時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)解題技巧

1、學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查是高考語(yǔ)法考查中的一大重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn) ，學(xué)生在解題時(shí)極容易產(chǎn)生混淆，出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，因此，掌握一定的解題技巧是非常必要的，它可以幫助學(xué)生根據(jù)題目提供的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，靈活地提取、運(yùn)用基本的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，有效避免錯(cuò)誤的出現(xiàn)。這類題的解題技巧主要包括以下五個(gè)方面 ，本文將用近年來(lái)的高考試題作為例證加以詳細(xì)的說(shuō)明：一語(yǔ)態(tài)優(yōu)與時(shí)態(tài)的原則：這一原則是非常重要的，在解決這類問題時(shí)我們應(yīng)首先考慮語(yǔ)態(tài)問題，即謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，這一原則對(duì)于某些題目可以直接得出問題的答案，另一些題目雖然不能直接解題，但可以有效的縮小選擇范圍，增加解題的準(zhǔn)確度。 例如：1 I _ ten minutes

2、 to decide whether I should reject theoffer.NMET1989A. gaveB. was givenC. was givingD. had given2 Insomepartsoftheword,tea_ withmilkandsugar.NMET1993A. is servingB. is servedC. servesD. served3Visitors _ not to touch the exhibits.NMET2001A. will requestB. requestC. are requesting D. are requested.4T

3、he hero s story _ differently in the newspapers. 2005,全國(guó) 學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載A. was reportedB. was reportingC. reportsD. reported5According to the art dealer, the painting_ to go for at least amillion dollars.2004, 全國(guó) A. is expectedB. expectsC. expectedD. is expecting上述題目都是有關(guān)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式的，每個(gè)題目的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中都只有一個(gè)能表達(dá)被動(dòng)關(guān)系，該選項(xiàng)

4、就是該題的正確答案。1.B 2.B 3.D4.A 5.A二關(guān)注時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)示語(yǔ)：所謂時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)示語(yǔ)就是指某些詞（often, already, yet, today, yesterday,tomorrow 等）、某些詞組（at this moment, so far, ever since, up till now,by ,等）、某些搭配（ hardlywhen , no soonerthan等） ,和某些句型（ It is the first time that,It issince, it was wil l bebefore 時(shí),間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句等）都與某一種較為固定的時(shí)態(tài)的連用，有效關(guān)注題

5、干中的這些表達(dá)形式可以更加準(zhǔn)確的解決這類題目。例如：1-Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I _ here. NMET1992A. wasB. have beenC. cameD. am coming學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載在 ItThis is thesecondtime that句型中應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，所以答案是B。2At this time tomorrow, _ over the Atlantic.2003, 北京 A. we re going to fly B. we ll be flying C. we ll f

6、lyD. we refly與 at this time 連用的應(yīng)是某種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，與tomorrow 連用的應(yīng)是將來(lái)時(shí)，所以綜合考慮該題的答案是B。3He_ to the lab than she set out to do the experiment. 1999,上海 A. has no sooner got C. will no sooner getB. no sooner gotD. had no sooner got與 no sooner than 和 hardly when 在這種句型中，主句應(yīng)使用過去完成時(shí)，而從句中為一般過去時(shí)，所以答案是D。4- The window is di

7、rty.- I know. It _ for weeks.2004, 全國(guó) A. hasn t cleanedB. didn t cleanC. wasn t cleanedD. hasn t been cleaned與 for 連用的通常是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，同時(shí)表達(dá)被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以答案是 D。學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載5I wonder why Jenny_ us recently. We should have heard fromher by now.2002, 全國(guó) A. hasn t writtenB. doesn t writeC. won t writeD. hadn t written與 re

8、cently 連用的通常是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，所以答案是A。6. - What would you do if it _ tomorrow?- We have to carry it on, since we A. rain B. rains C. will rainve got everything ready.D. is raining與 tomorrow 連用的應(yīng)是一般將來(lái)時(shí) , 但在時(shí)間，條件，和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中要用一般時(shí)態(tài)代替將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，所以答案是三關(guān)注時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)比運(yùn)用：如果題干中沒有時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)示語(yǔ)，而有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)我們應(yīng)該將兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)加以比較，依據(jù)其中的關(guān)系確定正確的時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

9、1. Let s keep to the point or we_ any decisions. 2004,全國(guó) A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載該題中連詞 or 前后的兩個(gè)句子之間的關(guān)系是非常清楚的，前一句提出一種建議或要求，是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，后一句說(shuō)明原因，即如果不這樣做將會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么樣的結(jié)果，所以應(yīng)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，答案是A。2. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her

10、 nervousness_. 2003,全國(guó) A. has grownB. is growingC. grewD. had grown該題中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生的或第二個(gè)動(dòng)作是在第一個(gè)動(dòng)作持續(xù)的過程中發(fā)生并延續(xù)下去的，第一個(gè)動(dòng)作用了一般過去時(shí)，那么第二個(gè)動(dòng)作也應(yīng)該是一般過去時(shí)，所以答案是C。3. He _ more than 5000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15. 2005,北京 A. has learned B. would have learned C. learnedD. had learned

11、該題中動(dòng)作 learn 是在動(dòng)作 entered之前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生并完成的，所以應(yīng)該使用過去完成時(shí)，因此答案是D。4. -Whats that terrible noise?-The neighbors _ for a party. 2004, 北京 A. have preparedB. are preparing C. prepares D. will prepare根據(jù)該題的語(yǔ)境，該空要填的應(yīng)是一個(gè)能夠表達(dá)正在發(fā)出噪音的動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)，所以應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，因此答案是B。學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載5-You were out when I dropped in at your house.- Oh, I

12、_ for a friend from England at the airport. 2004,福建A. was waitingB. had waitedC. am waitingD. have waited該題可以通過兩個(gè)動(dòng)作（ drop, wait）的比較來(lái)解題， drop 是一個(gè)終止性動(dòng)詞，而wait 是一個(gè)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，通常說(shuō)來(lái)，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞往往用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)來(lái)提供一個(gè)背景，即表明在某一個(gè)過程中，而終止性動(dòng)詞往往用動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)表示發(fā)生在上述過程中某種動(dòng)作，所以答案是 A。這類題目的考查在高考中是十分常見的。四上述技巧的綜合運(yùn)用：有時(shí)單靠某一種技巧是不能得出正確答案的 ，這就要求各種技巧

13、的綜合的運(yùn)用。對(duì)題干和選項(xiàng)的全面 、細(xì)致的分析是解決這類題目的關(guān)鍵 。1I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my finaldecision to move back to China. 2006重慶 A. livedB. was livingC. have livedD. had lived題干中 for many years很容易使人想到現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但 but 之后的內(nèi)容告訴我們 live 這一狀態(tài)并沒有延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 ，所以不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，同時(shí)我們并不知道他是什么時(shí)候回到中國(guó)的，即沒有明確表示過去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，不

14、能表達(dá)過去的過去，所以不能用過去完成學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載時(shí)，因此該題只是表達(dá)過去曾經(jīng)存在過的一種狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)，所以答案是該考點(diǎn)我們可以通過以下一些例句做一些更細(xì)致的分析： I lived in a small town for 10 years. 我曾經(jīng)在一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上住了年 I have lived in a small town for 10 years. 我已經(jīng)在一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上住了年通過上面兩個(gè)例句及其譯文我們不能看出與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用的可以是一般過去時(shí)，也可以是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，只是意義不同罷了，但在考試中應(yīng)該怎樣處理呢？通常說(shuō)來(lái)，該類語(yǔ)法有三種考查方式：） I _(live) in

15、 a small town for 10 years.該句沒有任何其它細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明，只是考查時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)示語(yǔ)的用法，所以只能用 have lived 或 have been living. 從某種意義上講這是一種純語(yǔ)法測(cè)試的題目。2）I _(live) in a small town for 10 years, but now I live in a bigcity.該句與上述高考題是一樣的，所以答案是lived.） I _(live) in a small town for 10 years before I moved here.學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載該句需要通過兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的比較才能得出正確的選擇，它表達(dá)

16、的是一個(gè)動(dòng)作（ live ）在另一個(gè)動(dòng)作（ move）發(fā)生之前就已經(jīng)持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，所以應(yīng)是過去完成時(shí)，had lived.2. The news came as no surprise to me. I _ for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 2003, 北京 A. had knownB. knewC. have knownD. know從動(dòng)詞 came 可以看出要填的動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是發(fā)生在過去的，應(yīng)該是某種過去時(shí)態(tài)，而這一動(dòng)作又發(fā)生在came之前并持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間（for some time），所以應(yīng)該是過去完成時(shí)態(tài)，綜合

17、分析答案是A。五語(yǔ)境特征、動(dòng)詞特性和相關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)比分析：一）語(yǔ)境特征是指根據(jù)題目所設(shè)置的語(yǔ)境，結(jié)合自己的生活體驗(yàn)對(duì)題目加以分析，最后得出正確答案1- Sorry, Joe. I didnt mean to- Dont call me“Joe”Mr. IParkerm to you, and _ youforget it! 2003, 全國(guó) A. doB. didntC. didD. don t該題解題的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素是最后一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)-感嘆號(hào)，通過對(duì)整個(gè)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境的分析可以看出最后一句表達(dá)的是一種要求或命令，所以應(yīng)該使用祈使句的否定形式，答案為D。學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載2-Alice, you fee

18、d the bird today, _?-But I fed it yesterday. NMET1999A. do youB. will youC. didn t youD. don t you該題與上題的考查方式十分相似，都是用帶有呼語(yǔ)（you）的祈使句表達(dá)一種要求或命令，根據(jù)祈使句的反意疑問句的規(guī)則，答案應(yīng)是 B。3- You haven t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do youlike it? 2003 全國(guó) - I m sorry I _anything about it sooner. I certainly think it

19、pretty on you.A. wasn t sayingB. don t sayC. won t sayD. didn t say通過對(duì)該語(yǔ)言環(huán)境的分析我們可以看出說(shuō)話者顯然在對(duì)自己過去沒有做的事情而表示歉意 ，所以應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí) ，因此答案是 The pen I_I_isonmydesk, rightunder mynose.NMET1993A. think; lostC. think; had lostB. thought; had lostD. thought; have lost學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載該語(yǔ)境告訴我們鋼筆并沒有丟，所以我認(rèn)為只能是過去的看法，因此第一個(gè)空應(yīng)是 thoug

20、ht，第二個(gè)空則表示過去認(rèn)為已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，所以應(yīng)該用過去完成時(shí)，答案為 -Nancy is not coming tonight.NMET1997-But she_.A. promisesB. promisedC. will promiseD. had promised該題與上一題基本上是一樣的，都表示過去曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，所以答案是二）動(dòng)詞特性這里主要是指動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，是終止性動(dòng)詞還是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，以及某些動(dòng)詞的特殊用法，這直接關(guān)系到問題的答案 -Do you like the material? NMET1994-Yes. It _ very soft.A. is feeli

21、ngB. feltC. feelsD. is felt該題從表面上分析， it 與 feel 之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，但該處feel 不再表達(dá)具體的 “摸”這個(gè)動(dòng)作，而是用作系動(dòng)詞表示事物的性質(zhì)、特征與屬性，它既沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，綜合分析答案是這類題目牽扯到英語(yǔ)中很多系動(dòng)詞的用法，尤其是五個(gè)實(shí)感系動(dòng)詞look,sound, taste, smell, feel。因?yàn)樗鼈兌际羌饶苡米鲗?shí)義動(dòng)詞又能用作系學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載動(dòng)詞的多功能詞 ，因此依據(jù)具體的語(yǔ)境對(duì)其性質(zhì)加以判斷是解決這類題目的關(guān)鍵所在。另外，這類考查還牽扯到一些及物動(dòng)詞如 sell, wash, write, read, shut 等

22、被用做不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)表達(dá)事物的某種特征與性質(zhì)的相關(guān)用法。2-What do you think of my composition?-It _ well except for some spelling mistakes.A. readB. is readingC. readsD. is read3. The door _. Better have it repaired.A. isn t shutB. hasn t been shutC. won bet shutD. won t shut4. -The cloth is of good quality, and it _ well.- But

23、 the washing machine_ this morning.A. washes; wouldn t startB. washes; wouldn t be startedC. is washed; won t start D. is washed; wouldne startedb上述三題中的四個(gè)動(dòng)詞（read, shut, wash, start）都是用來(lái)表示事物的某種屬性或事物所屬的某種狀態(tài)，所以都被用作不及物動(dòng)詞，沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 。同時(shí)后兩題還牽扯到will 用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá) “意愿 ”的用法，屬于擬人的修辭手法。答案依次為C，D，A。5. -_David and Vicky_

24、married?- For about three years.2003,北京 學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載A. How long were; beingB. How long have; gotC. How long have; beenD. How long did; get根據(jù)該對(duì)話中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for about three years可以斷定該題應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，可選項(xiàng)中 B 和 C 都是完成時(shí)態(tài)，這就牽扯到終止性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用法上的區(qū)別 ，我們知道終止性動(dòng)詞在肯定句中是不能與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用的，所以該題的答案是C。6I feel it is you husband who_ fo

25、r the spoiled child.2004 ，上海A. is to blameC. is to be blamedB. is going to blameD. should blame該句考查的是關(guān)于動(dòng)詞blame 和 punish 的特殊用法，當(dāng)表示 “應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備或懲罰 ”時(shí)，在 be to do 句型中或作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義，該題的答案是A。再例如：7Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying thathe was not the one_.2006, 安徽 A. blamedB. blam

26、ingC. to blameD. to be blamed該題考查的雖然是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法，但同樣涉及到blame 的特殊用法，所以答案是C。這恰恰說(shuō)明了英語(yǔ)中的特殊用法是我們必須關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載三）相關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)比分析是指在特定語(yǔ)境中的相似時(shí)態(tài)的辨析和運(yùn)用，或某些時(shí)態(tài)的特定含義。1- Did you tell Julia about the result?- Oh, no. I forgot. I _her now. 2005, 全國(guó) A. will be callingB. will callC. callD. am to call2. - You have left the

27、light on. 2000, 全國(guó) - Oh, so I have. _ and turn it off.A. I ll goB. I ve goneC. I goD. I m going仔細(xì)研讀這兩道高考題，我們可以看出其考查內(nèi)容都與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)有關(guān)， be to do; be going to等都與 “計(jì)劃，安排 ”有關(guān)，而 will在表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)，側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào) “意愿 ”，即主語(yǔ)愿意去做某事。上述對(duì)話中都是對(duì)某種狀況的現(xiàn)時(shí)反應(yīng)，不可能做什么準(zhǔn)備或安排，而只能是表示 “意愿”，所以答案依次為 B，A。3- Has Sam finished his homework today?2004,全國(guó) -

28、I have no idea. He _ it this morning.A. didB. has doneC. was doingD. had done4. Shirley _ a book about China last year but I donknowt whether she has finished it. NMET1998A. has writtenB. wroteC. had written D. was writing學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載上述兩題考查的都是一般過去時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別，前者表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的完成，即做過了某事，而后者則沒有這層含義，它只表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)候正在做某事，

29、所以答案是： C，D。5-Hi, Tracy, you look tired.-I am tired. I _ the living room all day.NMET1998A. paintedB. had paintedC. have been paintingD. have painted6. The crazy fans _ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived. 2004, 重慶 A. were waitingB. had been waitingC. had waitedD. wouldwait從兩句中的時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)示語(yǔ)和具體的語(yǔ)境可以看出，題目考查是完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通常表達(dá)兩種含義，一是過