嵌入式系統(tǒng)設(shè)計與應(yīng)用作業(yè)

1、嵌入式系統(tǒng)設(shè)計與應(yīng)用作業(yè)專業(yè)班級：電子* 姓名：* 學(xué)號：2007*智能斷路器網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的研究在以太網(wǎng)逐步朝著控制廠房和設(shè)備層網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展趨勢下，更多的關(guān)于智能斷路器（ICBC）的管理信息正變的分散化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。本文介紹一種復(fù)雜的工業(yè)領(lǐng)域基于以太網(wǎng)幀控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)的混合結(jié)構(gòu)，然后主要討論三個ICBC網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理方法，如基于PCI的互聯(lián)方法，嵌入式網(wǎng)關(guān)和嵌入式Web服務(wù)器。與此同時，它還提供了基本的執(zhí)行互連硬件框架，主要組成部分的類型，并有支持嵌入式TCP / IP協(xié)議和Web服務(wù)器的實時操作系統(tǒng)。 低壓斷路器（LVCB）是在分配系統(tǒng)下交換機的主要開關(guān)設(shè)備之一。它可以切換/關(guān)閉正常負(fù)載電流，是與發(fā)動機使用的超負(fù)

2、荷電流一樣的；另一方面，它可以連接并打破短路電流。此外，比如出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的電流，超載，短路，相損失等等故障時，LVCB可以自動切斷電路，并且在很大范圍內(nèi)隔離故障。因此，它對保護網(wǎng)絡(luò)的電路，電器和電動馬達(dá)起著重要的作用，因此得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。因此，它在保護網(wǎng)絡(luò)電路，設(shè)備和電動馬達(dá)起著重要的作用，從而被得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。 基于LVCB ，智能斷路器（ICBC）增加了智能阻斷控制功能和簡單的訪問路徑，這可以通過給計算機數(shù)據(jù)以達(dá)到控制。隨著設(shè)備控制系統(tǒng)通訊和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)應(yīng)用的發(fā)展，日漸增多的工業(yè)控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)趨勢為ICBC信息管理提出了新的要求，主要表現(xiàn)在兩個方面： （1）基于異構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)實現(xiàn)計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)的通信和互聯(lián)； （2

3、）各種信息的共享，包括不同的控制信息和工作信息（例如：運行方式-開/關(guān)；準(zhǔn)備工作，預(yù)警，故障等等；關(guān)于運行分支通道的電氣參數(shù)，如電流的參數(shù)，故障參數(shù)等；控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)工作參數(shù)）通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)來管理。 1基于以太網(wǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)綜合控制網(wǎng)絡(luò) 該智能設(shè)備的格架必須滿足下列條件：實現(xiàn)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)/內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)/以太網(wǎng)一級的現(xiàn)場總線的功能，從傳統(tǒng)的控制方法如場開關(guān)信號轉(zhuǎn)變模擬信號到由現(xiàn)場總線形成的英特爾控制方法；應(yīng)用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)到工業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并實現(xiàn)基于TCP / IP協(xié)議工業(yè)控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)。造成控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)的核心技術(shù)是實現(xiàn)互聯(lián)，換句話說，在不同介質(zhì)，利率和交際條約之間實現(xiàn)相互交流，最后達(dá)到在不同子網(wǎng)的設(shè)備之間進(jìn)行信息交換的目的。目前，控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)互聯(lián)

4、的方法主要依賴于各種現(xiàn)場總線組成的廣泛的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 2給以太網(wǎng)連接智能斷路器的方法緊接著全面開放，全分散和互操作的原則，體現(xiàn)在全面控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)，現(xiàn)場連接到以太網(wǎng)設(shè)備的實現(xiàn)方法有三種： （1）插通訊卡到工業(yè)PC和PCI ，其中的信息交流是完整的。這些數(shù)據(jù)在以太網(wǎng)層通過計算機轉(zhuǎn)移到計算機。 （2）在不同的通信協(xié)議之間采用專門的網(wǎng)關(guān)，以實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)變來連接設(shè)施到以太網(wǎng)。 （3）直接插Web服務(wù)器到PLC或控制設(shè)備。數(shù)據(jù)以Web服務(wù)器和瀏覽器方式的動態(tài)互相感應(yīng)。 2.1 基于PCI模式的互聯(lián) 由于基于PCI模式的技術(shù)是比較先進(jìn)的，它已被廣泛應(yīng)用。這種模式由智能斷路器，計算機，網(wǎng)卡和相關(guān)軟件組成。 智能設(shè)施主要包括可

5、采用的微控制器（MPU）的基本系統(tǒng)（英特87C196KC），控制邏輯的收集，模擬量的轉(zhuǎn)變和收集，交換值的輸入/輸出處理者，輸出控制， CAN總線接口和CAN總線收發(fā)器。 CAN包括：智能型高速雙內(nèi)存的PCI CAN總線，直接映射到內(nèi)存空間，在CAN和PC總線之間實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)交換。嵌入式微控制器（87C592）可以減輕主機電腦的負(fù)擔(dān)和能完成復(fù)雜的溝通工作。 主機電腦可以通過內(nèi)置的網(wǎng)卡或調(diào)制解調(diào)器連接到以太網(wǎng)，以被其他子網(wǎng)交換數(shù)據(jù)。 2.2 基于網(wǎng)管互聯(lián)特殊的網(wǎng)關(guān)是用于某些現(xiàn)場總線設(shè)備之間的互連，并且工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)是一種折中的戰(zhàn)略，在不忽視產(chǎn)品情況下其是由多個總線開發(fā)商所雇用的以擴大其市場份額。整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)采

6、用2層結(jié)構(gòu)：下面部分是低速現(xiàn)場總線，而較高的部分是以高速以太網(wǎng)為核心的現(xiàn)場總線網(wǎng)絡(luò)，整合了不同的協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。兩層異構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間的無縫連接，可由嵌入式網(wǎng)關(guān)實現(xiàn)。下面的部分將采取CAN總線為例，介紹智能斷路器采用嵌入式網(wǎng)關(guān)的互連方法。嵌入式網(wǎng)關(guān)在應(yīng)用層級別負(fù)責(zé)建設(shè)和分析完整的CAN協(xié)議數(shù)據(jù)包。那么它傳輸數(shù)據(jù)包給TCP / IP協(xié)議應(yīng)用層作為數(shù)據(jù)。在此過程中，沒有關(guān)于通訊數(shù)據(jù)實際意義的任何解釋將被它提交，因此在高速以太網(wǎng)和相對較低的總線速度之間，互聯(lián)才能實現(xiàn)，并且在TCP / IP和各種現(xiàn)場總線之間，協(xié)議轉(zhuǎn)讓就可能發(fā)生。嵌入式網(wǎng)關(guān)是由三個部分組成：通信處理器，CAN總線控制器和以太網(wǎng)控制器。運作模式如下

7、：在微控制器的調(diào)度下，使用以太網(wǎng)控制器交換操作站之間的數(shù)據(jù)；嵌入式CAN控制器可以與CAN總線中每個的智能斷路器的節(jié)點或與其他現(xiàn)場設(shè)備交換數(shù)據(jù)。 微控制器的選擇可以是嵌入式CAN通信模塊MC68HC05X16 或DPS的系列，如TMS320F206DSR或嵌入式CAN通信模塊的S320F243DSP芯片。 通常以太網(wǎng)控制器的選擇是由Realtek生產(chǎn)的RTL8019AS。RTL8019AS是高級密碼系統(tǒng)，其支持該芯片IEEE802.3標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和微軟即插即用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。它也提供8位，16位和32位微處理器，并且它的軟件與NE2000兼容。它可用于以太網(wǎng)二， IEEE802.3，10Base5，10Base

8、2，10BaseT。 發(fā)送和接收速度可以達(dá)到每秒10MB 。靜態(tài)存儲器（內(nèi)置16 KB的）負(fù)責(zé)接收和發(fā)送緩沖存儲器；它減少了主處理器的速度需求。此外，以太網(wǎng)控制器可以使用AMD公司生產(chǎn)的AM7790或AM7794 ；Crystal生產(chǎn)的CS8900 ，或英特爾生產(chǎn)的82596。2.3 基于嵌入式Web服務(wù)器的互聯(lián)嵌入式技術(shù)的發(fā)展使嵌入式網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)成為異構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的主要解決方法。有Web服務(wù)器軟件的智能現(xiàn)場設(shè)備勘探將成為控制工業(yè)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)互連最好的方式。嵌入式網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)是基于采用的RTOS（支持嵌入式網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議組的實時操作系統(tǒng)，如TCP/IP協(xié)議等）的原始嵌入式系統(tǒng)，使用智能技術(shù)設(shè)備的技術(shù)，并且使它有網(wǎng)絡(luò)的功

9、能，從而RT0S可使用即插即用的方法連接到以太網(wǎng)作為網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器運行和形式嵌入式網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)。采用這種互聯(lián)方法，硬件的使用主要依賴在智能斷路器的模式，其負(fù)責(zé)生成進(jìn)程和網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信。由于TCP/IP協(xié)議的復(fù)雜性，涉及實現(xiàn)協(xié)議的通信模式是MCU，以太網(wǎng)控制器和以太網(wǎng)收發(fā)器?；ヂ?lián)的方法有兩種方式： （1）傳遞嵌入在個人電腦中的以太網(wǎng)卡配置到設(shè)備水平，而MCU必須有更高的性能。 （2）采用合成以太網(wǎng)控制器和微控制器的CMOS切片，基于這個配置，改變以太網(wǎng)控制機器和微控制器的數(shù)據(jù)能直接地應(yīng)用在CMOS切片里；因此，通信效率提高了，同時，反干擾能力和穩(wěn)定性比分離的設(shè)備更好。形成以太網(wǎng)的微控制器或微處理器可以采用由摩

10、托羅拉生產(chǎn)的68K系列，如MPC860，MPC8260，或由三星生產(chǎn)的NetARMD。以太網(wǎng)發(fā)射器可以用AMD生產(chǎn)的AM7991，Level生產(chǎn)的LXT901和LXT907或者由摩托羅拉生產(chǎn)的68160。 有多重功能的CMOS切片的軟件部分主要由嵌入式實時多任務(wù)操作系統(tǒng)組成RTOS和Web服務(wù)器軟件。實時操作系統(tǒng)可以采用由風(fēng)河生產(chǎn)的VxWorks，由3Com生產(chǎn)的OS平臺，由微軟生產(chǎn)的Windows CE；另外，一些外國公司，像風(fēng)河，微軟，0NX和原子核，生產(chǎn)嵌入到Web上的軟件開發(fā)平臺。由CoreTleck公司開發(fā)的DeltaSystem平臺在家里使用比較成熟。 在以太網(wǎng)嵌入式Web智能斷路

11、器和個人電腦之間的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換通常采用客戶/服務(wù)器的方法，即一個客戶隨著幾個服務(wù)器轉(zhuǎn)變數(shù)據(jù)。PC，作為一個客戶，在線監(jiān)測整個系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)。每一個監(jiān)測代碼，由位智能單元形成并且嵌入網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器，接收由客戶發(fā)出的控制命令，而且給客戶提供所需的系統(tǒng)參數(shù)。這基本上反映了請求/相應(yīng)，即是，客戶給服務(wù)器發(fā)出信息和數(shù)據(jù)請求，然后服務(wù)器運行它并且返回進(jìn)程結(jié)果給客戶。 隨著集成電路，工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)技術(shù)和嵌入式Internet技術(shù)的發(fā)展，基于以太網(wǎng)組合模式的工業(yè)控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)將逐漸被互聯(lián)網(wǎng)控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)所取代。在TCP / IP協(xié)議組基礎(chǔ)上，嵌入式Web服務(wù)器和即插即用功能的智能現(xiàn)場設(shè)備在信息集成和控制的網(wǎng)絡(luò)架構(gòu)的革命中起著重要作用。智能

12、斷路器網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的研究具有重要的意義和實用價值。Research of network technology for Intelligent Circuit Breaker ControllerWith the current development trend of Ethernet gradually towards the control network of plant-floor layer and devices layer, much management information on Intelligent Circuit Breaker Controller(ICBC) is

13、becoming distributed and net worked. This Paper describes a mixing structure of complex industria1 field contro1 net work based on Ethernet frame，then mainly discusses three network management methods of ICBC，such as the inter connection method based on PCI， embedded gateway and embedded Web serverA

14、t the same time, it also gives the basic hard ware framework of implementing interconnectionthe type of main components, and the real-time, operation system supporting the embedded TCP/IP protocols and Web server Low Voltage Circuit Breaker (LVCB) is one of the main appliance switches in the distrib

15、uting system. It can switch on/off the normal-loaded current, the current used by motor as well as overload current; on the other hand, it can connect and break short-circuit currentBesides，when faults such as serious over-current. overload，short circuitloss of phase and so on appear, LVCB can cut-o

16、ff the circuitry automatically and cause the break down to be isolated to great extentAs a resultit plays important role in protecting net work circuitry, appliance and electric motor, and thereby has been widely applied. Based on LVCBIntelligent Circuit Breaker Controller (ICBC) adds intelligent br

17、eaking control function and simple communicative access，which can pass data to computer for controlWith the development of application of communicative and network technology to appliance control systems，and the increasing trend that the industry controls network as wel1new demands are put forward f

18、or information management of ICBC，which are mainly manifested in two aspects： (1)Realization of computer network communications and the interconnection based on heterogeneous networks； (2)Sharing of various information including diverse control information and working information(e. g. operating mod

19、e-on/off, ready to work，warning，breakdown，and so on；the electric parameters on operating branching channels such as current parameter, fault parameter, etc.; control network working parameter)，was managed through network COMPREHENSIVE CONTROL NETW ORK BASED ON ETHERNET FRAMEWORK The latticing on int

20、elligent devices need to meet the following conditions：realizing the function of Internet/Intranet/Ethernet at the level of field bus；transferring from the traditional control method such as field switch signals，analog signals to Internet control method formed by field bus；adopting Internet technolo

21、gy to industrial network and realizing industrial control network based on TCP/IP protocolThe core technology is to cause the control network to realize interconnectionin other words，the realization of intercommunication between different media，rate and communicative treaties，and finally reach the g

22、oal that information can be ex-changed between the facilities in different subnetAt present，the way to control the interconnection of the network mainly depends on the comprehensive network made up of various field bus. WAY TO CONNECT INTELLIGENT BREAK ERTO ETHERNET Following the principle of full-o

23、pening，full-de-concentration and interoperation manifested in the comprehensive control networkthe facilities on the spot connecting to Ethernet are realized in three ways： (1)Plug the communication card into the industrial PC and PCI, in which the information exchange is completedThe data are trans

24、ferred to the computer in Ethernet layer through the computer (2)Adopting specialized gateway to realize the shift between different communication protocols，to connect facilities to Ethernet (3)Plugging directly the Web server into PLC or control facilitiesThe data are interacted dynamically by mean

25、s of Web server and common browser Interconnection based on PCI model As the technology based on PCI model is relatively advancedit has been widely usedThis kind of model consists of intelligent breakercomputer, card and relevant software Intelligent facilities mainly including the basic system of M

26、PU may adopt(Intel 87C1 96KC)The collection of control logic，analog quantity shift and collection， switching value input/output handlers，output control，CAN communicative interface and CAN transceiverCAN includes：intelligent PCI-CAN with highspeed double RAMdirect mapping into the memory space，realiz

27、ing the data exchange between CAN and PCThe embedded MPU (87C592) can lighten the burden to the host computer and fulfill the complex communicative work The host computer can be connected to Ethernet through built-in network card or modemin order to exchange the data by other subnet Interconnection

28、based on gateway The special gateway is used for interconnection between certain field bus equipment and industrial Ethernet is a kind of compromising strategy employed by many bus developers to enlarge their market share without neglecting the productsThe whole network adopts 2-1ayer structure：the

29、lower part is the low-speed field bus，while the higher part is the field bus network with the high-speed Ethernet as the core，integrating different protocol standardsThe seamless connection of heterogeneous networks between two layers can be realized by the embedded gatewayThe following part will ta

30、ke the CAN bus as an example to introduce the interconnection method of intelligent breaker controller by adopting the embedded gate-way Embedded gateway is responsible for constructing and analyzing the complete CAN protocol data package at the application layer levelThen it transfers the data pack

31、age as the data for TCP/IP application layerDuring the process，no explanation about the actual significance of the communicating data will be presented by it, thereforethe interconnection between high speed Ethernet and the relatively low speed field bus can be achieved and the transfer of protocols

32、 between TCP/IP and various field buses can occurThe embedded gateway is made up of three parts：communications processor, CAN bus controller and Ethernet controllerThe mode of operation is as follows：At the scheduling of microcontrollerusing the Ethernet controller to exchange the data with operatin

33、g station；embedded CAN controller can exchange data with every node of intelligent breaker in CAN bus or with other field equipment The choice of microcontroller can be the embedded CAN communication module MC68HC05X16 or DPS series，such as TMS320F206DSR or the TMS320F243DSP chip with embedded CAN c

34、ommunication module Usually the choice of Ethernet controller is RTL8019AS produced by RealtekRTL8019AS is the high grade cryptosystem which supports the chips with IEEE8023 standard MicrosoftIt also supports and the PnP standard ofthe 8-bit，1 6-bit and 32bit microprocessor and its software is compa

35、tible withNE2000It can be applied to Ethernet II，IEEE8023，1 0Base51 0Base21 0Base-TThe sending and receiving speed can reach 10MbpsSRAM（built-in 16 kB)is responsible for receiving and sending buffer memory；it reduces the demand of the major processors speedBesides，Ethernet controller can use AM7790

36、or AM7794 ；produced by AMD，CS8900 produced by Crystal，or 82596 produced by lnte lnterconnection based on embedded Web serverThe development of embedded technology enables embedded network technology to be the major resolution of heterogeneous networksThe exploration of intelligent field device with

37、Web server software becomes the best way for controlling industrial of network interconnectionEmbedded network technology is the technology using intelligent equipment based on the original embedded system adopting RTOSthe real-time operation system which supports embedded network protocol groups(su

38、ch as TCP/IP, etc)and makes it to have the function of networkthus RT0S can work as network server that connects to Ethernet using plug and play method and form the embedded network system Adopting this interconnection methodthe implementation of hardware relies mainly on the model in the intelligen

39、t breaker which is in charge of information processing and network communicationsDue to the complexity of TCP/IP protocol，the cornmunication models involved in the realization of the protocol are MCUEthernet controller and Ethernet transceiverThe methods of interconnection fall in two ways： (1)Trans

40、ferring the Ethernet card configuration embedded in the PCwhile the MCU is required to have higher performance (2)Adopting the CMOS chip which integrates Ethernet controller and microcontroller，based on this configuration，the data exchange between Ethernet controller and microcontroller can be direc

41、tly implemented within the CMOS chip；as a result communication efficiency is advanced，meanwhile，the capabilities of anti-interference and reliability are better than the separated configurationThe microcontroller/microprocessor which form the Ethernet controller may adopt the 68K series produced by

42、Motorola such as MC68020MC68030MC68360，PowerPC series such as M PC860M PC8260or Net ARM D produced by SAMSUNGEthernet sender can use AM7991 produced by AM D.LXT90l and LXT907 produced by Level oneor 68160 produced by MotorolaThe software part of the CMOS chip with multifunction consists mainly of the embedded real-time multitask operating system-RTOS and Web server softwareReal-time operating system can adopt VxWorks produced by Windriver,