上海市上海中學高三上學期周練英語試題

1、上海中學高三周考II.Grammar and vocabularySection A 10%Directions:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks tomake the passage cohere nt and grammatically correct. For the bla nks with a givenword, fill in each blank with the proper form of thegiven word; for the other blanks,use oneword that bestf

2、itseachbla nk.There seems never _21 _(be)a civilizationwithouttoys,butwhen and how they developed isunknown.They probablycameaboutjust to give childre n someth ing to do.In the an cie ntworld, as istoday,mostboys_22(play) with some kinds of toys and most girls with others. In societies_23_socialrole

3、s are rigidlydeterm in ed,boyspatterntheir play after the activities of their fathers and girls24_ (prepare),even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilitiesof theadult world.（獨創(chuàng)性）.Each rattle is theproduct of the artistic tastesof theis remarkable about the history of toys is notremained t

4、he same. The changes have been mostly craftsma nship, mecha ni cs,and tech no logy.It is the universality （普遍性）of toys with regard to theirdevelopme nt in all parts oftheChina, Japa n and among the Arctic （ 北極的）people, gen erally the same kinds of toysappeared. Variati ons depe nded on local customs

5、 and ways of life28toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weap ons, toysoldiers,tiny ani mals and vehicles.Because toys29 _ be generally regarded as a kind of art form,they have notbee n subject to tech no logical leaps that characterizeinventions for adult use.

6、 The progress from the wheel to the cart to the automobile is adirectline of ways up. The progress from arattle （ 撥浪鼓）used by a baby in 3,000 BC to_30_ usedby an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventivenesstimes and subject to the limitations of available materials.25so much how they

7、 cha nged overthe cen turiesbut how much they have26world and their persiste nee to theIn Egypt, America,prese nt_ 27_ is amaz ing.Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word canbeused only on ce. Note that there is one word more tha n you n eed.LG-H. cle

8、ar-1, range-J-K-An addiction （癮）is an activity or substanee we are eager to experie nee repeatedlyand forwhich we are willi ng if n ecessary to pay a price. Common addicti onsin volvealcohol cigarettes food drugs gambli ng etc. Thisarticle discusses the con cepts which canbe_31_ in cop ing with addi

9、ctive behavior._ 32_minor addicti ons such as watch ingtoo muchtelevision or lying in_ bed on weekend mornings are often not evenconsidered addictionsbecause the price paid for engaging in themis not high. On the other hand we tend to use the term“addict ” todescribe the person who at least in the e

10、yes of others continues tobe addicted in a behavior long after it has become_ 33_that the substa ntial price being paid was not worth theThe in dividual who has lost career house family and friends because of cocaine （可卡因） usebut is _ 34to con sider stopp ing is an unfortun ate example.benefit.Negat

11、iveaddicti onsrange from those with very minor n egativeconsequences to those as serious as the cocaine addict just mentioned with much 35 _ inbetween. Although it isnot 36_true that a n egativeaddicti ongrows stro ngerover time yet aconstantlevel of addictive behavior .overspending$ 200 a week )can

12、 lead to an increasinglevel of negative consequences.You may be _37 _to learnthataddictionscan also be consideredpositive. Positive addicti ons are those in which theben efitsoutweigh the price.A com mon example would be thehabit of regularexercise. The price of membership in a gym the time involved

13、 and any cloth ingexpense is outweighed by the ben efitsof better healthen ergy self-c on fide neeand appeara nee.As withn egativeaddicti onspositive addictions may not get stronger over time and there is a broad 38 _ of how muchben efit is actually obta in ed.What is com mon to both positive and ne

14、gative addictions is theurge to engage in the addictive behavior and the satisfactionthatand expectationthat isexperieneedis39whe n the urge is acted uponThe urge is a stateof40un comfortably as a desire for the substa nee or activity. Because weexperie nee relief whe n the urge is acted upon likeli

15、hoodthat we will act on the urge again.III.Reading comprehensionSection Athere is an in creasedDirections:For each blank in the following passage there are fourwords or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fillin each blank with theword or phrase that best fits the con text.in the Harvard Busin ess.Review,

16、 which has carried out an experimentto find out who wedrather work with.Hardlysurpris in gly,thepeople wewant most asour workmates areboth:_41_attheir jobanddelightfulhuman beings.And the peoplewe want least arebothun pleasa nt and useless.More interestingly,theautors foundthat,give n thechoice betw

17、een workingwith lovablefollsand comptentThe importaneeof likingpeople is the subjectof an articlejerks （性情古怪的人）, we irresistiblychoose the_42Any way, who likes those who 43 or hurt other people?We might in sist that compete nee matters more,butour 44 _ shows we_stay close to the people we like, shar

18、i nginformation with them.What compa nies should45_ _ do is get people to like eachother more. The trickthe main determinantsof whether we like each other. Ihere is appare ntly to make sure that stuffs come across each other asoften as possible during day. They also should be sent on bondingcourses

19、and so on to en courage frien dli ness and46displeasure.mach ines in spireno con fide neeat all.The 48isthat peopleeitherlike eachother ortheydont. Youcantforce it.Possibly you canmake officesfride ndlierby toleratinga lot ofchat, but there is a_47_,more outdoor-activityweekends and shared coffee49c

20、ostto that.Inmyexperie nee,the questi onof lovablefoolaga instcompete nt jerkmay notbe the right one.The two arein terrelated:we tendnot tolikeour workmates when they arecompletely _50 _. Iwasonce quitefrien dlywith awoma n whom Ilater worked with. I found her tobe so 51bad at her job that Ithe main

21、 determinantsof whether we like each other. Iare all pretty much the same,give nthat52_is one oflost respect for her and en ded up not really lik ing her at all. Then is there anything thatcompa nies should be doing about it?By far the most effective strategy would be to hire people whothink this is

22、 a pretty goodides, but no one53recomme ndthis anymorewithoutoffendingthe diversitylobby group （游說團體）.There isonly oneacceptableview on this subject:teams of similarpeopleare badbecause they stop creativity. This may be true, though I have never see n any conclusive proof of it.Not only do we like s

23、imilar people, we like people who like us. Soif compa nies wantto_54more Jjking, they should en courage a culture where we areall nice to each other. The_55is that this n eeds to be done with some skill.41.A stra ngeB. brilliantC. surprisedD. abse nt-m inded42.A. formerB. latterC. majorityD. minorit

24、y43.A. hateB. fearC. doubtD. annoy44.A. thoughtB. behaviorC. expressionDappearance45.A. furtherB. neverthelessC. thereforeD. instead46.A. break downB. talk toC. pick outD.hold out47.A. besidesB. FurthermoreC. HoweverD. Hence48.A. impressionB. realityC. practiceD.custom49.A. investmentB. productionC.

25、 operationD.productivity50.A. valuelessB. disabledC. hopelessD. careless51.A. outstandinglyB. inevitablyC. hopefullyD.forgetfully52.A. appearanceB. effectiveness C. distinction D.similarity53.A. needB. dareC. mustD. should55.A. strategyB.standardSection BDirections:Read the following three passages.

26、 Each passage is followed by severalquestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D.Choose the onethat fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.As a father of four, Imconcernedabout how to lead my childrento be goo

27、d young men and women insuch aturbulent time. I havestudied philosophy, mysticism, andreligionmy entire life. Theyprovide great lessons in responsibilityandgrowth. However, I alsorecognize that, at least at this point in their lives, my children are not terribly interested insuchsubjects. While I wa

28、s reflectingon this, I was reminded of a line in a song I had heard recently. It goes:“If you had onlyone chance to say something, what would it be?”54.A. createB. discoverC. promoteD. placeC. hope D. troubleThatnight,I found my tow oldest kidsloungingonthe couchwatchinga TVshow that featured violen

29、ce,cursingandeven some“adultscenes”. I quietly sat on a chairnext tothem.I saw myboy straightenup, and my girl pretendedto ignoreme.I didntmake any usual comments about the pointlessness of such programs. I didnt even rollmy eyes, althoughthis took some effort. I simplyasked:Can you tell me how this

30、 will make you a batter person?Without a word, I got up and left the room. About ten minuteslater, to my surprise, the children were in their rooms doing theirhomework and the television was silent. Remarkable. This philosophycan change the way we live our lives. For example, whenever Ifeelangry and

31、 get the urge to lash out, I ask myself:right now make me a better person?began to realize that rarely did my thoughts or actionsin self-improvement, so I made conscious effort to change my mindset and behavior.We all want to be better fathers, mothers, sons and daughters. Better workers, betterlead

32、ers, better lovers. this list goes on.Sometimes succeeding in these roles can be tough. But one question aligns us with allthose duties we possess to society and ourselves:“Is this making me a betterperson? ”Whatever I said, it worked. My daughter has begun watching nature programsinstead of violent

33、 TV shows, and she decided to go to school to become a counselor. Myson told mehe wants to be a police officer.I ve since thrown away all those parenting magazines andbooks I vecollected over the years because I made more progress with a single question than Idid with hundreds of pages of“ experts ”

34、 advice.How does thisacting or feeling the way I doresult56.When the writer found his kids watch ing in appropriateTVprograms that night, he appeared_ .A .calm B. i ndiffere ntC. criticalD.an xious can this philosophy cha nge the way we live our lives?A.By calming ourselves down when we are angryB.B

35、y raising a question about our current action and feelingC.By helping us realize our need for self-improvementD.By providing us with new mindset and behavior58.Why did the writer throw away his pare nti ng magaz ines and books?A.Because his kids had grown out of themB.Because they didn t offer him a

36、ny help.C.Because that single question was more usefulD.Because the expert advice was toomuch to follow wrote this passage toA.convince teenagers of the downsides to watching TVB.introduce a life philosophy by telling a parenting storyC.inform the readers of how he helped hid kids set good goalsD.ca

37、ll on other other parents to trust themselves instead of experts.When the people you know run more, you run more. And nowtheres data to prove it.health behavior and causal behavior change.Knowing the running behaviors of your friends as shared on socialnetworks can cause you to run farther, faster,

38、and longer, saidMIT Sloan Professor Sinan Aral, an author of Exercise contagion ina global social network.Aral and colleague Christos Nicolaides, millionpeople who ran 359 million combined kilometers (223million miles) and logged those runs digitally in a global social network ofnewstudypublishedtod

39、ayinNatureCommunicationsofthedaily-recorexercisepatterns of morethan one millionrunnersover five years showsthat exercise issocially contagious. Yourknowledge ofwhat yourfriendsare doingcan and will motivate youto do more.The workmarks awatershedmoment in the use of detailed fitnesstrackingdatatound

40、erstanda postdoctoral fellow atMIT Sloan, used a data set that recordedthe geographiclocation,social network ties,anddailypatterns of more than onerunners over five years. The data contain the daily distance,digital fitness tracking devices. The results, strong contagioneffects.On the same day, onav

41、erage,an additionalkilometerrun byfriendscan inspire someone torunan additionalthree-tenthsof akilometerand an additionaltenminutesrun byfriends caninspiresomeone to run three minutes longer, the authors wrote.Historically, in the context ofexercise,a debateexistsaboutwhether we make upward comparis

42、onstothoseperformingbetterthanourselves or downward comparisonsto thoseperformingworsethanourselves. Comparisons to those ahead of us may motivate our own self-improvement,while comparisons to those behind us may create competitive behavior to protect onessuperiority. According to Aral, there is evi

43、dence for both trajectories in the study, butcomparisons to those better than us are more powerful.Gender matters too. The contagion is most pronounced among men, withmen influencing other men to run farther and faster. In this regard, men may be morecompetitive and, specifically, more competitive w

44、ith each other. Influence among samesex pairs iswhilein flue neeamong mixed sex pairs is weaker. Both men andduration,pace,andburned by the runners,recorded bysaid Aral, revealedstrongwome n in flue neemen. However, only wome n in flue neewome n who havereported, in earlier studies, being more in fl

45、ue needby self-regulati on and in dividual pla nning tha n by their peers.60.The word “eontagious ” in paragraph 2 most probably means_available61.Jack and Tom both are friends and like running. Theypost theirruns every day on social media. According to the research, if one day Jack ran for an houra

46、nd a half and Tom anhour, them how long wouldTom most probably run the next day?minutes minutesrunner tends to get the most powerful influence?A.A man making upward comparisons to his female friends.B.A man making upward comparisons to his male friends.C.A competitive women making comparisons to her

47、 peersD.A self-regulated woman who prefer individual planningCThe study of psychology is facing a crisis. The ResearchExcellence Framework (theRef) has led to aresearch culture which is holding back attempts to stabilize psychology science in general.The Ref encourages universities to push for groun

48、dbreaking innovative, and excitingA.infectiousB. communicativeC. motivatedD.in particular, andresearch in the form of 4* papers, but it does not reward the efforts of those who replicatestudies.The pointof replicatinga studyis totestwhetherastatisticallysignificantresultwillappearagainiftheexperimen

49、ts isrepeated. Of course, asimilarresultmaynotappear cast ing into questio ns the validity of the results from the first experiment.Last year, the Open Science Collaborationattemptedto replicate100 studies from highly ranked psychologicaljournalists. While 97%of the original studies had astatistical

50、ly significant result, just36% of the replications had the same outcome. Equally worrying:whenaneffectdidappear, itwas often much smaller thanpreviouslythought.Recentdata calls intoquestionsome widely influentialfindingsinpsychologicalscience.Theseproblems are notconfined topsychology however many f

51、indings published in scie ntific literature may actually befalse.Science is supposed to be self-correcting and reproducibility is amethod. Yet, we simply arentreluctant to check our conclusions are valid?Because no incentiveis providedby thesystem we carryoutourresearch in. In theUK, theRefranksthe

52、publishedworks ofresearchersaccordingto theiroriginality(howinnovativeistheresearch?),significance(doesithavepracticalor commercialimportance?),cornerstone of the scientificinvested in replicatingfindings.We allwant to be good researchersand understand more about how the world works.So why are wesoa

53、nd rigour (is the research technically right?). Outputs are then awarded one to four stars. 4*papers are considered world-leading. The cumulative total of 3* and 4* papers determinesresearch funding allocation and has a knock-on effect on institutional position inleaguetables( 排名表 )and therefore att

54、ractiveness to students. Obviously, the more publications thebetter.Worrying,many academics admitto engaging inat least onequestionableresearch practice inorder to achieve publication.Examples of this include: coming up with a theory after data is collected, stopping collectingdata when an effect ap

55、pears in case it disappears later, or only reporting the significanteffects from collected data. Others simply fabricate dataDutch psychologist Diederik Stapel shock in glyfalsified data frommore than 50 studies.The Ref completely harms our efforts to produce a reliable body of knowledge. Why?The fo

56、cus on originality publications exploringnew areas of research using new paradigms, and avoiding testing well- established theories- is the exact opposite of what scienee needs to be doing to solve the troubling replicationcrisis. According toRef standards,replicatingan already published piece of wo

57、rk issimply unin teresti moti on.63.What crisis the study of psychology facing?A.The Ref has led to a revolution in not only psychology but also scie nee.B.The uni versities are en couraged to gen erate more groun dbreak ing research.C.The Ref tends to set up a differe nt sta ndard for replica

58、ti ons of studies.D.The Ref s indifferenee to replications of studies has led to worryi ng effects.64.The Ref s focus on originality has brought aboutA.a reliable body ofkno wledgeB.publications exploring new areasWith the next Refsubmissi onjustfour years away,researchers are effectivelyfaced witha

59、 choice:be ascientist,or be a successfulacademic who gets fundingmanyC.tests of well-established theoriesD.uninteresting replications of studies65.We can infer from the passage that the Ref ._A.is a system for assessing the quality of research in UKuni versitiesB.provides UK researchers with funding

60、 and job opportunitiesC.recognizes researchers work and adds to their attractiveness to stude ntsD.is planning to change its standard before the next Ref submission66.What does the writer mean by say ing“ be a good scie ntist ”？A.Contribute to the solution to the replication crisis.B.Reform the stan