應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上一 單詞短語1. Molecule 分 子 molecular 分子的2. chemical process 化學(xué)過程 element 元 素3. atom 原 子 attraction 吸引力4. repulsion 排 斥 力 distillation 蒸餾、n5. distill 蒸 餾v rectification 精 餾6. composition 構(gòu) 成 structure 結(jié) 構(gòu)7. property 性 質(zhì) mass 質(zhì) 量8. atomicweight 原子量 atomic number 原子序數(shù)9. ionization energy 電離能 pe

2、riod 周 期 10. group 族 family 族11. transition group 過渡族 main group 主族12. ion 離 子 substitution 取代反應(yīng)13. elimination 消除反應(yīng) nucleophilic 親核的14. nucleophilie 親核試劑 electrophilie親電試劑15. alkyl 烷基的 functional group 官能團(tuán) 16. halides 鹵素的 leaving group 離去基團(tuán)17. transition state 過渡態(tài) intermediate 中間體18. reactant 反應(yīng)物 p

3、roduct 生成物19. concentration 濃 度 rate equation 速率方程20. constant 常 數(shù) ether 醚21. endothermic 吸熱的 substrate 反應(yīng)底物22. mechanism 機(jī) 理 reagen 試 劑23. alkene 烯 烴 exothermic 放熱的24. Anion 陰離子 nitrogen 氮?dú)?5. Hydrocarbon 碳?xì)浠衔?carbonhydrate 碳水化合物26. Alkane 烷 烴 substituent 取代基27. Isomerism 同分異構(gòu)現(xiàn)象 isomer 同分異構(gòu)28. Vin

4、yl 乙烯基 derivatives 衍生物29. acid halides 酰 鹵 acid anhydrides 酸酐30. esters 酯 amide 酰胺31. ammonia NH3 Acetic anhydride 乙酸酐32. phenol 芬 acidbase titration 酸堿滴定33. precipitation 沉淀 analyses 化學(xué)分析員34. IR 紅外 UV紫外 MS質(zhì)譜 GC色相色譜 HPLC高效液相色譜 TLC薄層色譜 XrayX射線衍射 二 選詞填空1、We can now easily account for many things, whic

5、h were thought to be mysterious by the ancients2、the acid acts on the metal and a gas is given off.3、you should adapt yourself to new ways of looking at matters4、electrolytes have more pronounced effect on colligative properties than do nonelectrolytes.5、if water in these lakes evaporated at the sam

6、e rate as fresh water ,both would nearly dry up in a matter of year.6、both laks evaporated very slow compared with a fresh lake or even the ocean.7、a property that depends only on the relative amounts of solute and solvent is know as a colligative property.8、for example ,both NaCl (ionic) and HCl （p

7、olar covalent） are classified as electrolytes because they form ions in aqueous solution.9、when compounds such as NaCl and HCl are dissolved in water ,the effect is obvious.10、if the wires is cut ,the light goes out because the circuit is broken.11、when wires are attached to a charged battery and th

8、en to a light bulb ,the light shines brightly.12、glass and wood as well as pure water are examples or nonconductors of electricity.13、other substances resist the flow of electricity and are known as nonconductors or insulators.14、it has long been known that the presence of a solute in water may affe

9、ct its ability to conduct electricity.15、when the collection of papers was first brought out ,it was well received by the reviewers.16、in the same way the dozen or so most common kinds of kinds of atoms can be put together in many millions of different ways to make molecules .17、elements are made up

10、 of tiny fundamental particles called atoms. Fundamental, as it is used here ,means that they cannot be further divided by any chemical metheods.18、each element has atoms that is different from the atoms of other elements.19、it would not be quite round; on the contrary it would consist of three part

11、s represented by spheres.20、it is not to be summed up in a single product or word ,but in an idea or basic concept.21、the chemical symbol of an element may stand the element for.22、the rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by several factors such as temperature , concentration of reagents , part

12、icle size ,light ,and catalyst.23、all forms of life in earth are very dependent on chemical reactions or chemical changes.24、a chemical reaction occurs when elements and compounds react together to produce different compounds , or when compounds break down into simpler compounds or elements.三無機(jī)物的命名H

13、 Hydrogen Li Lithium Na SodiumK Potassium Mg Magnesium Ca CalciumMn manganese Cu copper Zn zincFe iron Hg mercury Ag silver Au gold C Carbon Si SiliconPb Lead Al Aluminium F FluorineCl Chlorine Br Bromine I IodineO Oxygen S Sulfur N NitrogenP Phosphorus1. 直呼其名，即讀其元素名稱 + ion如：Na+ sodium ion K+ potass

14、ium ion2. 對(duì)于有變價(jià)的金屬元素，除了可用前綴來表示以外，更多采用羅馬數(shù)字來表示金屬的氧化態(tài)，或用后綴-ous 表示低價(jià)，-ic 表示高價(jià)如：Cu+ copper () ion 或 cuprous ion Cu2+ copper () ion 或 cupric ion Fe2+ iron () ion 或 ferrous ion Fe3+ iron () ion 或 ferric ion3. 含氫酸根：酸根中的讀做hydrogen，氫原子的個(gè)數(shù)用希臘前綴表示：mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca-舉例：CO3

15、 2- carbonate ionHCO3- hydrogen carbonate ionPO43- phosphate ion HPO42 hydrogencarbonate ionH2PO4- dihydrogenphosphate ion4. 結(jié)晶水讀做hydrate ，結(jié)晶水的個(gè)數(shù)用希臘前綴表示：mono-di -tri- tetra -penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca-CuSO4· 5H2O copper() sulfate pentahydrateAlCl3 · 6H2O aluminum chloride hexahyd

16、rate5. 測(cè)試Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide AlCl3 aluminum chlorideFeBr2 iron(II) bromide CaSO4 calcium sulfateZnCO3 zinc carbonate HF hydrofluoric acidH3PO4 phosphoric acid NO2 nitrogen dioxideCuO copper(II) oxide Al2O3 aluminum oxideNaHSO3 sodium hydrogen sulfite KMnO4 potassium permanganateNaClO sodium

17、hypochloride四 有機(jī)物的命名1) 命名正烷基時(shí)，只需把烷烴的詞尾“-ane換成“-yl”，加在相應(yīng)的烷烴的字首后2) 字母規(guī)則：Butyl>Ethyl>Isopropyl>Methyl>Neopentyl>tert-Pentyl>Propyl3) 環(huán)烷烴：只需在所對(duì)應(yīng)的烷烴前加上cyclo-即可4) 有些結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜的烷基，需添加詞頭5) 烯烴和炔烴命名時(shí)將相應(yīng)的烷烴的詞尾“烷” (ane)改為“烯”(ene)或“炔”(yne)，后綴前加上不飽和鍵的編號(hào)即可。當(dāng)所帶的雙鍵或叁鍵 不止一個(gè)時(shí)，可在前邊加上di-，tri-，tetra-等希臘前綴來表示

18、6) 烴類分子中同時(shí)含有雙鍵和叁鍵時(shí)成為烯炔，命名時(shí)烯在前炔在后，雙鍵的編號(hào)寫在前面，叁鍵的定位號(hào)寫在表示炔烴詞尾之前。例如：7）順式 cis- ，反式 trans-二 漢譯英Unit1The early beginnings of chemistry were clearly motivated by practical needs of people . 早期的化學(xué)顯然是出于實(shí)際的需要?；鸬陌l(fā)現(xiàn)為遠(yuǎn)古人提供了第一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)去實(shí)現(xiàn)控制化學(xué)反應(yīng)過程。他們學(xué)會(huì)制備銅制物品，銅和其它材料是現(xiàn)成的。.由于化學(xué)過程的使用早于人們的書寫，因而沒有書面記錄有關(guān)它們的化學(xué)技巧?？梢耘袛嗨麄兊幕瘜W(xué)能力只有從考古的

19、發(fā)現(xiàn)的各個(gè)手工藝品。正如早期的數(shù)學(xué)發(fā)展，清楚的預(yù)示著實(shí)際需求影響著化學(xué)的發(fā)展。但化學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)在這個(gè)階段可能沒有互相影響。如果它們影響了，但是沒有記錄證明這個(gè)。Now ,most dictionaries define chemistry as the science that deals with the composition ,structure ,and properties of substances and the reactions by which one substance is converted into another . 現(xiàn)在，很多詞典把化學(xué)定義為涉及物質(zhì)的組成、結(jié)構(gòu)、性

20、質(zhì)以及一種物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)為另一種反應(yīng)的科學(xué)。知道化學(xué)的定義，然而，并不與知道它的具體涵義相同。本質(zhì)上，化學(xué)是一門實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)。實(shí)驗(yàn)提供兩個(gè)重要角色。它形成了明確理論必須解釋的問題是觀察的基礎(chǔ)以及提供了一中檢查新理論的有效性的方式。本文強(qiáng)調(diào)了化學(xué)科學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)性。盡可能經(jīng)常地，在觀察的理論解釋之前，提供實(shí)驗(yàn)的化學(xué)理論。Chemical is one of three fundamental natural science， the other two being physics and biology. 化學(xué)是三種基礎(chǔ)自然科學(xué)之一，另外兩種是物理和生物。自從宇宙大爆炸以來，化學(xué)過程持續(xù)進(jìn)行，甚至地球上生命的出現(xiàn)

21、可能也是化學(xué)過程的結(jié)果。人們也許認(rèn)為生命是三步進(jìn)化的最終結(jié)果,第一步非?？?其余兩步相當(dāng)慢。這三步是：（I）物理進(jìn)化（化學(xué)元素的產(chǎn)生），（II）化學(xué)進(jìn)化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物進(jìn)化（有機(jī)物的形成和發(fā)展）。Unit 5Not long after Dalton presented his model for the atom 不久之后道爾頓提出他的原子模型（一個(gè)不可分割的粒子的質(zhì)量決定其特性）科學(xué)家開始準(zhǔn)備按他們的原子的重量安排元素表。當(dāng)規(guī)劃出這些元素的表，這些科學(xué)家觀察這些元素的模型。例如，越來越清晰的表明某些特定間隔的元素共享某些相似的性質(zhì)。在那個(gè)時(shí)候大約60個(gè)已知元素中,

22、第四和第十一,第五和第十二（擁有相似性質(zhì)）,等等。Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table. 門捷列夫在他的元素周期表中留下了許多空格。他非但沒有將那些空格看作缺憾，而且他甚至預(yù)言一些這些未發(fā)現(xiàn)的元素的特性。 在以后的許多年中，許多空格被發(fā)現(xiàn)的新元素填入。性質(zhì)經(jīng)常十分接近于門捷列夫已經(jīng)預(yù)言的那些性質(zhì)。這個(gè)偉大革新的預(yù)言價(jià)值是門捷列夫的元素周期表被廣泛接受。So far ,our main emphasis concerning the periodic table has been on the vertical columns ,which contain the families of elements . 到目前為止，我們關(guān)于周期表的主要重點(diǎn)是垂直列，包含的元素的族。事實(shí)上，以及水平行中有共同的特點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上，以及水平行中有共同的特點(diǎn)。表中的元素的水平行被稱為周期。每個(gè)周期間結(jié)束的元素稱為惰性氣體的族。這些元素，貴金