高三第一輪復(fù)習(xí)物質(zhì)的分離與提純

1、石門中學(xué)我們畢業(yè)啦其實(shí)是答辯的標(biāo)題地方物質(zhì)的分離提純班級(jí)授課老師201609秦澤鑫考試要求含義與原則常見(jiàn)物理方法常見(jiàn)化學(xué)方法問(wèn)題討論CONTANTS總結(jié)考試要求含義原則物理方法化學(xué)方法問(wèn)題討論1、了解過(guò)濾、結(jié)晶、萃取、蒸餾等物質(zhì)分離、提純的常用方法，能對(duì)常見(jiàn)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行分離和提純；“”2、能綜合運(yùn)用化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)原理和方法，設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)方案解決分離提純問(wèn)題。總結(jié)考試要求含義原則物理方法化學(xué)結(jié)果問(wèn)題討論分離提純區(qū)別利用物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)差異將其組分彼此分開(kāi)，得到純凈物組分的過(guò)程。將混合物中雜質(zhì)除去，以提高目標(biāo)物質(zhì)純度。分離出來(lái)的物質(zhì)都是目標(biāo)物質(zhì)。提純得到的物質(zhì)是目標(biāo)物質(zhì)。總結(jié)考試要求含義原則物理方法化學(xué)結(jié)果問(wèn)題討論原

2、則不增易復(fù)原易分離不減不引入新的雜質(zhì)不減少目標(biāo)物質(zhì)目標(biāo)物質(zhì)與雜質(zhì)易分離目標(biāo)物質(zhì)容易復(fù)原總結(jié)含義原則物理方法化學(xué)方法問(wèn)題討論考試要求例題1用物理方法將下列混合物進(jìn)行分離。用物理方法將下列混合物進(jìn)行分離。（1）固體混合物：）固體混合物：氯化銀中的氯化鈉氯化銀中的氯化鈉 硝酸硝酸鉀中的氯化鈉鉀中的氯化鈉 氯化鈉中的碘。氯化鈉中的碘。（2）液體混合物：）液體混合物：石油中的汽油、柴油石油中的汽油、柴油 溴溴水中溴和水水中溴和水 氫氧化鐵膠體中的氯化鐵氫氧化鐵膠體中的氯化鐵 蛋蛋白質(zhì)和水白質(zhì)和水 氯化鈉溶液中的水。氯化鈉溶液中的水。（3）氣體：）氣體：空氣中提取氮?dú)饪諝庵刑崛〉獨(dú)?氯氣中除去氯氯氣中除去

3、氯化氫化氫（1）溶解、過(guò)濾溶解、過(guò)濾 溶解、結(jié)晶、過(guò)濾溶解、結(jié)晶、過(guò)濾 升華升華（2）分餾分餾 萃取、蒸餾萃取、蒸餾 滲析滲析 鹽析、鹽析、過(guò)濾過(guò)濾 蒸發(fā)、冷卻蒸發(fā)、冷卻（3）液化、蒸發(fā)液化、蒸發(fā) 飽和食鹽水洗氣飽和食鹽水洗氣 答案總結(jié)含義原則物理方法化學(xué)方法問(wèn)題討論考試要求過(guò)濾NaCl(CaCO3)注意點(diǎn)KNO3(NaCl)結(jié)晶適用范圍溶 解 度 差 別大 的 溶 質(zhì) 分離滲析淀粉與NaCl適用范圍分 離 膠 體 與混 在 其 中 的分子、離子CO2(HCl)洗氣注意點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)進(jìn)短出一貼、二低、三靠；沉淀要洗滌；定量 實(shí) 驗(yàn) 要“無(wú)損”總結(jié)含義原則物理方法化學(xué)方法問(wèn)題討論考試要求例題2判斷下列說(shuō)法

4、是否正確。判斷下列說(shuō)法是否正確。（1）蒸發(fā)操作時(shí)，待蒸發(fā)皿中的水分完全蒸干）蒸發(fā)操作時(shí)，待蒸發(fā)皿中的水分完全蒸干后再停止加熱。后再停止加熱。（2）分液操作時(shí)，分液漏斗中下層液體從下口）分液操作時(shí)，分液漏斗中下層液體從下口放出，上層液體從上口倒出。放出，上層液體從上口倒出。（3）選用水將溴從苯中萃取。）選用水將溴從苯中萃取。（4）為加快過(guò)濾，可用玻璃棒在漏斗適當(dāng)攪拌。）為加快過(guò)濾，可用玻璃棒在漏斗適當(dāng)攪拌。（5）蒸餾操作中，溫度計(jì)的水銀球應(yīng)置于液面）蒸餾操作中，溫度計(jì)的水銀球應(yīng)置于液面以下。以下?？偨Y(jié)含義原則物理方法化學(xué)方法問(wèn)題討論考試要求例題3為提純下列物質(zhì)（括號(hào)內(nèi)的物質(zhì)是雜質(zhì)），所為提純下列

5、物質(zhì)（括號(hào)內(nèi)的物質(zhì)是雜質(zhì)），所選用的除雜試劑和分離方法都正確的是（選用的除雜試劑和分離方法都正確的是（ ）。）。C總結(jié)含義原則物理方法化學(xué)方法問(wèn)題討論考試要求分離提純CO2(O2)MgCl2(FeCl3)NaHCO3(Na2CO3)CuS(FeS)氧化還原法轉(zhuǎn)化法水解法酸堿溶解法總結(jié)含義原則物理方法化學(xué)方法問(wèn)題討論考試要求例題4制備下列有機(jī)化合物時(shí)制備下列有機(jī)化合物時(shí),常會(huì)混有括號(hào)內(nèi)的雜質(zhì)常會(huì)混有括號(hào)內(nèi)的雜質(zhì),以下除雜方法正確的是以下除雜方法正確的是A苯（苯酚）苯（苯酚）,加入濃溴水加入濃溴水,分液分液B乙烷（乙烯）乙烷（乙烯）,催化條件下通入催化條件下通入H2C乙酸（乙醛）乙酸（乙醛）,加入

6、新制氫氧化銅加入新制氫氧化銅,蒸餾蒸餾 D甲酸乙酯（甲酸）甲酸乙酯（甲酸）,用飽和碳酸鈉溶液洗滌、用飽和碳酸鈉溶液洗滌、分液分液答案D總結(jié)含義原則物理方法化學(xué)方法問(wèn)題討論考試要求例題5為了除去粗鹽中的為了除去粗鹽中的Ca2+， Mg2+，SO42-及泥沙，及泥沙，得到純凈的得到純凈的NaCl，可將粗鹽溶于水，然后在下，可將粗鹽溶于水，然后在下列操作中選取必要的步驟和正確的操作順序列操作中選取必要的步驟和正確的操作順序過(guò)濾；加過(guò)量過(guò)濾；加過(guò)量NaOH溶液；加適量鹽酸；溶液；加適量鹽酸；加過(guò)量加過(guò)量Na2CO3溶液；加過(guò)量溶液；加過(guò)量BaCl2溶液溶液A B C D答案B總結(jié)含義原則物理方法化學(xué)方

7、法問(wèn)題討論考試要求HCl在過(guò)濾之后為了除去Ca2+過(guò)量的Ba2+Na2CO3在BaCl2之后粗鹽粗鹽提純提純?yōu)榱顺ミ^(guò)量的NaOH，Na2CO3，可選用pH試紙控制加入量，或直接蒸發(fā)總結(jié)問(wèn)題討論化學(xué)結(jié)果含義原則物理方法考試要求例題6具有揮發(fā)性（或易升具有揮發(fā)性（或易升華）華）具有較好的熱穩(wěn)定性具有較好的熱穩(wěn)定性HNO33Cu+8HNO3(稀稀)=3Cu(NO3)2+2NO+4H2O3Ag+4HNO3(稀稀)=3AgNO3+NO+2H2O總結(jié)問(wèn)題討論化學(xué)方法含義原則物理方法總結(jié)考試要求123方法總結(jié)善于利用物質(zhì)的物理性質(zhì)差異，如熔沸點(diǎn)、溶解度等善于利用物質(zhì)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)，如氧化還原性、水解條件與范圍

8、、酸堿性等善于利用題目中已知信息THANKSFromJackhim論文緒論研究背景研究方法研究結(jié)果問(wèn)題討論論文總結(jié)例題3增大固體接觸面積，加快反應(yīng)速率BSiO22Fe2+2H+H2O=2Fe3+2H2ODFe(OH)33Cu2(OH)2CO3+4NH3=6Cu+3CO2+9H2+2N22研究結(jié)果It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 研究背景研究方法研究結(jié)果問(wèn)題討論It was the best of times,

9、it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 論文緒論論文總結(jié)研究背景研究方法研究結(jié)果問(wèn)題討論TEXTTEXTTEXTIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of

10、 wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. 論文緒論論文總結(jié)畢業(yè)論文題目研究背景研究方法研究結(jié)果問(wèn)題討論It was the best of times, it was the wors

11、t of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 論文緒論論文總結(jié)問(wèn)題討論It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 問(wèn)題討論研究結(jié)果研究背景研究方法TEXTswoTIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was

12、 the age of foolishness. ADD TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. ADD TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. ADD TITLEIt was the best of times, it

13、 was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. ADD TITLE論文緒論論文總結(jié)問(wèn)題討論研究結(jié)果研究背景研究方法123TEXTIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of incredulity. It

14、was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. ADD YOUR TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of inc

15、redulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. ADD YOUR TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the

16、 epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. ADD YOUR TITLE論文緒論論文總結(jié)論文總結(jié)It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. 問(wèn)題討論研究結(jié)果研究背景研究方法論

17、文總結(jié)ABCIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of desp

18、air. ADD YOUR TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. ADD YOUR TITLEIt was the best of times, it was the worst o