葡萄牙的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展——帕特里克道林的影響-畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

1、附件 1：外文資料翻譯譯文葡萄牙的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展帕特里克道林的影響安東尼雷薩諾加西亞萊曼摘要：本文基于大學教研和葡萄牙協(xié)會對鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復合結(jié)構(gòu)的創(chuàng)造，主要講述了帕特里克道林教授對作者職業(yè)生涯和葡萄牙鋼結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展的影響。關(guān)鍵詞：葡萄牙；鋼；結(jié)構(gòu)；研究1. 導言截至鋼筋混凝土的出現(xiàn)和第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的到來， 在鋼鐵的應用方面葡萄牙緊隨歐洲大多數(shù)國家的腳步。此后，鑄造廠雖然存在，但是為了保護葡萄牙和其殖民地的正在發(fā)展中的水泥業(yè)，葡萄牙在進口結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)品方面收取很高的稅收。第一鋼鐵廠坐落在賽沙爾，建于 1961 年，橫跨了起源與里斯本的河流并從安哥拉獲取鐵礦石和煤炭，但是這項大的投資并沒有制止結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的使用下降，然而

2、由于這家工廠主要生產(chǎn)工業(yè)建筑用鋼以及軋制小型材， 結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的使用下降幾乎限制了建筑行業(yè)的發(fā)展。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范反映了這一衰退， 而且直至的 19 世紀 80 年代葡萄牙一直使用著過時的規(guī)范。確切的說，大學中對鋼結(jié)構(gòu)研究和教學的缺失是導致結(jié)構(gòu)鋼使用量下降的原因之一，而結(jié)構(gòu)鋼使用量下降加劇了這一惡性循環(huán)。在混凝土行業(yè)情況大為不同，在這個領(lǐng)域，葡萄牙的土木工程國家實驗室 (LNEC)是世界領(lǐng)先機構(gòu)，而且葡萄牙市行政首長協(xié)調(diào)會和編寫混凝土規(guī)范的積極參與者。葡萄牙地處地震風險區(qū)， 國家實驗室在混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)抗震性方面做的研究和先進規(guī)范的適用性都給予混凝土行業(yè)以信心和優(yōu)勢。 因此所有土木工程課程都把重點放在了混凝土的

3、教學上，而忽略了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復合結(jié)構(gòu)的教學。在 1974 年民主革命的幾年前，土木工程行業(yè)發(fā)生了一次深刻的教育系統(tǒng)的變革。一個培養(yǎng)新型研究人員的大型機構(gòu)成立了， 這一機構(gòu)專門培養(yǎng)沒有被各大學和公共實驗室涵蓋的研究人員并提供出國學習的資金。 里斯本技術(shù)大學工程學院是一高級技術(shù)研究所（ IST），它是最早受益于這一大型機構(gòu)的機構(gòu)之一，并且鋼結(jié)構(gòu)被明智地確定為土木工程學院新型職工培訓的主要要求。1由于正在進行的殖民戰(zhàn)爭，我在剛剛服完長期的兵役之后，獲得了一筆助學金是我可以在皇家學院學習鋼結(jié)構(gòu)課程。我在大學期間接受的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)方面的培訓是很充分的，但是正是由于幾何非線性和材料非線性與混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)聯(lián)系不大，大學

4、的教學在這兩方面是不足的。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的復雜性深深吸引著我，我希望可以在倫敦進行進一步的的學習取得更高的學位，但是祖國大學的變革需要我回國。我回去了，還錯誤的認為我有能力在里斯本建立博士點。 然而，對于葡萄牙年輕的一代來說， 1975 年是振奮人心的一年并不適合啟動一項研究項目， 1976 年初，我申請回到皇家學院并繼續(xù)享受被中斷了的助學金。那是我確定我想在帕特里克道林的監(jiān)督下學習， 他是我在碩士課程學習中給我印象最深刻的講師。在處理鋼結(jié)構(gòu)最新問題方面，他非常積極主動，而且他是一位天生的領(lǐng)導者，他吸引了許多來自不同國家的年輕研究者組成小組，我也非常想加入。隨著新的設(shè)計規(guī)則的發(fā)展和集中控制系統(tǒng)的刺激，

5、結(jié)構(gòu)鋼研究中心網(wǎng)絡(luò)為基礎(chǔ)，這是歐洲鋼結(jié)構(gòu)研究的黃金時期，帕特里克隊的表現(xiàn)很突出。加筋板和箱梁的非線性是當時的研究主題，在他的監(jiān)督下研究人員利用幾個大型模型進行實驗分析。他不僅收我做他研究方面的學生， 而且一直通過給我提供這些項目方面的工作而支持著我繼續(xù)留在皇家大學直到我的助學金繼續(xù)發(fā)放為止。因此我的論文題目很自然地被確定下來，在接下來的三年中，我研究了剪力滯后對寬翼緣箱梁屈曲的影響。我們的學生上司關(guān)系逐漸發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)變成持久的友誼關(guān)系，我與他探討論文，也與他討論會葡萄牙后的項目問題。在做有些項目時，我會尋求他的幫助和建議，他也因此影響了葡萄牙鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展。帕特里克道林對新課題和挑戰(zhàn)有超越常人的興趣，

6、 而且他對從行業(yè)中發(fā)現(xiàn)需要研究和建議的新問題非常有耐心，這兩點一直影響著我在職業(yè)生涯中的做事方式。為了保持聯(lián)系， 他發(fā)出的加入由他創(chuàng)建的日刊的編委會并以成員身份參加由他主持的歐洲規(guī)范編寫小組的邀請是很有意義的。后來，他又指導過杰奧本托。杰奧本托是他的一個密切合作者，在發(fā)表了一篇復合結(jié)構(gòu)碩士論文后，杰和帕特里克道林一起進入皇家學院學習。杰奧本托在專家系統(tǒng)實驗室工作，這也加強了帕特里克道林與高級技術(shù)研究所（ IST）的聯(lián)系。2. 教學與研究1979 年我剛剛回到高級技術(shù)研究所（IST）的時候，在本科教學中教授鋼結(jié)構(gòu)是一個我沒有馬上意識到的目標：安排鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復合結(jié)構(gòu)課程直到1989 年才被推出。起初

7、是作為選修課，到1996 年以后才成為結(jié)構(gòu)學生的必修課程。2然而，建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的碩士課程由高級技術(shù)研究所（IST）創(chuàng)建于 1981 年，是教育和培養(yǎng)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程師的一個途徑。像結(jié)構(gòu)的非線性、穩(wěn)定性、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的性能和工藝以及復合結(jié)構(gòu)（遵循集中控制手冊）等這些先進的課題是包含在學校課程內(nèi)的。同時為更新設(shè)計人員的研究生課程也成功引進了。但是因為鋼的使用在葡萄牙即將擴大，深入在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)抗震性能和復合結(jié)構(gòu)方面的研究是非常有必要的，論述這些問題的碩士論文和博士論文都受到了重視。在地震研究方面與米蘭理工大學的合作成立了。漸漸地，“鋼鐵共同體”在葡萄牙及其國外發(fā)展成長起來。3.cmm鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復合結(jié)構(gòu)的葡萄牙協(xié)會首次嘗試

8、建立一個屬于歐洲鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)會的葡萄牙協(xié)會可以追溯到1981 年，帕特里克道林提出了建議并給予了幫助。他來到里斯本做演講，他談到新的碩士課程以及成為歐洲鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)會成員的優(yōu)勢，并且只有這樣才能跟上當前新規(guī)范的發(fā)展。更多的相關(guān)機構(gòu)想加入這個協(xié)會但是都失敗了，竟然是由于國家鋼鐵公司提出的寶留意見。另一次不成功的嘗試是在 1992 年，直到 1997年我們才成功創(chuàng)立了名為 cmm的機構(gòu)。計劃把它在這一項目的國家會議的閉幕式上推出， 這次會議是在這個年輕的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)教授的幫助下在波爾圖舉辦的。 我曾有幸邀請到帕特里克道林做演講嘉賓并見證了我早期項目之一的完成。在 2005 年 4 月之前，我一直主持該協(xié)會。在這

9、些年里，cmm已經(jīng)發(fā)展到 240 個成員 ，包括主要的制造商、施工員、設(shè)計員和對推廣鋼結(jié)構(gòu)感興趣的研究人員。正如以往所期盼的，它是歐洲鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)會的成員并且每兩年舉辦一次該領(lǐng)域內(nèi)最重要的國家級會議。2002 年在科英布拉舉行的第三屆歐洲鋼鐵會議也是由cmm主辦的。 cmm的另一個目標是在葡萄牙的主要土木工程機構(gòu)建立鋼鐵研究集團。這個目標已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)，并且在里斯本州大學、科英布拉大學、阿威羅大學、貝拉內(nèi)政部大學、布拉干薩大學和波爾圖大學都在本科和碩士的課程中加入了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)課程，該協(xié)會還資助最好的學生鋼結(jié)構(gòu)項目。cmm的新主席路易斯蒙斯羅席爾瓦是科英布拉土木工程系教授，他是歐洲最杰出的年輕鋼鐵專家之一，而

10、且是畢業(yè)于英國皇家理工學院的博士。在他的領(lǐng)導下尤其是在大學教育的支持下，我相信cmm將會進入一個新的上升階段。事實上，在cmm的支持下，我們共同提出了一個新的碩士學位的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復合結(jié)構(gòu)的課程。它從2005 年由高級技術(shù)研究所（ IST）和科英布拉聯(lián)合舉辦。它旨在很快成為一門歐洲重要的課程。3早在 19 世紀 80 年代葡萄牙的鋼材僅用于不重要的建筑中，發(fā)展到今天，它被用于一些高層建筑和橋梁（鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復合結(jié)構(gòu)）中。我自豪地認為， cmm及其對新設(shè)計人員的培養(yǎng)極大的促進了這一增長， 但是其他歐洲國家的原材料價格調(diào)整及公眾對鋼結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量的意見與此也是很相關(guān)的。事實上，在過去的 10 年中發(fā)生了一些需要

11、用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)方案解決問題的大事件，例如里斯本國際展覽（ EXPO98）和 2004 年的歐洲運動會，其中，里斯本國際展覽 （EXPO98）的休息亭和特殊結(jié)構(gòu)體現(xiàn)了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的美感， 2004 年的歐洲運動會有 10 個大型足球館使用了有趣的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)屋蓋來建造或改造。因此葡萄牙公眾看到了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)成功的例子并且變得很喜歡這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式。4. 未來的發(fā)展碩士學位的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復合結(jié)構(gòu)課程是受到 cmm在科英布拉和高級技術(shù)研究所 （IST）支持的，這些課程的增設(shè)反映了大學教育系統(tǒng)在這些方面的鞏固加強，使鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)處于相同的地位。 它構(gòu)成了由我和帕特里克道林在皇家學院共同發(fā)起的最后的途徑。按照設(shè)想，它很快將成為歐

12、洲的頭號事件。交流設(shè)計方案信息和教材方面的經(jīng)驗會非常有益于鋼材創(chuàng)新和使用方面的發(fā)展， cmm將會盡其最大努力使這在葡萄牙和其它有該項目的歐洲國家中成為行業(yè)、設(shè)計單位及高校間合作的新機會：發(fā)揮鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)會的新作用。通過參考可以被所有設(shè)計者尤其是那些歐洲規(guī)范時代以前訓練有素的設(shè)計者可以理解的復雜的新規(guī)范，設(shè)計方法和教材方面的著作要求有所創(chuàng)新，而帕特里克道林和ESDEP項目是先鋒者。 cmm給予了這一活動以最大的關(guān)注，我被邀請領(lǐng)導它的新編輯隊伍，我也期待著這一挑戰(zhàn)，作為一名在有土木工程和建筑學學位授予權(quán)的學院工作的教授，我已經(jīng)可以遵循著年輕的建筑師在大跨度結(jié)構(gòu)及計算機圖形方面的興趣，這些計算機圖形并不

13、能轉(zhuǎn)變成傳統(tǒng)的平面圖和立面圖，也不能使工程師一眼就看明白。鋼、鑄鐵或計算機設(shè)計和制造的圖形也應探討遵循這些趨勢。盡管這帶來的困難遠遠不只用規(guī)范設(shè)計線性構(gòu)件，但是未來的挑戰(zhàn)依然由比爾邦效應引領(lǐng)。另一方面，如果最近的鋼材價格上漲并不代表一個不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的挫折，那么葡萄牙鋼結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展的可持續(xù)性需要在傳統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域做持續(xù)不斷的研究：穩(wěn)定性、連接、防火性尤其是抗震性設(shè)計，在這一領(lǐng)域相關(guān)工作也正在進行并得到了國際性的廣泛關(guān)注。致謝：4因為有帕特里克道林教授的幫助，研討會給予了我這次機會，使我得以及時回國并成為我學術(shù)生涯的開端， 也促進了葡萄牙鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展在這其中他有決定性的影響。僅以此文表達我對這位教授的敬意。參考文

14、獻：1 安東尼雷薩諾加西亞萊曼. 剪切滯后對寬翼緣梁屈曲的影響，【學位論文】 . 倫敦大學 .19792 杰奧本托 . 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)只能 CAD：認知法，【學士論文】. 倫敦大學 .1992附件 2：外文原文5The development of steel structures inPortugal the influence of Patrick DowlingAntnio Ressano Garcia LamasAbstractThe paper describes the influence of Professor Patrick Dowling in the authors career

15、 and in the development of steel structures in Portugal based on university research and teaching and the creation of the Portuguese Association for Steel and Composite Construction.Keywords: Portugal; Steel; Structures; Research1.IntroductionUp to the advent of reinforced concrete and the First Wor

16、ld War, Portugalfollowedthe majorityofEuropean countriesin theuse ofironand steel.Afterthat, foundries existed but the structural products were imported with hightaxation to protect a developing cement industry in Portugal and the Colonies.The firststeel millwas builtin1961 inSeixal,across theriverf

17、rom Lisbon,fed by ironores and coalfrom Angola.However, thisbig investment didnothaltthe decline in the use of structural steel which became almost limited toindustrial buildings since the main production of this plant was reinforcingbars and only small profiles were rolled.The state of the norms fo

18、r steel structures reflected this decline andPortugallivedwith an outdated code untilthe 1980s.More precisely,a viciouscircleofreasons contributedtowards a reductioninthe use ofstructuralsteel,amongstwhichwasthelackofresearchandteachingonthesubject atuniversities.The situationwas very differentinthe

19、 fieldofconcrete, where theNationalLaboratoryforCivilEngineering(LNEC)wasoneoftheworld sleadinginstitutionsand Portugalwas an activeparticipantinthe CEBand inthe writingof theconcreteModel Codes. Portugalbeinglocatedinan earthquakeriskzone,6the research developed at LNEC on the seismic behaviour of

20、concrete structuresand the availability of advanced regulations gave confidence and dominance toconcrete. As a consequence all Civil Engineering courses involved extensiveteaching of concrete subjects and none in steel or composite structures.A few years before the 1974 democratic revolution a profo

21、und reform of thehighereducationsystemtookplace,namelyinCivilEngineering.A largeprogramme of training new researchers in fields not sufficiently covered byuniversitiesorpubliclaboratorieswas setup,offeringgrantstostudyabroad.Instituto Superior Tcnico (IST) the Faculty of Engineering of the Technical

22、University of Lisbon was one of the first institutions to profit from thisprogramme, and steel structures were wisely chosen at the Department of CivilEngineering 1 as a topic requiring the training of new lecturers.Having justfinisheda longcompulsorymilitaryservice,due totheongoingcolonialwar,I was

23、 awarded a grantto followthe M.Sc. course inSteelStructuresat Imperial College. My university structural training had been thorough butinsufficientingeometricand materialnon-linearities,preciselybecause theywere less relevant for concrete structures. I remember how these complexitiesof steel appeale

24、d to me and I became interested in pursuing a further degreein London, but the changes at the university required my return. I went backwronglybelievingthatIwould be ableto starta Ph.D. in Lisbon.However, 1975was a time as exciting for the young Portuguese generation as unsuitable forstarting a rese

25、arch project and, at the beginning of 1976, I applied to returnto Imperial College and to take advantage of the interrupted grant.By then I was sure that I wanted to study under the supervision of PatrickDowling,the lecturerwho had most impressed meduringtheM.Sc. course.He wasdynamic, concerned with

26、 tackling the more recent structural problems in steeland a naturalleader who had attracteda team ofyoung researchersfrom differentcountries which I wanted to join.7Following the development of new design rules, stimulated by the ECCS andbased on a network of structuralsteelresearchcentres,thesewere

27、 golden timesforsteelresearchinEuropeand Patricksteam was prominent.Non-linearbehaviours of stiffened plates and box-girders were the topics of the day andseverallarge-scalemodelswerebeingexperimentallyanalysedunder hissupervision.He notonlyaccepted meas a researchstudentbut,untilthe renewalof my Po

28、rtuguese grant, supported my stay at Imperial College by offering mework in some of these projects. The subject of my thesis was thus naturallydetermined,and I studiedtheeffectsofshear lagon thebucklingofwide flangebox-girders4 for the next three years.Our student supervisor relation evolved into a

29、lasting friendship and Idiscussed with him not only aspectsofmy thesis but alsoprojectsfor my returnto Portugal. In several of those projects I have requested his help and adviceand he has thus influenced the development of steel structures in Portugal.I will try to describe how, underlining first t

30、hat the rare interest ofPatrick Dowling in new topics and challenges, and the attention with which helookedfornewproblemsfromindustryrequiringresearchand designrecommendations, have always influenced me in the way I conducted my career.To maintain contacts, his invitation to join the editorial board

31、 of theJournal he founded and to participate as a corresponding member in the groupforthe Eurocodes he chaired were useful.Later,he supervisedJo?o Bento,aclosecollaboratorwho, afteran M.Sc. thesisincomposite constructioncame tostudyat Imperial College with Patrick Dowling. Although Jo?o Bento worked

32、 at theExpertSystems Laboratory,a newinterestofPatrick Dowling,thishasstrengthened his contacts with IST.2.Teaching and researchOnce back at IST in 1979, teaching steel structures at the undergraduate level was a goal that I could not immediately realise: a semester on Steel and Composite Structures

33、 was only introduced in 1989. First an optional subject,8after 1996 it became compulsory for all the students choosing the Structures profile.However, the M.Sc. course in Structures, created at IST in 1981, was thevehiclefor theeducationand trainingof civil engineers insteelconstruction.Advanced top

34、ics such as non-linear behaviour of structures, stability, steelproperties and technology, together with composite structures (following theECCSManual) were includedin the syllabus.At the sametime,shortpost-graduatecourses for the updating of designers were also successfully introduced.But for the u

35、se of steel to expand in Portugal it was necessary to developresearchintothe seismic behaviourofsteel structuresandin compositeconstruction. M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses on these topics were promoted. For the seismic aspects cooperation with the Politecnico di Milano was established. Gradually a “steel co

36、mmunity ” developed, trained in Portugal and abroad.3.cmm Portuguese association for steel and composite constructionThe firstattemptto createa Portuguese associationthatcould be a memberof ECCS dates from 1981. The advice and help of Patrick Dowling was requestedand given. He came to Lisbon to lect

37、ure in the new M.Sc. course and on theadvantages of being a memberof ECCS,and thus accompany the currentdevelopmentof new design rules. The more relevant institutions were contacted to join theassociationbut the attemptfailed,surprisinglydue to the reservationsvoicedby the Siderurgia Nacional.Anothe

38、r unsuccessfulattemptwas madein 1992, and only in 1997 did we manageto create an organisation named cmm Associa?o Portuguesa de Constru?oMetlica e Mista. It was planned to occur at the closing of the first NationalMeeting on the subject, organised in Oporto with the help of the new youngprofessors o

39、f Steel Structures. I had the pleasure of inviting Patrick Dowlingto be a guest speaker and witnessthe fulfilmentof one of my early objectives.I presided over this association until April 2005. During these years cmm has grown to over 240 members including the main manufacturers, constructors,9desig

40、ners and researchers interested in the promotion of steel. It is a memberofECCS, aswas alwaysintended, andeverytwoyears organisesnationalcongresses, which are the most importantevents inthe field.The 3rd Eurosteel,held in Coimbra in 2002, was also organised by cmm. Another objective of cmmhas been t

41、heestablishmentof research and steelgroups at the main departmentsof Civil Engineering in Portugal. This is now a reality and steel subjects aretaught in the undergraduate and master degree courses, not only at the stateuniversities of Lisbon (IST and Nova) but also at the Universities of Coimbra,Av

42、eiro, Beira Interior, Bragan?a and Oporto. The association also supportsawards to the best student projects in steel.The new presidentof cmm, LusSim?es da Silva,isProfessorat the Departmentof Civil Engineering in Coimbra. He is one of the most distinguished of theyounger steelspecialistsin Europe an

43、d also has a Ph.D. from ImperialCollege.Iexpect thatunder his leadershipcmmwillentera new dynamic phase, especiallyin the support of university training. Infact, withthe supportof cmm we havetogether proposed a new M.Sc. course in Steel and Composite Construction. Itis organised in collaboration bet

44、ween IST and Coimbra and started in 2005. Itis designed to soon become a European Masters course.The use of steel inPortugaldeveloped from insignificant constructionsinthe early 1980s to several present high-rise buildings and bridges (steel andcomposite). I am proud to consider that cmm and the tra

45、ining of new designersis largely responsible for that growth, but the alignment of prices of thismaterial with those of other European countries, and the public perception ofthe qualities of steel structures were also relevant. In fact, some specialevents requiring steelsolutionshave taken placeduri

46、ng the last10 years, suchas the Lisbon international exhibition (EXPO98), where pavilions and special structures exemplified the aesthetic capacities of steel, and the EURO-2004, for which interesting steel roofs were used in the construction or renovation10of 10 large football stadiums. The Portugu

47、ese public was thus presented with good examples of steel structures and has adhered to them.4.Future developmentsThe M.Sc. course in Steel and Composite Construction, which cmm supportsin Coimbra and IST, reflects the consolidation of the teaching of these topicsin our university system, placing st

48、eel on a par with concrete. It constitutesthe closing of the path I initiated with Patrick Dowling at Imperial College.As envisaged,itwillsoon become aEuropeanMasters.The development ofinnovationand use ofsteelcan greatlybenefitfrom theexchange of experience,of information on design solutions and of

49、 teaching materials. cmm will do itsbest tomakethis a newopportunityfor cooperationbetween industries,designersand universities in Portugal and in the other European countries involved inthe project: a new role for the steel associations.The writingofdesignaids and teaching materials,in which PatrickDowlingand the ESDEP project were pioneers, is required for making the navigationthrough the complex new codes accessible to all designers, in particular thosetrainedbeforet