英美文學期末考試

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上名詞解釋1、英國浪漫主義（England Romanticism）A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in western culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as revolt against classicism. Romanticism gave primary concern to passion emotion, and natural beauty. The English Romantic

2、 Period is an age of poetry.2. 英雄雙行體（Heroic Couplet） Heroic couplet is a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often containing a complete though. There is a fairly heavy at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis with

3、in a line, or between the two lines. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.3. 超驗主義（Transcendentalism）In New England, an intellectual movement known transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The

4、movement began among an influential set authors based in Concord, Massachusetts, and was led Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th-century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. Instead,

5、the transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. The transcendentalists found their chief source of aspiration in nature.4. 迷茫的一代（Lost Generation）The Lost Generation refers to the disillusioned inte

6、llectuals and artists of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or cynical hedonism.5. 啟蒙運動（Enlightenment Movement） The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement, which flourished in France and swept the w

7、hole Western Europe at the time. It was a furtherance of the Renaissance from the 14th to the 17th century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known

8、as the Enlightenment Movement.7.無韻體 blank verse This term , which was first brought into England by Surrey , is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter line in poetry.8.三一律 The Three UnitiesThe Three Unities , formulated by Renaissance dramatists, are the unities of time, place and action. A pla

9、y should have no scenes irrelevant to the action, should not cover more than twenty-four hours, and should not cover more than one locale. 6.自由體 free verse It is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventional rules of meter.9.現(xiàn)代主義 Modernism Modernism was a complex and diver

10、se international, movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facts, such as symbolism surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.10.英國文藝復興 Renaissance The term refers to a great

11、bourgeois cultural movement in Europe which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century. It first started from Italy and then spread all over Europe. The Renaissance , therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get

12、rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe.英國文學1. Beowulf : a national epic2. The Renaissance(原因)：(1) rediscoveries of ancient Greek and Roman culture.(2) discoveries in geography and astrology.(3)Religious reformation and economic expansion.3. William Shakespeare四大悲?。篐amlet Othello Macbe

13、th King Lear喜劇：The Merchant of Venice: It is a comedy dramatic ironic to Christian.17世紀：4. John Milton(約翰 彌爾頓)Paradise Lost blank verse(無韻體詩)5. John Bunyan(約翰 班揚)The Pilgrims Progress（天路歷程）：讓人遵守宗教條例并且通過不斷與自己薄弱意識和惡勢力作斗爭來自我拯救?！癡anity Fair”是其中最富盛名的。18世紀：6. Daniel Defoe(丹尼爾 笛福)Robinson Crusoe:描述的是“真實的生活

14、”，反映社會現(xiàn)實。7. Jonathan Swift(喬納森 斯威夫特)Gullivers Travels反對，諷刺英國的社會。8. William Blake(威廉 布萊克)：浪漫主義起始London from Songs of Experience：消極、低調Songs of Innocence：樂觀、熱情浪漫主義時期9. William Wordsworth: He ushered in the English Romantic Movement with the population of “Lyrical Ballads”抒情歌謠集成就： advocate to used every

15、day language use of humble and rustic life advocate expression of spontaneous over flow of powerful feelings She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud10. George Gordon, Lord Byron(喬治 戈登 拜倫)Don Juan(唐璜) Childe Harolds Pilgrimage（恰爾德 哈羅爾德游記）11. Percy Bysshe Shelley(鉑西 比希 雪萊)Ode t

16、o the West Wind The Cloud12. John KeatsOde to a Nightingale(夜鶯頌)13. Jane Austen(簡 奧斯汀)Pride and Prejudice(傲慢與偏見)主題：The title of this novel reveals the novelists concern: if making good relationship is our main task in life, we must first have good judgment. According to Jane Austen, our first impres

17、sions are usually wrong, as is shown her by that of Elizabeth.維多利亞時期14. Charles Dickens(查爾斯 狄更斯)Tale of Two Cities(雙城記) &Oliver Twist(霧都孤兒) 史詩的散文15. William Makepeace Thackeray(威廉 梅克匹斯 薩克雷)Vanity Fair16. Charlotte Bronte & Emily Bronte(夏洛蒂 勃朗特 & 艾蜜莉 勃朗特) Charlotte BronteJane Eyre：第一次寫家庭女

18、教師 Emily BronteWuthering Heights17. Robert Browning(羅伯特 布朗寧)丈夫dramatic monologues戲劇獨白 Elizabeth Barrett Browning妻子 From Sonnets from the Portuguese:寫給她丈夫20世紀18. Thomas Hardy(托馬斯 哈代)Nostalgia 懷鄉(xiāng)情調，他以自己家鄉(xiāng)Wessex為背景Tess of the DUrbervilles19. Oscar Wilde(奧斯卡 伍爾德)：被認為同性戀而入獄The Picture of Dorian Gray:唯一的一

19、部小說20. George Bernard Shaw(蕭伯納)Greatest dramatist since Shakespeare,主要關注社會問題，discussion plays21. D.H. Lawrence(勞倫斯)第一部白孔雀 The White PeapockSons and Lovers:第一部自由體，利用心理分析美國文學1.Edgar Allan Poe埃德加愛倫坡to HelenThe Raven烏鴉2.Ralph Waldo Emerson拉爾夫沃爾多愛默生 超驗主義（transcendentalist）3.Nathaniel Hawthorne納撒尼爾霍桑紅字The

20、 Scarlet Letter 4.Walt Whitman沃爾特惠特曼Song of Myself5.Emily Dickinson艾米麗迪金森I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-19c女詩人Her themes include love, nature, friendshipA Bird came down the Walk- 6.Mark Twain馬克吐溫The Adventures of Tom Sawyer湯姆索亞歷險記The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克貝利芬歷險記7.Jack London 杰克倫敦Martin Ed

21、en自傳體小說The Sea Wolf8.Theodore Dreiser西奧多德萊賽Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹9.Ezra Pound埃茲拉龐德The father of Imagist Poetry意象派詩歌之父10.Robert Frost羅伯特弗羅斯特The Road Not TakenStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening11.Thomas Stearns Eliot T.S.艾略特The Waste Land荒原12.F.Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯哥特菲茨杰拉爾德The Great Gatsby了不起的蓋茨比13.John S

22、teinbeck約翰斯提貝克The Grapes of Wrath憤怒的葡萄14.William Faulkner威廉福克納 stream of consciousness意識流A Rose for Emily獻給艾米麗小姐的玫瑰一I heard a Fly buzz when I died作者：Emily Dickinson主題：the theme of the poem is the exploration of death. The poet thought that death was inevitable, painless and natural and asserted that

23、 death meant eternity because people wound get another living after they have passed it.二The road not Taken作者：Robert Frost主題：The poet is expresses a complicated feeling about mingling with the beauty.(1)It is a meditative poem, in the poem the speaker tell us how the course of his life was determine

24、d when he came upon two roads that diverged in a wood. Forced to choose, he “took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference”(2)Here the poem means that his choice of the course of life is different from that of others.(3)In this simple but profound poem Frost tries to show the i

25、mportance of choosing a correct way of life.三Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening作者：Robert Frost主題：The poet expresses a complicated feeling about mingling with the beauty and quiet natural and the responsibility which the opeaker bears in the real world.四：Song of Myself作者：Walt Whitman主題：In song of m

26、yself, Whitmans own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a young growing America, and he sets forth the principal beliefs of both the theory of universality and singularity and equality of an being in value.五Sonnet 18作者：William Shakespeare主題：not only appreciate the beloved w

27、oman; but also eulogize the power of artistic creation幾行：十四行詩fourteen lines押韻形式：abab cdcd efef gg幾個音部：five foots賞析：Sonnet 18 The poem is a sonnet which use the form of”abab cdcd efef gg” as rhyme.One and three lines end with /ei/; two and four lines end with /eit/; five and seven lines and with /aiz

28、/; six and eight lines end with /imd/; nine and eleven lines end with/eid/; ten and twelve lines end with /ust/; thirteen and fourteen lines end with /i/. Each line have five foot. For example: the first line: Shall I compare thee to a summers day”.” Shall I”、”compare”、”thee to”、”a sum”、”mers day” a

29、re the five foot. In each foot the former syllable need lighten and the latter need stress.The poem contains two themes: first to appreciate has friend beauty; second to eulogize the power of artistic creation.西風頌（Ode to the West Wind）In the poem, the autumn wind, becomes an image of Shelley himself

30、 as he wants to be,in its freedom, its destructive constructive potential, its universality.The whole poem has a logic of feeling, that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion.” If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” Which brought us a hopeful, optimistic attitude to the comi

31、ng future.傲慢與偏見(pride and prejudice) The title of the novel Pride and Prejudice reveals the novelists concern: if making good relationship is our main task in life, we must first have good judgment. Our first impressions, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong, as is shown here by that of Eliza

32、beth. In the process of judging others, Elizabeth finds out absurd about herself: her blindness, partiality, prejudice and absurdity. At the same time, Darcy too learns about other people and himself. In the end, false, prejudice is humbled and prejudice dissolved.兒子與情人(sons and lovers)It's D.H.

33、Lawrences Semi-autographical novelthe most popular one of his works. t tells the story of a coal miners family with the third son Paul as the central character. he thread of story evolved around Pauls love for the two girls Miriam and Clara as well as his love for his mother. Lawrence focused on the

34、 psychological development of its character. Mainly described sex and lust.論述題1.Roughly speaking, Shakespeares literary career can be divided into three periods. What are the three periods? And what are his major works in each period?莎士比亞創(chuàng)作分為哪幾個時期，各時期代表作Shakespeares literary works can be divided int

35、o three periods: the first one from 1590 to 1600, the second from 1601 to 1608, and the third from 1609 to 1612.In the first period, optimism prevails in most of the works, which include histories, comedies, and poems. In them, he portrayed young people just freed from feudal fetters. He sang of the

36、ir youth, love and ideals of happiness. His histories include Richard III, Henry IV, Henry V, ect. Comedies include The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, Twelfth Night, ect. And all his poems,154 sonnets and two long poems, The Rape of Lurece and Venus and Adonis, are written in this perio

37、d, too.In the second period, Shakespeares optimism wanes and a strong touch of pessimism marks most of the works, which reveal the society to be an evil one. The famous four tragedies of his age are all complete in this period, which include Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, and King Lear.The works in the t

38、hird period are mainly tragicomedies and romances: Cymbeline, The Winters tale, The Tempest, ect.2.What is the Shakespeares literary achievement莎士比亞的文學成就主要表現(xiàn)在哪幾個方面(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He maintains that the purpose of dramatic performance is “to hold,

39、as it were, the mirror up to nature”. In his work, he paints the decline of the old feudal nobility and the vice of the new Tudor monarch. Besides, his plays have good plots and life-like characters too. His drama is an expression, a monument of the English Renaissance since he wrote about his own p

40、eople for his own time. (2)Shakespeare is a prolific writer. Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems. He is a master-hand for every form of drama-comedy, tragedy, and historical plays.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and

41、the dramatic blank verse. And he is a great master of the English language. He used a vocabulary larger than any other English writers. Many of his new coinage and turns of expressions have become everyday usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two

42、 great treasures of the English language.(4)Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over.3.What are the main characteristics of Bernard Shaws plays蕭伯納的戲劇特點(1)Structurally and thematically, Shaw followed the

43、great traditions of realism. He took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms.(2)One feature of Shaw's characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. Another feature is that Shaw's characters

44、 are the representatives of ideas， points of view， that shift and alter during the play， for Mr. Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines.(3)Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation. The inversion, a device found in Shaw from beginning to end,

45、 is an integral part of an interpretation of life.(4)Shaw's plays have plots， but they do not work by plots. The plot is usually the disregarded backbone to one long, unbroken conversation. It is the vitality of the talk that takes primacy over mere story. Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay of the characters maintain the interest of the audience. The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.4.What are the stylistic features of Hemingways novels海