歐洲合同法PECL韓世遠(yuǎn)譯

1、THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAWcompleted and revised version 1998European Union Commission on Contract Law歐洲合同法原則CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS第一章 一般規(guī)定Section 1 - Scope of the Principles第一節(jié) 本原則的適用范圍Article 1.101- Application of the Principles第1:101條：本原則的適用(1) These Principles are intended to

2、 be applied as general rules of contract law in the European Communities.（一）本原則擬作為合同法的一般規(guī)則在歐洲共同體適用。(2) These Principles will apply when the parties have agreed to incorporate them into their contract or that their contract is to be governed by them.（二）如果當(dāng)事人已約定將本原則訂入其合同或者其合同受本原則的規(guī)制，本原則即予適用。(3) These

3、Principles may be applied when the parties: (a) have agreed that their contract is to be governed by general principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like; or (b) have not chosen any system or rules of law to govern their contract.（三）當(dāng)事人于符合下列條件時(shí)，可適用本原則：1.約定其合同受“法的一般原則”、“商人法”或類(lèi)似者之規(guī)制時(shí)；或者2.沒(méi)有選擇任何法律

4、制度或者法律規(guī)則規(guī)制其合同。(4) These Principles may provide a solution to the issue raised where the system or rules of law applicable do not do so.（四）當(dāng)可得適用的法律制度或法律規(guī)則對(duì)所產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題未提供解決方案時(shí)，本原則得作為一種解決方案。Article 1.102 - Freedom of contract第1:102條：合同自由(1) Parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its cont

5、ents, subject to the requirements of good faith and fair dealing, and the mandatory rules established by these Principles.（一）當(dāng)事人可以自由締結(jié)合同并決定其內(nèi)容，但要符合誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易，以及由本原則確立的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則。(2) The parties may exclude the application of any of the Principles or derogate from or vary their effects, except as otherwise

6、 provided by these Principles.（二）當(dāng)事人可以排除本原則的適用或者背離或變更其效力，除非本原則另有規(guī)定。Article 1.103 - Mandatory Law第1:103條：強(qiáng)行法(1) Where the otherwise applicable law so allows, the parties may choose to have their contract governed by the Principles, with the effect that national mandatory rules are not applicable.（一）在

7、其他可得適用的法律亦允許之場(chǎng)合，當(dāng)事人可以選擇使其合同受本原則的規(guī)制，以使國(guó)內(nèi)的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則不能適用。(2) Effect should nevertheless be given to those mandatory rules of national, supranational and international law which, according to the relevant rules of private international law, are applicable irrespective of the law governing the contract.（二）依據(jù)

8、有關(guān)國(guó)際私法規(guī)則，如國(guó)內(nèi)的、超國(guó)家的以及國(guó)際的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則能夠適用時(shí)，則應(yīng)賦予這些強(qiáng)制性規(guī)則以效力，而不管規(guī)制該合同的法律。Article 1.104 - Application to questions of consent第1:104條：對(duì)同意之問(wèn)題的適用(1) The existence and validity of the agreement of the parties to adopt or incorporate these Principles shall be determined by these Principles.（一）當(dāng)事人對(duì)適用本原則的合意，其存在及生效應(yīng)依本原則

9、加以確定。(2) Nevertheless, a party may rely upon the law of the country in which it has its habitual residence to establish that it did not consent if it appears from the circumstances that it would not be reasonable to determine the effect of its conduct in accordance with these Principles.（二）然一方當(dāng)事人可以依

10、據(jù)它的慣常居所所在國(guó)的法律來(lái)證明它不同意，只要情況表明依據(jù)本原則確定它的行為的效力將是不合理的。Article 1.105 - Usages and Practices第1:105條：慣例與習(xí)慣做法(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practice they have established between themselves.（一）當(dāng)事人受它們同意的慣例以及它們之間確立的習(xí)慣做法的拘束。(2) The parties are bound by a usage which w

11、ould be considered generally applicable by persons in the same situation as the parties, except where the application of such usage would be unreasonable.（二）與當(dāng)事人處于同樣情形下的其他人通常會(huì)認(rèn)為可得適用的慣例，當(dāng)事人受其拘束，除非適用該慣例是不合理的。 Article 1.106 - Interpretation and Supplementation第1:106條：解釋與補(bǔ)充(1) These Principles should be

12、 interpreted and developed in accordance with their purposes. In particular, regard should be had to the need to promote good faith and fair dealing, certainty in contractual relationships and uniformity of application.（一）本原則應(yīng)本其目的予以解釋和發(fā)展，特別是，應(yīng)注意有必要促進(jìn)誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易、合同關(guān)系的確定性和適用的統(tǒng)一性。(2) Issues within the sc

13、ope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are so far as possible to be settled in accordance with the ideas underlying the Principles. Failing this, the legal system applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law is to be applied.（二）對(duì)屬于本原則范圍之內(nèi)但又未為本原則明確解決的問(wèn)題，應(yīng)盡可能地依照本原則

14、所隱含的精神予以解決。如仍不能解決，則應(yīng)適用依國(guó)際私法規(guī)則可以適用的法律制度。Article 1.107 - Application of the Principles by Way of Analogy第1:107條：本原則的類(lèi)推適用These Principles apply with appropriate modifications to agreements to modify or end a contract, to unilateral promises and other statements and conduct indicating intention.本原則經(jīng)適當(dāng)修正

15、適用于變更或解除合同的協(xié)議、單方允諾和其他的表意陳述和行為。Section 2 - General Obligations第二節(jié) 一般義務(wù)Article 1.201 - Good Faith and Fair Dealing第1:201條：誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing.（一）各方當(dāng)事人均須依誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易而行為。(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.（二）當(dāng)事人不得排除或限制此項(xiàng)義務(wù)。Article

16、 1.202- Duty to Co-operate第1:202條：協(xié)助義務(wù) Each party owes to the other a duty to co-operate in order to give full effect to the contract.為了充分落實(shí)合同，各方當(dāng)事人均向?qū)Ψ截?fù)有協(xié)助的義務(wù)。Section 3 - Terminology and Other Provisions第三節(jié) 術(shù)語(yǔ)與其他規(guī)定Article 1.301 - Meaning of Terms第1:301條：用語(yǔ)的含義In these Principles, except where the co

17、ntext otherwise requires:在本原則中，除非上下文要求具有其他的含義：(1) 'act' includes omission;（一）“行為”包括不作為；(2) 'court' includes arbitral tribunal; （二）“法院”包括仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)；(3) an 'intentional' act includes an act done recklessly;（三）“故意的”行為包括重大過(guò)失的行為；(4) 'non-performance' denotes any failure to perfo

18、rm an obligation under the contract, whether or not excused, and includes delayed performance, defective performance and failure to co-operate in order to give full effect to the contract.（四）“不履行”意指任何沒(méi)有履行合同債務(wù)的行為，無(wú)論是否被諒解，并可包括遲延履行、瑕疵履行和沒(méi)有協(xié)助以使合同得到充分的落實(shí)。(5) A matter is 'material' if it is one wh

19、ich a reasonable person in the same situation as one party ought to have known would influence the other party in its decision whether to contract on the proposed terms or to contract at all.（五）一件事情，如果是處在當(dāng)事人位置的通情達(dá)理之人本應(yīng)知道它將會(huì)影響對(duì)方當(dāng)事人決定是否依被提議的條款締約或者是否締約的，則為“重大的”。(6) 'Written' statements include

20、communications made by telegram, telex, telefax and electronic mail and other means of communication capable of providing a readable record of the statement on both sides（六）“書(shū)面”表述包括以電報(bào)、電傳、傳真以及其他通訊方式作出的能夠?qū)﹄p方的表述提供可讀性記錄的通知。Article 1.302 - Reasonableness第1:302條：合理性Under these Principles reasonableness i

21、s to be judged by what persons acting in good faith and in the same situation as the parties would consider to be reasonable. In particular, in assessing what is reasonable the nature and purpose of the contract, the circumstances of the case, and the usages and practices of the trades or profession

22、s involved should be taken into account.依據(jù)本原則，合理性是指由善意行為并與當(dāng)事人處于相同的狀況下之人加以判斷所會(huì)認(rèn)為是合理的情況；在權(quán)衡何謂合理者時(shí)，應(yīng)特別考慮合同的性質(zhì)與目的、案件的情況以及所涉交易或行業(yè)的慣例和習(xí)慣做法。Article 1.303- Notice第1:303條：通知(1) Any notice may be given by any means, whether in writing or otherwise, appropriate to the circumstances.（一）通知得以任何與具體情況相適合的方式作出，不論是書(shū)面

23、的或其他的方式。(2) Subject to paragraphs (4) and (5), any notice becomes effective when it reaches the addressee.（二）在符合第四款和五款的前提下，通知自到達(dá)于受通知人時(shí)起生效。(3) A notice reaches the addressee when it is delivered to it or to its place of business or mailing address, or, if it does not have a place of business or maili

24、ng address, to its habitual residence.（三）通知被送交到受通知人或其營(yíng)業(yè)場(chǎng)所或通訊地址，如若其沒(méi)有營(yíng)業(yè)場(chǎng)所或通訊地址，送交到其慣常居所時(shí)，為到達(dá)受通知人。(4) If one party gives notice to the other because of the other's non-performance or because such non-performance is reasonably anticipated by the first party, and the notice is properly dispatched or

25、 given, a delay or inaccuracy in the transmission of the notice or its failure to arrive does not prevent it from having effect. The notice shall have effect from the time at which it would have arrived in normal circumstances.（四）一方當(dāng)事人向另一方當(dāng)事人發(fā)出通知，因?yàn)榱硪环降牟宦男谢蛘咭驗(yàn)榇瞬宦男幸驯磺胺疆?dāng)事人合理地預(yù)見(jiàn)到，而且該通知是恰當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)出或作出的，則該通知在傳

26、送過(guò)程中的遲延或不準(zhǔn)確或沒(méi)有到達(dá)并不妨礙它的生效。通知應(yīng)從它在通常情況下本應(yīng)到達(dá)的時(shí)間起生效。(5) A notice has no effect if a withdrawal of it reaches the addressee before or at the same time as the notice.（五）如果對(duì)通知的撤回是在該通知之前或同時(shí)到達(dá)受通知人，通知不生效力。(6) In this Article, 'notice' includes the communication of a promise, statement, offer, acceptanc

27、e, demand, request or other declaration.（六）在本條中，“通知”包括允諾、表述、要約、承諾、要求、請(qǐng)求或其他的聲明。Article 1.304 - Computation of Time第1:304條：時(shí)間的計(jì)算(1) A period of time set by a party in a written document for the addressee to reply or take other action begins to run from the date stated as the date of the document. If n

28、o date is shown, the period begins to run from the moment the document reaches the addressee.（一）一方當(dāng)事人在書(shū)面的文件中規(guī)定的由受領(lǐng)人答復(fù)或作出其他行為的期間由該文件載明之日起算；如果沒(méi)有載明日期，則該期間從該文件到達(dá)受領(lǐng)人時(shí)起算。(2) Official holidays and official non-working days occurring during the period are included in calculating the period. However, if the

29、last day of the period is an official holiday or official non-working day at the address of the addressee, or at the place where a prescribed act is to be performed, the period is extended until the first following working day in that place.（二）在計(jì)算期間時(shí)，在該期間內(nèi)發(fā)生的正式節(jié)假日或正式非工作日亦包括在內(nèi)。但若該期間的最后一天在受領(lǐng)人所在地或在所要求的

30、行為的履行地為正式節(jié)假日或正式非工作日，該期間順延至此后該地的第一個(gè)工作日。(3) Periods of time expressed in days, weeks, months or years shall begin at 00.00 on the next day and shall end at 24.00 on the last day of the period; but any reply that has to reach the party who set the period must arrive, or other act which is to be done mu

31、st be completed, by the normal close of business in the relevant place on the last day of the period.（三）以日、星期、月或年表示的時(shí)間期限應(yīng)自該期間第二天的零時(shí)開(kāi)始至該期間最后一天的二十四時(shí)終止；但向規(guī)定該期間的一方當(dāng)事人所作任何答復(fù)的到達(dá)，或者所要作出的其他行為的完成，必須在該期間最后一天在相關(guān)地點(diǎn)的正常營(yíng)業(yè)停止之前。Article 1.305 - Imputed Knowledge and Intention第1:305條：被歸咎的知曉與故意If any person who with a

32、 party's assent was involved in making a contract, or who was entrusted with performance by a party or performed with its assent: (a) knew or foresaw a fact, or ought to have known or foreseen it; or (b) acted intentionally or with gross negligence, or not in accordance with good faith and fair

33、dealing, this knowledge, foresight or behaviour is imputed to the party itself.如果某人在締約一方當(dāng)事人同意的情況下參與了合同的締結(jié)，或者被締約一方當(dāng)事人委托履行或者在其同意的情況下履行了合同，該人：1.知道或預(yù)見(jiàn)到了某事實(shí)，或應(yīng)當(dāng)知道或預(yù)見(jiàn)到該事實(shí)；或者，2.故意地或具有重大過(guò)失地或者不符合誠(chéng)實(shí)信用和公平交易地行為，這些知曉、預(yù)見(jiàn)或行為歸咎于該方當(dāng)事人本人。CHAPTER 2 - FORMATION第二章 合同的成立Section 1 - General Provisions第一節(jié) 一般規(guī)定Article 2.10

34、1 - Conditions for the Conclusion of a Contract第2:101條：合同成立的條件(1) A contract is concluded if: (a) the parties intend to be legally bound, and (b) they reach a sufficient agreement，without any further requirement.（一）合同符合下列條件即成立而無(wú)須其他要件：1.當(dāng)事人意欲在法律上受有拘束，以及2.它們形成了充分的合意。(2) A contract need not be conclude

35、d or evidenced in writing nor is it subject to any other requirement as to form. The contract may be proved by any means, including witnesses.（二）合同無(wú)須最終形成書(shū)面的形式，或以書(shū)面的形式證明，或是符合其他的形式要件。合同可采用任何方式加以證明，包括證人。 Article 2.102 - Intention第2:102條：意思The intention of a party to be legally bound by contract is to b

36、e determined from the party's statements or conduct as they were reasonably understood by the other party.一方當(dāng)事人欲在法律上受有拘束的意思要依被對(duì)方當(dāng)事人合理地理解的該方當(dāng)事人的表述或行為加以決定。Article 2.103 - Sufficient Agreement第2:103條：充分的合意(1) There is sufficient agreement if the terms: (a) have been sufficiently defined by the part

37、ies so that the contract can be enforced, or (b) can be determined under these Principles.（一）如果條款：1.已被當(dāng)事人充分地界定進(jìn)而使合同能夠被強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行，或者，2.能夠依本原則加以確定，即為存有充分的合意。(2) However, if one of the parties refuses to conclude a contract unless the parties have agreed on some specific matter, there is no contract unless a

38、greement on that matter has been reached.（二）但如果一方當(dāng)事人拒絕達(dá)成合同，除非當(dāng)事人在某種特定的事情上形成合意，則不存在任何合同，除非對(duì)上述事情的合意已經(jīng)形成。Article 2.104 - Terms not individually negotiated第2:104條：未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議的條款(1) Contract terms which have not been individually negotiated may be invoked against a party who did not know of them only if the p

39、arty invoking them took reasonable steps to bring them to the other party's attention before or when the contract was concluded.（一）未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議的合同條款，只有當(dāng)使用此類(lèi)條款的一方當(dāng)事人在合同達(dá)成之前或在達(dá)成合同之時(shí)已采取了合理的步驟提醒了對(duì)方當(dāng)事人的注意，始得被用來(lái)對(duì)抗不知存有此類(lèi)條款的一方當(dāng)事人。(2) Terms are not brought appropriately to a party's attention by a mere ref

40、erence to them in a contract document, even if that party signs the document.（二）在一份合同文本中僅僅提及參照此類(lèi)條款，該條款并非合理地提醒了對(duì)方的注意，即使對(duì)方簽署了該文本。Article 2.105 - Merger Clause第2:105條：合并條款(1) If a written contract contains an individually negotiated clause stating that the writing embodies all the terms of the contract

41、 (a merger clause), any prior statements, undertakings or agreements which are not embodied in the writing do not form part of the contract. （一）如果書(shū)面合同包含有一個(gè)經(jīng)過(guò)個(gè)別商議的條款，聲稱(chēng)書(shū)面合同體現(xiàn)了全部的合同條款（合并條款），則任何未從文字中反映出來(lái)的事先的陳述、保證或合意并不構(gòu)成合同的組成部分。 (2) If the merger clause is not individually negotiated it will only establ

42、ish a presumption that the parties intended that their prior statements, undertakings or agreements were not to form part of the contract. This rule may not be excluded or restricted. （二）如果合并條款未經(jīng)個(gè)別商議，這只能確立如下假定：當(dāng)事人并非想讓它們事先的陳述、保證或合意構(gòu)成合同的組成部分。此項(xiàng)規(guī)則不得被排除或限制。 (3) The parties' prior statements may be u

43、sed to interpret the contract. This rule may not be excluded or restricted except by an individually negotiated clause. （三）當(dāng)事人事先的陳述可用以解釋合同。除非采用個(gè)別商議條款的形式，此項(xiàng)規(guī)則不得被排除或限制。 (4) A party may by its statements or conduct be precluded from asserting a merger clause to the extent that the other party has reaso

44、nably relied on them.（四）一方當(dāng)事人可因其陳述或行為而被阻卻主張此種條款，只要對(duì)方當(dāng)事人業(yè)已合理地信賴(lài)了它們。Article 2.106 - Written Modification only第2:106條：只許書(shū)面變更(1) A clause in a written contract requiring any modification or ending by agreement to be made in writing establishes only a presumption that an agreement to modify or end the co

45、ntract is not intended to be legally binding unless it is in writing.（一）書(shū)面合同中如有條款規(guī)定協(xié)議變更或者終止須采取書(shū)面形式的，只是假定變更或者終止合同的協(xié)議若非采取書(shū)面形式便不具有法律拘束力。(2) A party may by its statements or conduct be precluded from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably relied on them.（二）如果一方當(dāng)事人的陳述或者

46、行為已被對(duì)方當(dāng)事人合理地信賴(lài)了，則該方當(dāng)事人不得主張適用前款規(guī)定。Article 2.107 - Promises binding without acceptance第2:107條：無(wú)須接受即具有拘束力的允諾A promise which is intended to be legally binding without acceptance is binding.一項(xiàng)意欲無(wú)須接受即具有拘束力的允諾是有拘束力的。Section 2 - Offer and Acceptance第二節(jié) 要約與承諾Article 2.201 - Offer第2:201條：要約(1) A proposal amou

47、nts to an offer if: (a) it is intended to result in a contract if the other party accepts it, and (b) it contains sufficiently definite terms to form a contract.（一）一項(xiàng)建議一旦符合下列要件即構(gòu)成要約：1.它意欲在對(duì)方承諾后即形成合同，并且 2.它含有相當(dāng)確定的條款以形成合同。(2) An offer may be made to one or more specific persons or to the public.（二）要約可

48、以向一個(gè)或者多個(gè)特定的人或者向公眾作出。(3) A proposal to supply goods or services at stated prices made by a professional supplier in a public advertisement or a catalogue, or by a display of goods, is presumed to be an offer to sell or supply at that price until the stock of goods, or the supplier's capacity to s

49、upply the service, is exhausted.（三）一項(xiàng)由職業(yè)性供應(yīng)人以公開(kāi)的廣告或價(jià)目表或者以商品展示的方式作出的以特定價(jià)格供應(yīng)商品或服務(wù)的建議，被推定為是按此價(jià)格出售商品或提供服務(wù)的要約，直至庫(kù)存商品售罄或者供應(yīng)人提供此項(xiàng)服務(wù)的能力告盡。Article 2.202 - Revocation of an Offer第2:202條：要約的撤銷(xiāo)(1) An offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched its acceptance or, in cases

50、of acceptance by conduct, before the contract has been concluded under Article 2.205(2) or (3).（一）要約可得撤銷(xiāo)，只要撤銷(xiāo)通知在受要約人發(fā)出其承諾之前或者，在以行為表示承諾之場(chǎng)合，在依第2:205條第二款或第三款形成合同之前到達(dá)受要約人。(2) An offer made to the public can be revoked by the same means as were used to make the offer.（二）向公眾發(fā)出的要約可以用與發(fā)出該要約時(shí)采用的相同的方式撤銷(xiāo)。(3) H

51、owever, a revocation of an offer is ineffective if: (a) the offer indicates that it is irrevocable; or (b) it states a fixed time for its acceptance; or (c) it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.（三）但如存有下列情況，對(duì)要約的

52、撤銷(xiāo)是無(wú)效的：1.要約已表明它是不可撤銷(xiāo)的；或2.要約已確定了承諾的時(shí)間；或3.受要約人合理地信賴(lài)該要約為不可撤銷(xiāo)的并已基于對(duì)要約的信賴(lài)作出了行為。Article 2.203 - Lapse of an Offer第2:203條：要約的失效When a rejection of an offer reaches the offeror, the offer lapses.要約于拒絕通知到達(dá)要約人時(shí)失效。Article 2.204 - Acceptance第2:204條：承諾(1) Any form of statement or conduct by the offeree is an acc

53、eptance if it indicates assent to the offer.（一）受要約人作出的任何形式的陳述或行為，一旦它表明了對(duì)要約的同意，即為承諾。(2) Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.（二）沉默或不作為本身并不構(gòu)成承諾。Article 2.205 - Time of Conclusion of the Contract第2:205條：合同成立的時(shí)間(1) If an acceptance has been dispatched by the offeree，the contract

54、 is concluded when the acceptance reaches the offeror.（一）一旦承諾已由受要約人發(fā)出，合同自該項(xiàng)聲明到達(dá)要約人時(shí)成立。(2) In case of acceptance by conduct, the contract is concluded when notice of the conduct reaches the offeror.（二）在以行為表示承諾之場(chǎng)合，合同自有關(guān)該行為的通知到達(dá)要約人時(shí)成立。(3) If by virtue of the offer, of practices which the parties have e

55、stablished between themselves, or of a usage, the offeree may accept the offer by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the contract is concluded when the performance of the act begins.（三）如果根據(jù)要約、當(dāng)事人之間業(yè)已確立的習(xí)慣做法或者慣例，受要約人可以履行某種行為來(lái)對(duì)要約作出承諾而無(wú)須通知要約人，合同自開(kāi)始履行該行為時(shí)成立。Article 2.206 - Time Limit for A

56、cceptance第2:206條：承諾的期限(1) In order to be effective, acceptance of an offer must reach the offeror within the time fixed by it.（一）對(duì)要約所為的承諾如欲有效，須于要約人確定的期限內(nèi)到達(dá)要約人。(2) If no time has been fixed by the offeror，acceptance must reach it within a reasonable time.（二）如果要約人沒(méi)有確定任何期限，承諾須于一合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)到達(dá)要約人。(3) In the c

57、ase of an acceptance by an act of performance under art. 2.205 (3), that act must be performed within the time for acceptance fixed by the offeror or, if no such time is fixed, within a reasonable time.（三）在以依第2:205條第三款履行某種行為表示承諾的場(chǎng)合，該行為須于要約人確定的承諾期限內(nèi)履行；如果沒(méi)有確定期限，則在一合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)。Article 2.207 - Late Acceptanc

58、e第2:207條：遲到的承諾(1) A late acceptance is nonetheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror informs the offeree that he treats it as such.（一）承諾雖遲到仍得為有效的承諾，只要要約人不曾遲延地通知受要約人他將它作為承諾。(2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror informs the offeree