記詞匯的方法高考英語詞匯復(fù)習(xí)-

1、 高考英語詞匯歸類復(fù)習(xí)一、從用法上復(fù)習(xí)歸納詞匯,過語法關(guān)英語詞匯大多具有本身詞義外,還有其語法功能,我們在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)就不要把著眼點(diǎn)單純放在單詞記憶上,而要從它們的語法功能上去把握它們。如在復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)我們就要根據(jù)它們變化形式多、搭配活躍等特點(diǎn),從它們的用法上進(jìn)行分類記憶。這樣,既可記住詞匯,又可攻克語法難關(guān)。1.賓語不同,意義也不同英語中有些動(dòng)詞可同時(shí)后接不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語,但意義不同。它們是高考試題的考查重點(diǎn)。這類詞主要有:go on doing(繼續(xù)干同一件事go on to do(接著去干另一件事stop doing sth.(停止正在干的事stop to do sth.(停下來去干某事re

2、gret doing(后悔干了某事regret to do(相當(dāng)于be sorry to doforget/remember doing(忘記/記得已做過的事forget/rem-ember to do(忘記/記得要干的事mean doing(意味著干mean to do(想干try doing(嘗試做try to do(設(shè)法做 (95高考"Y ou were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.""Well,now I regret_that."A.to doB.to be doingC.to

3、 have doneD.having done(92高考"I usually go there by train.""Why not_by boat for a change?"A.to try goingB.trying to goC.to try and goD.try going(87高考They would not allow him_across the line. A.to risk going B.risking goingC.for risk to goD.risk going2.都可接賓語和賓補(bǔ),形式卻不同某些動(dòng)詞如forbid,adv

4、ise,allow,permit,admit,consider等直接接動(dòng)詞作賓語時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞,但接賓補(bǔ)時(shí),賓補(bǔ)要用不定式。如:We forbid smoking here.(賓語We forbid you to smoke here. (賓補(bǔ)Y ou are forbidden to smoke here.(主補(bǔ)3.賓語不同、語態(tài)不同,意義卻相同有些詞如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被動(dòng)形式,可接動(dòng)名詞(要用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義,可與worth,worthy一并記憶。兩種形式意義相同。如:The room requires to be cleaned/cl

5、eaning.(85高考This sentence needs_. A.an improvement B.improve C.improvingD.improved4.只接不定式作賓語的詞和詞組只接不定式作賓語的詞和詞組有: decide,expect,refuse,wish,hope,order,promise,pretend,offer,happen,seem,make up one's mind,used,be about,be able,have等。如:(89高考She pretended_me when I passed by.A.not to seeB.not seeing

6、C.to not seeD.having not seen5.只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的詞和詞組只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的詞和詞組: mind,risk,avoid,enjoy,escape,keep,suggest,appreciate,practise,delay,finish,feel like,look forward to,can't help,keep(on,miss,be usedto,excuse,be worth,imagine ,put off,give up等。如:(92高考I would appreciate_back this afternoon.A.you to call

7、B.you call C.your calling D.you are calling(87高考The squirrel was lucky that it just missed_.A.catching B.to be caught C.beingcaught D.to catch6.系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞后可用名詞、不定式、分詞和形容詞等作表語,這類詞有:表感觀的系動(dòng)詞:look,sound,taste,smell,feel,seem,appear(這些詞用形容詞作表語表變化的系動(dòng)詞:become,get,turn,grow,make,come,go,fall,run表依舊的系動(dòng)詞:remain,k

8、eep,stay,continue,stand,rest,lie,hold可帶名詞作表語的系動(dòng)詞:be,become,make,look,sound,fall,prove,remain,turn(該詞后接的單數(shù)名詞前多不用冠詞。如:He turned teacher.(91高考These oranges taste_.A.goodB.wellC.to be goodD.to be well7.含"被動(dòng)"意味的動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞,如sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear,wear,p

9、ull, clean,add,cook,let(出租等,它們的主語是事物,且又是表示主語的固有特征和狀態(tài),與行為方式狀語連用時(shí),要用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義:My pen writes smoothly.我的筆好寫。Oil burns easily.油易燃燒。(88高考That suit_over 60 dollars.A.had costed B.costed C.is cost D.cost(97高考"Is this raincoat yours?""No,mine_there behind the door."A.is hangingB.has hung

10、C.hangsD.hung8.具有兩種形式的易混動(dòng)詞中學(xué)英語教材中有些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有兩種過去式或兩種過去分詞形式,使用或考測時(shí)極易弄混。如:hang,hanged,hanged(絞死hang,hung,hung(掛起light,lit,lit(點(diǎn)燃,作謂語light,lighted,lighted(過去分詞作形容詞用時(shí),意謂"燃燒著的",作定語drink,drank,drunk/drunken(喝,飲;過去分詞作形容詞同時(shí),意謂"醉的",drunk多作表語, drunke n多作定語sink,sank,sunk/sunken(下沉;過去分詞sunken作形

11、容詞用時(shí),作定語bear,bore,born(出生bear,bore,borne(結(jié)果;生育The woman,who was born in 1940,has bornefive children.lie(撒謊, lied, lied, lying lie(躺,臥,位于,lay, lain, lying(89高考Do you know the boy_under the big tree? A.lay B.lain C.laying D.lying二、從搭配上復(fù)習(xí)歸納詞匯,過習(xí)語關(guān)英語詞匯的搭配十分活躍,復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)我們要把重點(diǎn)放在某些常用的動(dòng)詞、名詞或介詞、副詞。我們可按下列方式進(jìn)行對比歸納。1

12、.常用的搭配活躍的名詞: 常用的搭配較活躍的名詞有:time,way,moment,means等。如time 的搭配短語在中學(xué)教材中出現(xiàn)有:in no time(立刻,馬上,on time(按時(shí),in time(及時(shí)、遲早、最終,at a time(一次,behind the times(落伍,behind time(不及時(shí),晚點(diǎn),at one time(曾經(jīng),for a time(一度,at othe r times(其它時(shí)候,平素,at times(有時(shí)候,at all times(一直,經(jīng)常(93高考If you keep on,you will succeed_.A.in time B

13、.at one time C.on time D.at the same time(94高考Don't all speak at once!_,please.A.Each at on time B.One by one time C.One for each timeD.One at a time2.常用的搭配活躍的動(dòng)詞: 常用的搭配活躍的動(dòng)詞有: look,take,make,give,get,have,go,do,turn,put,set,come等。復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)我們要盡量將具有相反意義的介詞、副詞與同一動(dòng)詞的搭配羅列在一起對比記憶,如turn一詞:turn on(打開,turn off

14、(關(guān)上,turn up(放大音量等;出現(xiàn),turn down(放小音量等;拒絕,turn in(上交,turn against(反對,turn out(生產(chǎn),turn away(避開(81高考Would you mind_your radio a little? A.turn off B.turning off C.to turn downD.turning down(92高考Readers can_quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word. A.get over B.get out of C.get away D.ge

15、t off3.常用的搭配活躍的介詞、副詞: 搭配活躍的介詞、副詞有:in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with等。復(fù)習(xí)時(shí),我們要從不同動(dòng)詞、名詞等與同一介詞、副詞搭配進(jìn)行逐一過關(guān),如on的搭配有:on與動(dòng)詞的搭配: get on(上車/船等,live on(以為生,feed on(以為生,take on (接受;雇用,turn on(打開開關(guān)/電器等,look on(旁觀,spy on(偵察/窺探,call on (號(hào)召;拜訪,go on(繼續(xù),have on(穿戴,dependon(依靠,wait on(侍候,carry on(執(zhí)行,hold on

16、(堅(jiān)持,insi st on(堅(jiān)持,play tr-icks on(戲弄,fix on(注視,impress on(留下印象on與名詞搭配(注意冠詞的取舍:on duty(值班,on business(因公;因事,on fire(燃燒,on show(展覽,on time(準(zhǔn)時(shí),on strike(罷工,on watch(監(jiān)視,觀察,on sale (出售;大減價(jià),on earth(到底,究竟,on journey(旅游,on foot(步行,on purpose (故意,on the way(在路上,on the contrary(相反,on one hand(一方面,on the righ

17、t (在右邊,on the whole(總而言之,on one's own(獨(dú)自,on one's side(支持,站在某一方,on holiday/leave(度假/請假其它情況:later on(后來,from now/then on(從現(xiàn)在/那時(shí)起,on account of(由于,因?yàn)?93高考We offered him our congratulations_his passing the college entrance exams. A.atB.onC.forD.of(91高考A new school was_in the village last year.

18、A.held up B.set up C.sent upD.brought up三、從對比詞/詞組的同義、詞序或結(jié)構(gòu)等復(fù)習(xí)歸納詞匯,過辨析關(guān)1.動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞和結(jié)果動(dòng)詞: 英語中有些動(dòng)詞雖然意義相同,但用法不同,有的表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作,而另一個(gè)則表示該動(dòng)作所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,這類動(dòng)詞常見的有:look for(尋找,find(找到;look(看,see(看見;listen(聽,hear(聽到;try(試圖,不說明是否成功,manage(設(shè)法,側(cè)重做到;advise(勸告,不說明是否勸成,persuade(勸服,側(cè)重勸成功(87高考How can you_if you are not_? A.listen,hea

19、ring B.hear,listeningC.be listening,heardD.be hearing,listened to2.詞序不同、意思就不同: 有少量詞組顛倒詞序后意思和用法就不同了,常見的有:before long (不久以后,long before(很久以前turn in(上交;就寢,in turn(按次序,輪流hand in (上交,in hand(在手邊f(xié)rom far(來自遠(yuǎn)方,far from(離得遠(yuǎn);遠(yuǎn)非much too(非常,修飾形容詞或副詞,too much(太多,修飾名詞,也可作名詞if only(要是,only if(只有all in(精疲力盡,in all

20、(總共good for(對有好處,for good(永遠(yuǎn)(95上海It was_late to catch a bus after the party,therefore we called a taxi. A.too very B.much tooC.too muchD.farBefore long,he moved to London and made London the base for his revolutionary work.It was not long before the whole country rose up and drove the Aus trians out

21、 of their homeland. 3.動(dòng)詞后有無介詞,意思不同: 因有無介詞而詞義不同的動(dòng)詞在中學(xué)英語教材中較多,常見的如:search(對人、物或場所搜查,search for(搜尋人、物或場所leave(離開某地,leave for(去某地reach(到達(dá);拿到,reach for(伸手去拿prepare(準(zhǔn)備,prepare for(為作準(zhǔn)備enter(進(jìn)入,enter for(報(bào)名參加run(經(jīng)營;跑,run for(競選stand(站;忍受,stand for(代表answer(回答,answer for(負(fù)責(zé)know(了解,知道,know about (知道關(guān)于pay(付錢、

22、債給某人,pay for(付錢買某物The baby reached for the apple but he couldn't reach it.那嬰兒伸手去拿蘋果,但夠不到。The mayor who used to run a small shop will run for the Senate.那個(gè)曾經(jīng)營過一家小店的市長準(zhǔn)備去競選參議員。4.有無-ly,意思和用法都不同: 這詞在教材中較多。一般來說,在形容詞后加了-ly成了副詞,但有些形容詞不加-ly時(shí)也可作副詞,因而在使用或考測時(shí)學(xué)生常混淆不清,復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)可按用法分類記憶:a.表具體(無-ly和抽象(有-ly的區(qū)別:wide(寬

23、廣,widely(廣泛地deep(深,deeply (深深地high(高,位置高,highly(高度地low(位置低,lowly(地位卑微b.有無-ly,意思不同:near(近,附近,nearly(幾乎hard(努力,hardly(幾乎不most (大部分,mostly(主要地like(象一樣,likely(大概,也許dear(昂貴,dearly(深切地;昂貴地close(靠近地,closely(密切地late(遲到,lately(最近bad(壞,badly (惡劣地;嚴(yán)重地5.合寫與分寫時(shí)意思不同:這類詞在拼法上一樣,但合寫和分寫在用法和意義上卻不同,常見的詞有:sometime(某個(gè)時(shí)候,

24、some time(一段時(shí)間sometimes(有時(shí),some times(幾次everyday(adj."日常的",作定語,every day(每天anyway(adv.無論怎樣,any way (以任何方式altogether(總共,完全,all together(一道,一起already(已經(jīng),all ready (都已準(zhǔn)備好everyone(每個(gè)人,指人,不可接of短語,every one (每個(gè)人或物,后可接of短語none(沒有,可指人或物,no one(沒有,專指人(95高考They were all very tired,but_of them would

25、stop to take a rest. A.any B.someC.noneD.neither6.差了一個(gè)字母a,意思大不同: 這類詞不多,但在練習(xí)中極易出錯(cuò),使用時(shí)也?；煜?因而要從用法和意義上加以辨別。如:alive(adj."活著的",作表語,live(adj.修飾物,作定語:a live firealone(adj.,adv."獨(dú)自",作形容詞時(shí)作表語,lone(adj."孤獨(dú)的;偏僻的",作定語asleep(adj."熟睡的",常作表語,sleep(V.,n.睡著awake(adj.,v."醒

26、著;叫醒",作形容詞時(shí)作表語,wake(v.叫醒a(bǔ)like(adj."相象的",表語形容詞,like(v.,prep.,adj.喜歡;象一樣arise(vi.產(chǎn)生;發(fā)生;出現(xiàn),rise(vi.起來;上漲;上升across(prep.,adv.穿過;橫過,cross(v.穿過;橫過await(vt."等候",直接接賓語,wait(vi."等候",不及物動(dòng)詞aloud(adv."大聲地",與read,call,cry等連用,無比較級(jí)形式,loud(adv."大聲地,響亮地",常與talk,

27、speak,shout,laugh等詞連用注意:有a-的形容詞常作表語,作定語時(shí)則要后置。如:It's difficult for the man awake to fall asleep again. 四、歸納易拼錯(cuò)的常用詞,過拼寫關(guān)歸納易拼錯(cuò)的常用詞如:quarrel,immerdiately,camera,umbrella,envelope,develop,popular,republic ,public,appreciate,pronun ciation等,攻克單詞拼寫難關(guān)。從高考題看情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語境來考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別,因此在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)

28、準(zhǔn)確理解和掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法十分重要。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法復(fù)雜多變,在高考試題中,命題者常常利用語境和句子之間意義上的細(xì)微差別來考查學(xué)生對情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的理解和掌握。對于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,除了要求考生能夠準(zhǔn)確掌握它們的基本用法外,還要充分利用高考試題所設(shè)置的語境來分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系。下面就近幾年來高考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納分析,以便同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)掌握。一、用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have +done”結(jié)構(gòu)表示對過去動(dòng)作的推測,高考試題中常用過去時(shí)態(tài)或過去的時(shí)間狀語給以暗示。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的這一用法可以用“對立統(tǒng)一”來概括。1.當(dāng)試題的前句和后句在動(dòng)作和意義上相互補(bǔ)充說明,且整個(gè)句意在動(dòng)作和時(shí)間上是一個(gè)整體時(shí)

29、,我們可用“統(tǒng)一”關(guān)系來解決這樣的試題。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:must have done:表示對過去動(dòng)作的肯定推測,常譯作“一定做了”,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為cant/couldnt have done 疑問式為Can/Could.have done。could /might have done:表示對過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的可能性推測,常譯作“可能做了”。如:1 Sorry Im late.I _have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. (北京2000春A.mightB.shouldC.canD.will該題前句說明

30、了結(jié)果,后句接著說出了產(chǎn)生這種結(jié)果的可能性,對前句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。分析選項(xiàng)可知本題應(yīng)選A。2 My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he _your lecture. (上海2000A.couldnt have attendedB.neednt have attendedC.mustnt have attendedD shouldnt have attended 該題前句敘說一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，后句對前句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，分析選項(xiàng)可知 C 是錯(cuò)誤的 而 B、 D 兩項(xiàng)不符合題意。故本題選 A。又如： Jack yet,

31、 otherwise he would have telephoned me (上海97 A mustnt have arrived B shouldnt have arrived C cant have arrived D need not have arrived （C） 2當(dāng)試題的前后句在動(dòng)作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，常借助“but, however, instead”等詞來表 示過去的動(dòng)作與客觀事實(shí)不符，這時(shí)我們就可以用“對立”關(guān)系來解決這樣的試題。這種結(jié)構(gòu) 常見的有： should have done ought to have done：表示過去本應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上沒有做。 shou

32、ld not have done ought not to have done：表示過去本不應(yīng)該做某事但事實(shí)上卻做了。 need have done：表示過去本來有必要去做某事，但事實(shí)上沒有做。 need not have done：表示過去本來沒有必要做某事，但事實(shí)上卻做了。如： 3 I was really anxious about you You home without a word (NMET2001 A mustnt leave B shouldnt have left C couldnt have left D neednt leave 分析該題前后句之間的關(guān)系和語氣可知， 事

33、實(shí)上是 “本不應(yīng)該離家出走卻走了”， 故本題選 B。 4 I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I for her (NMET94 A had to write it out B must have written it out C should have written it out D ought to write it out 由句中的連詞 but 可知前后句之間是對立關(guān)系，分析題意可知本題應(yīng)選 C。 二、考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語境來考 查考生對那些最常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做

34、這樣的試題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分 析語境中所含的實(shí)際意義，并結(jié)合情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本含義和用法做出正確的選擇。 5 Is John coming by train He should, but he not He likes driving his car (NMET2002 A must B can C need D may mustnt 表示“禁止、不準(zhǔn)”；cannot 表示“不可能”；need not 表示“不必要”；may not 表示“可 能不”。分析語境可知本題應(yīng)選 D。 6 I hear youve got a set of valuable Australian coins I have a l

35、ook Yes, certainly (北京2002春 A Do B May C Shall D Should 分析語境可知這是在征求對方的許可，may 表示“允許、可以”，語氣比較委婉 shall 常用于 第一、 三人稱作主語的疑問句中,表示征求對方意見和指示， 如果此空用 shall， 則意為“要 （我） 看一下嗎？”，不符合上下文意思。故本題選 B。 7 Mr Bush is on time for everything How it be that he was late for the opening ceremony (上海2001春 A can B should C may D must must be 表示肯定的猜測，只能用于肯定句中，由題意可知本題應(yīng)選 A。 8 Are you coming to Jeffs party Im not sure I go to the concert instead (NMET2000 A must B would C should D might 由題意和下句中的 “Im not sure” 可知這段對話中存在一種可能性推測， might 可以用來表示 一種比較委婉的可能性判斷，故本題選 D。又如： I should have been there, but I not find the time (上海2000春 A wo