高中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講解

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分為三種形式：不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞） 不定式、動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化不定式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系一般式To doTo be done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 之后進(jìn)行式To be doing與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式To have doneTo have bee n done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 之前動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系一般式Doi ngBeing done與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式Having doingHaving bee n done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 之

2、前現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系一般式Doi ngBeing done與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式Having doneHaving bee n done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 之前不定式一、不定式的作用1、 作主語(yǔ)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。往往用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把不定式放在謂語(yǔ)后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系動(dòng)詞如look, appear等也可用于此句型。（2

3、）當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It isto的句型。試比較：It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（錯(cuò)）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（對(duì)）（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，用of,否則用for.2、作賓語(yǔ)1） 動(dòng)詞+不定式。如：He man aged to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him

4、. （it 作形式賓語(yǔ)）注:下列動(dòng)詞通常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide,begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get 等（2）動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+to , “特殊疑問句+不定式”相當(dāng)于名詞，作賓語(yǔ)。如：I don 'know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can 'decide when to go there.注意：不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果還帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，往往把不定式短語(yǔ)放在

5、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后，用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：I find it n ecessary to lear n a foreig n Ian guage.3、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（1）動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式（to do ）。如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you th ink so?（不帶 to 的不定式）注：可以用動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask, tell, order ,wa nt ,get, would like, like, advise, i nvite, allow, help,wish,war n,

6、expect, prefer, en courage（2）表見解、看法的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+ to be的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如：We con sider Tom to be one of the best stude nts in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）（3）There +不定式。如：We didn 'expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。 注意：（1）有些動(dòng)詞需用as短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，像 regard, think, believe, tak

7、e, consider。如：We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。（2）在動(dòng)詞 feel （一感），hear, listen to （二聽），have, let, make （三讓），notice, see, watch, observe, look at （五看）（即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺）等后面的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中，不定式不帶to,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，必須帶to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree.The boy was see

8、 n to fall off the tree.（3）help后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to.I often help him （to） clean the room.I helped him （to） find his thin gs.4、作定語(yǔ)不定式作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞或代詞，不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)狀關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系 或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）He is look ing for a room to live in.（動(dòng)狀關(guān)系）He is the first p

9、erson to think of the idea.（主謂關(guān)系）He has got a chanee to go abroad.（同位關(guān)系）注意：1.不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。如：Do you have any thi ng else to say?2. 如果作定語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，則要保留不定時(shí)短語(yǔ)中的副詞或介詞。如：I need a pen to write with . （I will wirte with the pen ）（ 我需要一直鋼筆寫字 ）I have a little baby to look after .（I must look af

10、ter the little baby ）（ 我有一個(gè)嬰兒要照看）作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等，有時(shí)還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語(yǔ)，如in order to , so as to, soas to, suchasto,.enough to, too to 等。（1）做目的狀語(yǔ)，to, only to（僅僅為了）, in order to, so as to, so（such）.as to（如此以便）如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。He came to the school to see his son.（2）作結(jié)

11、果狀語(yǔ)，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.（3）做原因狀語(yǔ)。如：We were very excited to hear the n ews.I'm glad to see you.（4）做條件狀語(yǔ)。如：To turn to the left , you could find a post office.5、作表語(yǔ)不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)。如：The questi on is

12、 how to put it into practice.My questi on is whe n to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。2. 當(dāng)助于是不定式時(shí)，表語(yǔ)不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。女口： To see is to believe.（眼見為實(shí)）6、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。如：To tell you the truth, I don 'agree with you.To make matters worse, it beg

13、an to rain.二、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)（1）現(xiàn)在時(shí)：有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you aga in.（2）完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。如：I'm sorry to have give n you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3）進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：He seems to be eat ing someth ing.（4）完成

14、進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，就用被動(dòng)式。如：He was see n to en ter the hall.He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.三、省to的動(dòng)詞不定式1、 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（除 ought夕卜，ought to）2、Would rather, had better.3、感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, no

15、tice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略 to.注意：在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中 to不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance.He was see n to dan ce.The boss made them work the whole ni ght.They were made to work the whole ni ght.4、使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make.5、 由 and, or 和 than 連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè) to 可以省去。女口： He wants to move to France and marry

16、 the girl.6、Help 可帶 to ,也可不帶 to, help sb. （to） do sth.7、Why /Why not & But和 except前是動(dòng)詞 do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶 to的動(dòng)詞不定式。試比較：He wants to do no thi ng but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等詞后，可以省去 to be .女口：He is supposed (to b

17、e) ni ce. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。I usually go there by train.Why notby boat for a cha nge?A to try goingB tryi ng to goC to try and goD try goingPaul does n'thave to be made. He always works hard.A lear nB to lear nC lear nedD lear ning四、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式。 女口： Tell him not to shut the window.She pretended not to see m

18、e when I passed byMrs. Smith warned her daughterafter drinking.A n ever to driveB to n ever driveC n ever drivi ngD n ever driveThe boy wan ted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him.A not toB n ot to doC not do itD do not doThe patie nt was warned food before the operati on.A to

19、 eat noB eati ng notC not to eatD not eat ing動(dòng)名詞 (動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征，在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ))一、 動(dòng)名詞的作用1、作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。It代替動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：It ' no good/use doing 如：Seeing is believ ing.Play ing with fire is dan gerous.It ' no good waiting here.2、作賓語(yǔ)I enjoy liste ning to music.He often practices playing the pian

20、o in the evening.He is fond of play ing basketball.He has give n up smoki ng.Would you mind turning dow n your radio a little, please?(1) 只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：admit, advise 建議，risk, appreciate , envy 嫉妒，avoid 避免，consider 考慮，delay 延遲，deny 否認(rèn)，dislike 不喜歡，enjoy, escape 逃避，excuse 原諒、寬恕，finish 完成，forgive 原諒，unde

21、rstand 理解，give up 放棄，imagine 想象，keep 保持，mind 介意、在乎， miss 未達(dá)到，practise訓(xùn)練，put off推遲，resist抵抗，suggest建議、暗示can 'help禁不住，can 'tsta nd無(wú)法忍受，devote to(to為介詞)致力于，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to 堅(jiān)持，be used to 習(xí)慣于，object to 反對(duì)，be busy 忙于，fee like 想要be surprised at對(duì)”感到驚訝 be proud of以”為驕傲 succeed in在某方面成功

22、be afraid of 害怕 give up 放棄(2) 只能接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：happen 碰巧，offer 主動(dòng)提出，promise 答應(yīng)，agree 同意，refuse 拒絕，decide 決定，determine 決定、決心，pretend 假裝，fail 未能夠，learn, wish 希望，hope, expect, afford 負(fù)擔(dān)得起。（3）接動(dòng)名詞、不定式均可，意義相同的動(dòng)詞:like, love, dislike, hate , begi n, star, con ti nue , prefer, can 'bear/endure 無(wú)法忍受， cease 停

23、止（4）下列詞接動(dòng)名詞和不定式均可，但意義不同的動(dòng)詞:forget， go on，mean，regret，remember， stop， try 等Stop to do停下來(lái)去做Forget to do忘記要做Remember to do記得要做Regret to do遺憾要做Try to do企圖做，盡力做Go on to do繼續(xù)做（另一件事）Mean to do打算做stop doing 停止做forget doing 忘記做過 remember doing 記得做過 regret doing 后悔做過try doing 試著做go on doing 繼續(xù)做（同一件事） mean doi

24、ng 意味做In some parts of London, miss ing a bus meansfor ano ther hour.A waitingB to waitingC waitD to be waiting答案：Abe worth也有類似用法。如:Need, require, want作“需要”講，其后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義,The flowers n eed wateri ng/to be watered.The problem is worth discuss ing.3、作表語(yǔ) 此時(shí)的動(dòng)名詞可以和主語(yǔ)調(diào)換位置。如：My hobby is collect ing st

25、amps.Her job is wash ing, clea ning and tak ing care of the child.4、作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room， a diving board， a reading room， a dining hallthere are a lot of swim ming pools in the city.注：（1）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表動(dòng)作，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可改寫成一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。 如果為單詞，放在被修飾n之前，為短語(yǔ)，放在被修飾 n之后。女口： a sleeping boy =a boy w

26、ho is sleepinga develop ing country =a country which is develop ing（2）動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì)，可改寫成一個(gè)for的短語(yǔ)，兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。女口： a washing machine = a mashine for washinga swimmi ng pool = a pool for swimmi ng二、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，通常要用完成式，否則都用一般式。如:We are in terested in playi ng chess.He was

27、praised for having finished the work ahead of time.I'm sorry for not havi ng kept my promise.若主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：We must do somethi ng to preve nt water from being polluted.I remember havi ng bee n told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)被動(dòng)主動(dòng)一般時(shí)doi ngbeing d

28、onedoi ng完成時(shí)havi ng donehav ing bee n donehav ing done分詞 （分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。在句中作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。）現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：在語(yǔ)態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義；在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作往往正在進(jìn)行或者與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或沒有一定的時(shí)間性。如：falling leaves正在下落的樹葉fallen leaves已經(jīng)落在地上的樹葉一、分詞的作用1、作定語(yǔ)（1）單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)，分詞前置。如：The sleep ing boy is my son.The excite

29、d people rushed into the buildi ng.A lost opport unity n ever retur ns.He is a retired worker.（2）分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，分詞后置；分詞修飾不定代詞something等要后置；個(gè)別分詞如 give， left等作定語(yǔ)也后置。如：The girl sta nding un der the tree is my ni ece.The build ing built last year is our library.This is the questi on give n.There is nothing in

30、teresti ng.（3）過去分詞作定語(yǔ)與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。如：Most of the people in vited to the party were famous scie ntistsThe first textbookfor teach ing En glish as a foreig n Ian guage came out in the 16 th cen tury.A have writte n 答案：DB to be writtenC being writte nD writte nWhat 'the Ian guagein Ger

31、ma ny?A speak ingB spokenC be spoke nD to speak答案：BPrices of daily goodsthrough a computer can be lower tha n store prices.A are boughtB boughtC bee n bought D buying.答案：BWhen I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door Sorry to miss you; will call later. ”A readB readsC to readD readi ng答案：D

32、解析：reading 與 pinned to the door 一樣作 message 的后置定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于 which read, pinned 禾口 reading的邏輯主語(yǔ)都是message它與pin是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用一ed形式，與read是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用一ing形式2、作狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在句中可以作時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ)。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.As I didn 'receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.Given more

33、atte nti on, the trees could have grow n better.If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.（ 條件） Walk ing along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital（原因）.Though defeated, he didn 'lose heart.（讓步）He lay on the grass, looking into th

34、e sky.（ 伴隨）He came running to tell me the good news.（ 方式） some officials, Napole on in spected his army.A Followed B Followed by C Bei ng followed 答案：BHaving bee n followedThere was a terrible noisethe sudde n burst of light.A followed B followi ng C to be followed 答案：Bbeing followed, liquids can be

35、 cha nged into gases.A HeatingB To be heated C Heated答案：注意：（1）Heat（2）選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語(yǔ)。如分詞的動(dòng)作是由主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出，分詞就用現(xiàn)在 分詞，反之就用過去分詞。試比較：（Being）Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，這本書看上去很舊。Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和主句的主語(yǔ)一致，如果不一致，就用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，即在分詞前加 上它的邏輯主語(yǔ)。

36、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用于作狀語(yǔ)，一般不用作定語(yǔ)。When, the museum will be ope n to the public n ext year.A completed B completing C being completed D to be completed 答案：Asuch heavy polluti on already, it may now be too late to clea n up the river.A Having suffered B SufferingC To sufferD Suffered答案：A3、作表語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)具有的特征，過

37、去分詞作表語(yǔ)多指主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。如:The film is touch ing.The glass is broke n.She looked tired with cook ing.He remained standing beside the table.I'm verywith my own cook in g. It looks nice and smells delic ious.Mm, it does have asmell.A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant 答案：D4、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)分詞和不定式一樣，在一些感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：I smell somethi ng bur ning.I heard him singing the song.I heard my n ame called.I can 'make myself understood in English.I found my car miss ing.I 'have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。