行為矯正原理與方法英文

1、CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONAnswers to Study Questions on Main Text1. Generally, behavior is anything a person does or says. Technically, behavior is anymuscular, glandular, or electrical activity of an organism. Synonyms include: activity,action, performance, responding, response, and reaction.2. Behavior

2、 is anything that a person says or does. Products of behavior are theconsequences produced by the behavior. For example, studying effectively and writingthe correct answers to questions on an exam are behaviors. Getting an “A” is a productof those behaviors.3. Overt behaviors are behaviors that coul

3、d be observed and recorded by an individualother than the one performing the behavior. For example, walking and talking are overtbehaviors. Covert behaviors are private or internal activities that cannot be readilyobserved by others. For example, thinking particular words to oneself or feeling nervo

4、us(increased heart rate, etc.) would be private behaviors.4. Thinking in words (private self-talk) and imagining can also be referred to as cognitivebehaviors. For example, a hockey player may think before stepping on the ice at agame, “I am going to play my best game yet” (private self-talk), or a

5、teacher may tell theclass to close their eyes and picture a beach (imagining).5. Any two dimensions can be described. Duration of a behavior is how long it lasts. Forexample, measuring how long an individual can tread water in a swimming pool.Frequency of a behavior is the number of instances that o

6、ccur in a given period of time.For example, a figure skater counting the number of times that she or he lands a newjump in a practice session. The intensity or force of a behavior refers to the physicaleffort or energy involved in emitting the behavior. For example, the force of a personsgrip when s

7、haking hands.6. Although their meanings vary from speaker to speaker, they always refer to ways ofbehaving. An intelligent person, for example, solves problems quickly; a creative personfrequently emits behaviors that are novel or unusual and have desirable effects.7. (a) They may lead to pseudo exp

8、lanations of behavior; (b) they can negatively affect theway a labeled individual might be treated; and (c) they may influence one to focus on anindividuals problem behaviors rather than on his or her strengths.8. Too little behavior of a particular type. For example, a child might not pronounce wor

9、dsclearly, nor interact with other children. Any other two appropriate examples areacceptable.9. Too much behavior of a particular type. For example, a child frequently plays with thedials on the television set, and throws food on the floor at mealtime. Any other twoappropriate examples are acceptab

10、le.10. (a) To avoid the problems of using general labels to refer to individuals; (b) because it isbehavior that causes concern and behavior that must be treated to alleviate theproblems; and (c) specific procedures are available to overcome behavior problems.11. Stimuli are the people, objects, and

11、 events currently present in ones immediatesurroundings that impinge on ones sense receptors and that can affect behavior. Anyappropriate examples are acceptable.12. First, it places strong emphasis on defining problems in terms of behavior that can bemeasured in some way and accepting changes in th

12、e behavioral measure of the problemas the best indicator of the extent to which the problem is being helped. Second, itstreatment procedures and techniques are ways of altering an individuals environmentto help that individual function more fully in society. Third, its methods and rationalescan be d

13、escribed precisely. Fourth, the techniques of behavior modification are oftenapplied by individuals in everyday life. Fifth, its techniques stem from basic and appliedresearch in the psychology of learning in general, and in the principles of operant andPavlovian conditioning in particular. Sixth, i

14、t emphasizes scientific demonstration thata particular intervention was responsible for a particular behavior change. Seventh, itplaces high value on accountability for everyone involved in behavior modificationprograms: client, staff, administrators, consultants, etc.13. Behavior modification invol

15、ves the systematic application of learning principles andtechniques to assess and improve individuals covert and overt behaviors in order toenhance their daily functioning.14. Target behavior is a behavior to be improved in a behavior modification program. Astudent might identify a target behavior o

16、f studying more. This would be a behavioraldeficit that needs to be increased. Other appropriate examples are acceptable.15. Behavioral assessment involves the collection and analysis of information and data inorder to:(1) Identify and describe target behaviors;(2) Identify possible causes of the be

17、havior;(3) Guide the selection of an appropriate behavioral treatment; and(4) Evaluate treatment outcome.16. Behavior analysis is the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of humanbeings and other animals. It is the science on which behavior modification is based.17. The dimensions of ap

18、plied behavior analysis include: (a) a focus on measurablebehavior that is socially significant; (b) a strong emphasis on the learning principlesfrequently referred to as operant conditioning, to develop treatment strategies; (c) anattempt to clearly demonstrate that the treatment that was applied w

19、as responsible forthe improvement in the behavior that was measured; and (d) a demonstration ofgeneralizable and long-lasting improvements in behavior.18. (a) Behavior modification uses the principles of both operant and Pavlovianconditioning, while applied behavior analysis relies largely on operan

20、t conditioning; (b)behavior modification encompasses both behavior therapy and cognitive behaviortherapy, and therefore has acquired a broader meaning than applied behavior analysis.19. Behavior therapy is behavior modification carried out on dysfunctional behavior.20. Cognitive behavior therapy foc

21、uses on treating dysfunctional behavior by changingunproductive, debilitating thought patterns that were considered to be responsible forthe dysfunctional behavior.21. Any four of the following myths or misconceptions:(a) Use of rewards by behavior modifiers to change behavior is bribery;(b) Behavio

22、r modification involves the use of drugs, psychosurgery, andelectroconvulsive therapy;(c) Behavior modification only changes symptoms; it doesnt get at the underlyingproblems;(d) Behavior modification is not applicable for changing complex problems such as lowself-esteem or depression;(e) Behavior m

23、odifiers are cold and unfeeling and dont develop empathy for theirclients;(f) Behavior modifiers deal only with observable behavior; they dont deal with thoughtsand feelings of clients;(g) Behavior modification is outdated.Chapter 1: IntroductionMultiple Choice Questions On Main Text (Note: * indica

24、tes the correct answer)1. A behavioral deficit is:* a) too little of a particular type of behaviorb) too much of a particular type of behaviorc) an appropriate behavior occurring to the wrong stimulusd) an appropriate behavior occurring at the wrong time or place2. A behavioral excess is:* a) too mu

25、ch of a particular type of behaviorb) too little of a particular type of behaviorc) an appropriate behavior occurring to the wrong stimulusd) an appropriate behavior occurring at the wrong time or place3. Which of the following is an example of behavior?a) hair colorb) the color of someones eyesc) t

26、he clothes someone is wearing* d) dressing in the morning4. In behavior modification, motivation and intelligence refer to:a) inner mental processes * b) ways of behavingc) causes of behavior d) major sources of abnormality5. In behavior modification, the term “environment” refers to:a) the neighbor

27、hood in which a person is raisedb) the natural habitat of an organism* c) the specific physical variables in ones immediate surroundingsd) the general situation where one happens to be6. A child does not pronounce words clearly and does not interact with other children. Theseare examples of:a) behav

28、ioral excesses b) behavioral abnormalities* c) behavioral deficits d) behavioral characteristics7. Behavior modifiers stress the importance of defining problems in terms of specificbehavioral deficits or behavioral excesses because:a) therapists can then focus on the individuals problem behaviors ra

29、ther than on his orher strengths* b) it is behavior that causes concern, and there are specific procedures now available tochange behaviorc) labeling an individual implies that a particular treatment program will be helpfuld) labeling an individual is useful for quickly providing general information

30、 about how thatindividual might perform8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of behavior modification?a) It defines problems in terms of behavior.b) Its treatment procedures and techniques are ways of rearranging an individualsenvironment.c) Its techniques draw extensively from the princ

31、iples of operant and Pavlovianconditioning.* d) It emphasizes the use of summary labels for classifying individuals.9. Which of the following is an example of covert behavior?* a) a skier thinking, “I hope I dont fall” b) a pitcher throwing a ballc) a student drinking coffee d) a child talking to he

32、r dog in the backyard10. Which of the following is an example of overt behavior?a) feelings of nervousness * b) yelling at someonec) a boy on a date thinking, “I like this girl” d) imagining a beautiful sunset11. Which of the following is an example of an outcome of behavior?a) throwing a baseball b

33、) lifting a heavy weight* c) scoring a goal in ice hockey d) standing at the free throw line in basketball12. Behavior therapy refers to:a) behavior modification in which there is typically an attempt to analyze or clearlydemonstrate controlling variablesb) the scientific study of laws that govern t

34、he behavior of human beings and other animals* c) behavioral treatment carried out on dysfunctional behaviord) behavior modification that focuses on overt behaviors that are of social significance13. Behavior modifiers are cautious about using summary labels to refer to individuals or theiractions b

35、ecause:a) the label for the behavior is often used as a pseudo-explanation for the behaviorb) labels can negatively affect the way an individual might be treatedc) labeling may influence us to focus on an individuals problem behaviors rather than onhis or her strengths* d) all of the above14. The pe

36、ople, objects, and events that make up a persons environment are called:* a) stimuli b) conditioned stimulic) unconditioned stimuli d) reinforcing stimuli15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of behavior modification?a) Its treatment procedures are ways of altering an individuals enviro

37、nment.b) Its methods and rationales can be described precisely.* c) Its techniques stem primarily from cognitive psychology.d) Its techniques are often applied by individuals in everyday life.16. Behavioral assessment seeks to:a) determine the underlying mental disturbance responsible for behavioral

38、 symptomsb) identify the type of mental disorder assumed to underlie particular patterns of abnormalbehavior* c) identify potential controlling variables of problem behaviors, and select behavioraltreatmentd) determine the necessary intelligence level of potential clients as a prerequisite tobehavio

39、r modification programs。17. Which of the following is not a misconception about behavior modification?a) Behavior modifiers only deal with the observable and they dont deal with the thoughtsand feelings of clients.* b) Behavior modification involves the systematic application of learning principles

40、toimprove covert and overt behaviors.c) Behavior modification involves the use of drugs, psychosurgery, and electroconvulsivetherapy.d) Behavior modification only changes symptoms; it doesnt get at the underlying problems.18. Which of the following is an example of cognitive behavior?a) a child read

41、ing out loud for a parentb) a baseball player talking to her coach* c) a person on a hot day imagining that he is sitting at the oceand) a student writing with a pen19. Behaviors to be improved in a behavior modification program are frequently called:a) overt behaviors b) covert behaviorsc) cognitiv

42、e behaviors * d) target behaviors20. Behavior Analysis refers to:a) behavior modification in which there is typically an attempt to analyze or clearlydemonstrate controlling variables* b) the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animalsc) behavioral treatment c

43、arried out on dysfunctional behaviord) behavior modification that focuses on overt behaviors that are of social significance21. _ involves the systematic application of learning principles and techniques toassess and improve individuals covert and overt behaviors in order to enhance their dailyfunct

44、ioning.a) Behavioral assessmentb) Behavior analysis* c) Behavior modificationd) Cognitive behavior therapyTrue/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 22. Behavior modification accepts changes in a behavior as the indicator of the extent to which a problem is be

45、ing helped.F 23. One of the defining characteristics of behavior modification is that it does notemphasize scientific demonstration that an intervention was responsible for aparticular behavior change.T 24. Behavior is, essentially, anything a person does or says.F 25. Behavior modifiers deal only w

46、ith observable behavior, and discount subjectiveevents such as thoughts and feelings.F 26. The color of a persons eyes is an example of behavior.T 27. Studying for a course is an example of a behavior.F 28. Remembering the feelings of your first kiss is an example of overt behavior.T 29. Thinking “I

47、 hope I pass this course” while sitting in class, is an example of covertbehavior.F 30. To a behavior modifier, intelligence is something that you were born with, a sort of“inherited capacity for learning.”T 31. Hyperactivity is a label for certain behaviors.T 32. According to the authors of the tex

48、t, the term behavior modification has a broadermeaning than the term behavior therapy.F 33. A teenager frequently interrupts conversations between his parents. Thats anexample of a behavioral deficit.T 34. A golfer often thinks negatively just before important shots. Thats an example of abehavioral

49、excess.F 35. Behavior modification can only be applied by experts, and not by individuals ineveryday life.T 36. Environmental events that impinge on ones sense receptors and that can affectbehavior are called stimuli.F 37. Cognitive behavior is another term for overt behavior.T 38. Behavior analysis

50、 refers to the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior ofhuman beings and other animals.F 39. The term behavior therapy is typically used to refer to behavior modification wherethere is an attempt to clearly demonstrate controlling variables of the behavior ofconcern.T 40. Characteristics

51、of behavior that can be measured are called dimensions ofbehavior.CHAPTER 2AREAS OF APPLICATION: AN OVERVIEWAnswers to Study Questions on Main Text1. Any five of the following areas: education, parenting, child management, social work,nursing, clinical psychology, psychiatry, community psychology, m

52、edicine,rehabilitation medicine, gerontology, business, industry, and sports. Other areas mightalso be acceptable.2. Any four of the following: learning to walk, learning to talk, toilet training, doinghousehold chores, decreasing nail-biting, decreasing temper tantrums, decreasingaggressive behavio

53、rs, following rules, complying with parents requests, and decreasingarguing. Other behaviors might also be acceptable.3. Any four of the following: oral reading, reading comprehension, spelling, handwriting,mathematics, English composition, creativity, science concepts, out-of-seat behavior,tantrumi

54、ng, aggressive behavior, and excessive socializing. Other behaviors might alsobe acceptable.4. PSI stands for Personalized System of Instruction. It was founded by Fred S. Keller. Itscharacteristics include: (a) identifies the target behaviors or learning requirements for acourse in the form of stud

55、y questions, such as the questions at the end of the chaptersin this book; (b) requires students to study only a small amount of material beforedemonstrating mastery, such as the amount of material contained in a chapter or twoand that might be studied in a week or two; (c) has frequent tests (such

56、as once everyweek or two) in which students are required to demonstrate their knowledge of theanswers to the study objectives; (d) has mastery criteria so that students mustdemonstrate mastery at a particular level before going on to the next level; (e) isnonpunitive, in that students are not penali

57、zed for failing to demonstrate mastery on atest but simply restudy and try again; (f) uses a number of student assistants (calledproctors) to assist in immediately scoring tests and providing feedback to studentsconcerning test performance; (g) incorporates a “go-at-your-own-pace” feature in whichst

58、udents are allowed to proceed through the course material at rates that suit their ownparticular abilities and time demands; and (h) use lectures primarily for motivation anddemonstration, rather than as a major means of presenting new information.5. Some instructors have used computers to automate PSI, thus ma