動詞ed、動詞ing、動詞不定式的用法

1、動詞ed 、動詞ing、動詞不定式的用法1、定義 動詞-ed和動詞-ing形式常稱作分詞。他們既有動詞的特征，又有形容詞和副詞的特征，在英語中可以作定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。 2、構(gòu)成 （1）規(guī)則的動詞后+ed構(gòu)成動詞-ed形式，不規(guī)則的需要記憶。動詞-ed形式?jīng)]有一般式和完成式、主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的變化。 （2）動詞-ing形式有一般式和完成式、主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)區(qū)別。 下列以及物動詞write和不及物動詞go列表示例： write go 主 動 被 動 動詞-ing一般式 writing being written going 動詞-ing完成式 having written havi

2、ng been written have gone動詞-ed written gone 3、用法 （1）作定語 單個的分詞作定語，一般置于所修飾的詞前；分詞短語作定語置于所修飾的詞后，相當于一個定語從句。如： Many excited people wanted to travel on the underground. 許多興奮的人們想乘地鐵旅行。 The countries you referred to just now belong to developing countries. 你剛才提到的那些國家屬于發(fā)展中國家。 People developed a kind of paper

3、made from the fibers of plants. =People developed a kind of paper which/that was made from the fibers of plants. 人們研制出一種用植物纖維制成的紙。 The houses being built are for the teachers. =The houses which/that are being built are for the teachers. 正在（被）建的那些房子是給老師們的。 The little boy standing over there is a clas

4、smate of mine. 站在那邊的小男孩是我班的同學(xué)。 * 不定式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別 不定式作定語一般表示將來的動作；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語常表示正在進行的動作；過去分詞作定語表示過去的動作。如： The problem to be discussed tomorrow is very important. The problem discussed yesterday is very important. The problem being discussed now is very important. （2）作狀語 a) 分詞作狀語的基本原則 分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語必須

5、與句子的主語保持一致。分詞作狀語時，必須與句中的主語含有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系。 b) 分詞作狀語形式的選擇 形 式 意 義 v.+-ing (doing) 與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，與句中謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或基本上同時發(fā)生。 having+v.-ed (having done) 與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，先于謂語動詞發(fā)生。 v.+-ed (done) 與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。 being +v.-ed (being done) 與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，且與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，一般作原因狀語置于句首。 having been+ v-ed (having been

6、done) 與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，且先于謂語動詞發(fā)生。 c) 分詞作狀語的句法功能 分詞在句中作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、方式、伴隨等。分詞作狀語相當于一個狀語從句。如： Hearing the news, we got excited. (=When we heard the news,we got excited.) Given more time, I can do it better. (=If I am given more time, I can do it better.) Having been told many times, he still mad

7、e the same mistake. (=After he had been told many times, he still made the same mistake. ) Not having understood the problem, Betty went to the teacher for help. (=Because Betty had not understood the problem, she went to the teacher for help.) They went home earlier than usual today, leaving the wo

8、rk unfinished. The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (=The teacher came into the lab and was followed by the students.) (3) 作表語 通常情況下現(xiàn)在分詞作表語說明主語的性質(zhì)特征；過去分詞作表語說明主語的狀態(tài)，兼有被動之意。如： The situation here is encouraging and we are encouraged. Our classroom is very crowded. After dinner, the

9、 boy remained standing beside the table. (4) 作賓語補足語 分詞作賓語補足語，主要跟在一些感官動詞和使役動詞的后面。如： Youd better have your hair cut if you are free tomorrow. The lady found her valuable necklace missing after the party. Dont keep the boy standing outside. 4、關(guān)于動詞-ed和動詞-ing用法的幾點說明 (1) 動詞-ed和動詞-ing的否定形式由not加分詞構(gòu)成。否定詞not永

10、遠在動詞-ed或動詞-ing的前面。如： Not having done it well, I tried again. Not caring about his health, the old engineer carried on his plan. His not having finished the work on time made him punished by the boss. (2) 通常分詞作狀語時 ，分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語保持一致。如： Having finished her work, Davids mother went home. (= After David

11、s mother finished her work, she went home.) *當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不一致時，分詞必須有自己的主語。如： His glasses broken, he couldnt see the words on the blackboard clearly. There being no bus, we had to walk home after school. (3)表示時間關(guān)系、條件關(guān)系等分詞短語有時可以由連詞when/while或if/unless等引導(dǎo)。如：When first introduced to the market, these p

12、roducts enjoyed great success. I wont go to the party unless invited. (4)有時可用“with (without)+名詞（或代詞）+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨狀況。如： The thief was brought in, with his hand tied behind. 動詞不定式的基本形式是“to動詞原形”，有時可以不帶to。動詞不定式（或不定式短語）沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語。動詞不定式仍保留動詞的特點，即可以有自己的賓語和狀語。動詞不定式同它的賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語。 動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征

13、，因此在句子中可以作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語。 1作主語 作主語用的動詞不定式常常用it替代，動詞不定式（或短語）放在后面。例如： It's easy to get lost in a big city like Tokyo在東京這樣的大城市容易迷路。 It is terrible to see the ship sinking into the sea目睹輪船沉入大海，真是太可怕了。 2作賓語 Indians like to eat hot food印度人喜歡吃辣味食品。 They need to look at a map他們需要查看地圖。 有的動詞不定式在作帶有補

14、足語的賓語時，前面往往帶有形式賓語it。例如： Do you think it necessary for us to learn to wait？你認為學(xué)會等待對我們來說很必要嗎？ They improved the software to make it easier for people to use computers.他們改進了軟件，使人們使用計算機更簡便了。 3作表語 It seems to be an interesting book它看起來是本有趣的書。 The old man's job is to take care of the flowers in the ga

15、rden這位老人的工作是照料花園里的花。 4作賓語補足語 He told me not to bring you anything他叫我不要給你帶任何東西。 Who taught you to play the music？誰教你彈這支曲子的？ 5作定語 動詞不定式作定語時，要放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后面。例如： In my dreams, I always have very difficult jobs to do我在夢里總是做一些艱難的工作。 Every day he made one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat他每

16、天叫一個小動物給他帶來吃的東西。 6作狀語 （1）表示目的 You can hide under my seat when the conductor comes to check the tickets當列車員來查票時，你可以藏在我的座位下面。 In his third year，he left Harvard to work for a company called Microsoft在三年級時，他為了去微軟公司工作而離開了哈佛大學(xué)。 （2）表示結(jié)果 動詞不定式作狀語表示結(jié)果時常與副詞too或enough連用。例如： It's too heavy to carry太重了搬不動。 The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people加里福尼亞號來得太晚，沒能挽救更多的人。 7和某些形容詞連用 和動詞不定式經(jīng)常連用的形容詞有sur