutions accept that power is distributed unequally”. Cultures with a high power distance are said to accept inequality as a cultural norm. In other words, these cultures are vertical that is, they are hierarchic

8、al cultures.The Power Distance DimensionSmall power distance culturesemphasize equal distance;informality;equal rights and relations;equitable rewards and punishments based on performances;Large power distance culturesaccept power distance;formality;hierarchical rights;asymmetrical role relations;re

9、wards and punishments in terms of age, rank, status, title, and seniority;The Power Distance DimensionThe Power Distance DimensionSmall power distance culturesUSA; Canada;Germany;Austria;Denmark;Israel;Republic of Ireland;Large power distance culturesSingapore;Western African countries;India;Malaysi

10、a;Philippines;Arab countries;The Power Distance DimensionThe Power Distance DimensionThe Power Distance DimensionOO QQThe Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain and unknown situations and the extent to

11、 which they try to avoid these situations.The Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension Weak uncertainty avoidance culturesSingapore;USA; Canada;Denmark;Australia;Norway;Jamaica; Strong uncertainty avoidance culturesJapan; South Korea;Greece; France; Spain;Portugal;The Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension Weak unc

12、ertainty avoidance culturesUncertainty is valued;Encourage risk taking;Expect innovation;Conflict can be positive;Career change; Strong uncertainty avoidance culturesUncertainty is a threat; Prefer clear procedures and guidelines;Career stability;Conflict is negative;Formal structures and rules;The

13、Uncertainty Avoidance DimensionThe Uncertainty Avoidance DimensionThe Masculinity and Femininity Dimension Masculinity pertains to “societies in which social gender roles are clearly distinct (namely, men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focus on material success whereas women are supposed t

14、o be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life )”.The Masculinity and Femininity Dimension Femininity pertains to “societies in which social gender roles overlap (i.e. both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life)”.The Masculinity and Femininity Dimension“Feminine” culturesFlexible sex roles;Emphasize nurturance;Quality of work life;Work in order to live;Environmental issues; “Masculine” culturesComplementary sex roles;Emphasize achievements;Ec