TOEFL閱讀歷年題目大全

1、Their culture was heavily influenced by the culture of Mexico.2. The climate of the Northwest Coast region is generallywarm and dry extremely cold neither very hot nor very cold constantly changing3. The word game in the passage is closest in meaning tosport tricks wood animals4. According to the pa

2、ssage, what probably discouraged people from trying to go from one part of the Northwest Coast region to another?Large areas thick with bushes and treesVast fields of broken ice Inability to understand other languagesDisagreements over hunting areas5. According to the passage, the Native Americans o

3、f the Northwest Coast region generally did not livein villages on offshore islands close to rivers in the mountains6. The phrase teemed with in the passage is closest in meaning toTest11275TheNorthwestCoast,acomplexpatternofislands,coastalplains,foothills,andmountainranges,extendsfromCalifornianorth

4、toAlaska,encompassingalltheterritorywestoftheCascadeandCoastRanges.Itsclimateisoneofeven,moderatetemperatures(exceptinthemountains)andrelativelyheavyrainfall.Thiscombinationofmildtemperaturesandabundantrainfallproducesalush,denseforestvegetationofconifers,deciduoustrees,mosses,andferns.ToitsNativeAm

5、ericaninhabitantsofthe1400's,thelong,slendercoastalregionpresentedbothafavorableandaforbiddingenvironment.Theseaandtheriversheldmanyresources,buttoexploitthemrequiredthedevelopmentofsupercrafttonavigatewatersthatwereoftenstormyandrough.Theforestswererichwithgameandmanyedibleplantfoods,butthevege

6、tationofmuchoftheareawassodensethatlandtravelwasextremelydifficult,andlargepartsoftheheavilyforestedfoothillsandruggedmountainswereunsuitableforhumansettlements.Villagesinsteadwerelocatedalongtherivers,ontheshoresofbaysandlow-lyingoffshoreislands,andoccasionallyevenatshelteredlocationsfrontingontheo

7、penocean.ItisestimatedthattheNorthwestCoastofthe1400'shadapopulationofabout130,000andthuswasoneofthemostheavilypopulatedareasofNorthAmericanorthofMexico.Thepeoplehadnoagriculturebut,overthousandsofyears,haddevelopedtechniquesandequipmenttoexploittheirenvironment,basingtheireconomyonfishinginstre

8、amsandcoastalwatersthatteemedwithsalmon,halibut,andothervarietiesoffish;gatheringabalone,mussels,clams,andothershellfishfromtherockycoastline;huntinglandandseamammals;andcollectingwildplantfoods.Bytheendofthecentury,theyreachedahighculturallevelusuallyfoundonlyamongagriculturalpeople,enjoyingastabil

9、itythatallowedthedevelopmentofacomplexsocialandceremoniallife,anelaboratetechnology,andoneoftheworld'sgreatartstyles.1.WhichofthefollowingisthemainpointtheauthormakesaboutNativeAmericansoftheNorthwestCoast?TheyraisedcropsuniquetoNorthAmerica.Theymadegooduseoftheenvironmenttobuildasuccessfulsocie

10、ty.Theirtechnologyhelpedthemsurviveinthearea'sharshclimate.variedaccordingtocompetedforwerecombinedwithwerefullof7. TheauthorimpliesthattheNativeAmericansoftheNorthwestCoastdifferedfrommostotherhighlydevelopedsocietiesofthetimebecausetheydidnotdependonagriculturetheylackedgoodmeansoftransportati

11、ontheirsocietyaroseinanarcticclimatetheirsocietywasbasedonownershipofdomesticanimals.8. ThewordtheyinthepassagereferstolandandseamammalswildplantfoodsthepeopleoftheNorthwestCoastagriculturalpeople9. AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageasbeingimportanttothepeopleoftheNorthwestCoastEXCEPTboatbuil

12、dingskillsforestplantsforfoodwoodforbuildingdurablehomesplentifulsuppliesofseafood10. Itisclearthattheauthorhasahighopinionoftheregion'straditionalgardensartarchitecturemusic11. Theauthormentionsthearea'spopulationinordertodemonstratethattheenvironmentcouldsupportmanypeopletradewithMexicowas

13、ofgreatimportanceenvironmentalproblemswerelikelytoarisemanypeoplehadmigratedfromMexicototheareaThecityisaglobalphenomenon.Itisalsoaregionalandculturalvariable.EvenwithintheseeminglyhomogenousNorthAmericanculturalrealm,thecityshowssubtlebutsignificantdifferences-notonlybetweenoldereasternandnewerwest

14、ernUnitedStatescitiesbutalsobetweencitiesofCanadaandthoseoftheUnitedStates.Althoughtheurbanexpressionissimilarinthetwocountries,itisnotidentical,andthetrulyNorthAmerican"cityismoreamyththanareality.TheCanadiancity,forexample,ismorecompactthanitsUnitedStatescounterpartofequalpopulationsize,witha

15、higherdensityofbuildingsandpeopleandalesserdegreeofsuburbanizationofpopulationsandfunctions.Space-saving,multiple-familyhousingunitsaremoretheruleinCanada,soasimilarpopulationishousedonasmallerlandareawithmuchhigherdensities,onaverage,withinthecentralareaofcities.TheCanadiancityisbetterservedbyandmo

16、redependentonmasstransportationthanistheUnitedStatescity.ThisdependencegivesformandstructuretotheCanadiancentralcity,qualitiesnowlostinthesprawlingUnitedStatesmetropolis,whoseresidentsviewthecentraldistrictasincreasinglylesscentraltotheirlives.SinceCanadianmetropolitanareashaveonlyone-quarterthenumb

17、erofkilometersofsuperhighwayspercapitaasUnitedStatesmetropolitanareas一andatleastasmuchresistancetoconstructingmore-suburbanizationofpeoplesandfunctionsislessextensivenorthoftheborderthansouth.Itislikelytoremainthatway.Besidesthesephysicaldifferences,Canadian-UnitedStatescontrastsarealsoapparentinthe

18、ircities'socialstructures.Whilecitiesinbothcountriesareethnicallydiverse-Canadiancommunities,infact,havethehigherproportionofimmigrants-intheUnitedStatestherearepronouncedeconomiccontrastsbetweencentralcityandsuburbanresidents.Thatis,therehasbeenmuchlessflighttothesuburbs"bymiddle-incomeCan

19、adians.Asaresult,theCanadiancityshowsgreatersocialstability,employmentopportunities,andurbanamenitiesthanitsUnitedStatescounterpart.Inparticular,itdoesnothavetherivalryfromwell-definedcompetitiveoutercities"ofsuburbiathatsospreadandfragmentUnitedStatesmetropolitancomplexes.12. Whatdoesthepassag

20、emainlydiscuss?FeaturesthatcharacterizethetypicalNorthAmericancityThedevelopmentofsuburbsinNorthAmericaMajordifferencesbetweenUnitedStatesandCanadiancitiesPopulationmigrationtowardnewercities13. WhatdoestheauthormeanbyreferringtothetrulyNorthAmericancityasmoreamyththanareality?isclosestinmeaningtoCo

21、mmonlystudiedhistoriesofcitiesinNorthAmericadistortreality.CitiesinCanadaandtheUnitedStatesexhibitculturalsimilarities.ThereisnocitythatcanbeconsideredrepresentativeofallNorthAmericancities.EasternandwesterncitiesdisplaygreaterdifferencesthanthedifferencesbetweenCanadianandUnitedStatescities.14. Acc

22、ordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetypicalCanadiancityistrue?Canadiancitiesarespreadoutoveralargearea.Canadiancitiesvarylittleinsize.PeopleandfunctionsinCanadiancitiesarecentrallyconcentrated.Canadiancitieshavetallerbuildingsthanothercountries.15. Thephrasetheruleinthepassageisc

23、losestinmeaningtospaciouspracticalwell-builtusual16. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatCanadiancitiesaremarkedbynarrowstreetsopenspacesanabsenceofskyscrapersacoherentcentralarea17. Thewordapparentinthepassageuniqueobviousdecreasingdependent18. Thewordpronouncedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtostrongre

24、centdivisivegrowing19. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,whencomparedtotheirCanadiancounterparts,middle-incomepeopleintheUnitedStatestendtomoveawayfromcitycentersmorefrequentlyrepresentagreaterrangeofincomepreferlivingclosertourbanamenitiesdominatetheoldereasterncities20. Theworditinthepassagerefers

25、toflighttothesuburbsCanadiancitysocialstabilityUnitedStatescounterpart21. Thewordfragmentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoholddownbreakupcharacterizedistinguish22. WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionasasimilaritybetweenCanadianandUnitedStatescities?ThesizeofthelandareaThequalityofmassThe growth o

26、f musical theater The effect of technology on the popular music industry Technological advances in sound recording for film The influence of professional songwriters on popular music24. The word establishment in the passage is closest in meaning tonecessity formation connection enrichment25. Which o

27、f the following is NOT mentioned as a technological development of the 1920's?The public-address system Film sound tracks Magnetic recording tape The electrical recording process26. According to the passage, what was the importance of the microphone and the sound amplifier mentioned in paragraph

28、 1 ?They caused major changes in the creation and performance of popular music.They helped the performance of people who were not professionals.They were used to preserve a historical record of older styles of music and performance.They helped performers meet audience demand for louder music.27. The

29、 word consequently in the passage is closest in meaning tootherwise in fact therefore althoughtransportationThedensityofbuildingsincitycentersTheresistancetoconstructingnewroadwaysThe1920'ssawmajordevelopmentsinpopularmusicintheUnitedStates.Someofthemostimportantweretechnological:theestablishmen

30、tofcommercialradiostationsandthedevelopmentofthepublic-addresssystem,thesoundtrackforfilm,andtheelectricalrecordingprocessusedforproducingphonographrecords.Allusedthemicrophoneandthesoundamplifier,withsignificantimpactonthenatureoforchestrationandpopularvocalstyle,andconsequentlyontheideasofperforme

31、rs,arrangers,andevensongwriters.Alltendedtobroadentheaudienceforpopularmusic-inasensetonationalizeit-butatthesametimetheytendedtomakeitamorepassiveone,anaudienceoflistenersratherthanparticipants.Thisprocesstendedtoheightentheimportanceofprofessionalismandsophisticationamongbothperformersandarrangers

32、;italsotendedtoincreasecommercialisminthetransmission(thedistribution")ofpopularmusictoitsaudience.Thus,theeraoftheAmericanpopularmusicindustrywasborn-aninevitableresultoftheelectronicage'smassmedia”(thoughthetermwasnotyetcoined).NewYorkCitywasthecenterofthepopularmusicindustryduringthe1920

33、's:ithadBroadwayandSchubertAlley,centeroftheAmericanpopularmusicaltheater,andithadTinPanAlley,centerofthesongwritingbusinessandthestill-powerfulsheetmusicpublishers.TherecordingstudiosandradionetworkswerealsobasedinNewYork.Inaddition,recordingsandradioopenedupnewpossibilitiesforastrikingnewdevel

34、opment.Theymadeavailablekindsofpopularmusicheardpreviouslyonlyinlimitedgeographicalareasorbyspecificethnicandsocialgroups-especiallytheblues,gospelsongs,andjazzofAfricanAmericansandthetraditionalmusicofthesouthernAppalachianMountainsandotherruralareasofthesouthernandwesternUnitedStates.Thelattermusi

35、cwasnottoaffectthemainstreamofAmericanpopularmusicuntilmuchlater,buttheformerinfluencedAmericanpopularmusicofthe1920'sinmanyways.Infact,novelistF.ScottFitzgeraldcouldevencalltheera|TheJazzAge"-whichreflectedtheinroadsofAfricanAmericanmusicalinfluenceonthenationatlarge.23. Whataspectofmusici

36、nthe1920'sintheUnitedStatesdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?28. Theworditinthepassagereferstotheaudienceprocess importance commercialism29. The word heighten in the passage is closest in meaning toconsider announce increase adjust30. Why does the passage mention New York City in paragraph 2 ?It was a

37、 major center for the invention of new technology.It had a significant concentration of performing, composing, and music business activity.It had the broadest range of audiences of any city in the United States.It was the source of a popular regional style of music.31. What is the new development th

38、at the author discusses in paragraph 3 ?A blending of traditional musical styles occurred. Popular music performers began to avoid using elements of traditional music. The center of the recording industry moved south. Music styles formerly known only to a few people became known to many people.32. T

39、he word previously in the passage is closest in meaning tobefore there inexpensively significantly33. The word era in the passage is closest in meaning toperiod nation movementbookAbouttenpercentoftheworld'sdesertsarecomposedofsanddunes,whicharedrivenacrossthedesertbythewind.Sandgrainsmarchacros

40、sthedesertfloorundertheinfluenceofstrongwindsbyaprocessknownassaltation.Thegrainsofsandbecomeairborneforamoment,anduponlandingtheydislodgeadditionalsandgrains,whichrepeattheprocess.Inthismanner,sanddunesengulfeverythingintheirpath,includingstructuresmadebypeople,andposeamajorproblemintheconstruction

41、andmaintenanceofhighwaysandrailroadsthatcrosssandyareasofdesert.Sanddunemigrationneardesertoasesposesanotherseriousproblem,especiallywhenencroachingonvillages.Methodstomitigatedamagetostructuresfromsanddunesincludebuildingwindbreaksandfunnelingsandoutoftheway.Withoutsuchmeasures,disruptionofroads,ai

42、rports,agriculturalsettlements,andtownscouldbecomeamajorproblemindesertregions.Thedirection,strength,andvariabilityofthewind,themoisturecontentofthesoil,thevegetationcover,theunderlyingtopography,andtheamountofmovablesoilexposedtothewinddeterminethesizeandformofsanddunes.Sanddunesgenerallyhavefourba

43、sicshapes,determinedbythetopographyofthelandandpatternsofwindflow.Lineardunesaligninroughlythedirectionofstrongprevailingwinds.Theirlengthissubstantiallygreaterthantheirwidth,andtheylieparalleltoeachother,sometimeswithawavypattern.Crescentdunes,alsocalledbarchans,aresymmetricallyshaped,withhornspoin

44、tingdownwind.Theytravelacrossthedesertatspeedsofupto50feetayear.Parabolicdunesforminareaswheresparsevegetationanchorsthesidearmswhilethecenterisblownoutward,causingsandinthemiddletomoveforward.Stardunesformbyshiftingwindsthatpileupsandintocentralpointsthatcanrise1,500feetandmore,withseveralarmsradia

45、tingoutward,lookingmuchlikegiantpinwheels.34. Whataspectofsanddunesdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?TheirlocationTheirdestructivenessTheirformationTheirdisappearance35. Theworddriveninthepassageisclosestinmeaningtopushedsmoothedcontrolledstrengthened36. The word they in the passage refers todesertsstrong

46、 winds sand grains structures37. According to the passage, in what way do sand dunes interfere with transportation?They cause travelers to get lost.They make it difficult to build and repair roadways.They increase the likelihood of accidents.They block the most direct routes.38. The word pose in the

47、 passage is closest in meaning tosolvespositions presents interprets39. One purpose of the windbreaks mentioned in the passage is toprotect buildings remove sand dunes encourage the process of saltationutilize the power of the wind40. The word variability in the passage is closest in meaning toabili

48、ty to cause damage tendency to change forward movementspeed41. The word substantially in the passage is closest in meaning toactually specifically frequently significantly42. Which of the following is probably most influential in determining the shape of parabolic dunes?MoistureVegetationWindspeedSo

49、ilcomposition43. Itcanbeinferredthatpinwheelsresemblewhichofthefollowingshapes?44. Lookatthetermssaltation,migration,oases,andtopographyinthepassage.Whichofthesetermsisdefinedinthepassage?SaltationMigrationOasesTopographyBecausemanypredatorskillonlywhentheirpreyismoving,ananimalthatpretendstobedeadm

50、aysucceedincausingapredatortoloseinterestandmovealonginsearchofmorelivelyprey.Hognosesnakeshaveacomplexrepertoireofantipredatormechanisms,ofwhichfeigningdeathisoneoption.ThesefairlylargenonvenomousorslightlyvenomoussnakesoccurinsandyhabitatsintheeasternUnitedStates.Whenfirstdisturbed,thehognoseoptsf

51、orbluffingthepredator-itflattensandexpandsthefrontthirdofitsbodyandhead,formingahood,causingittolooklarger.Itthencurlsintoanexaggerateds-shapedcoilandhisses,occasionallymakingfalsestrikesatitstormentor.Whenfurtherprovoked,however,itdropsthebluffandbeginstotwistitsbodyviolently.Thenitrollsontoitsback

52、withitsmouthopenandtonguehangingoutloosely.Ifthepredatorlosesinterestinthecorpse"andmovesaway,thesnakeslowlyrightsitselfandcrawlsoff.Thecompleterepertoireofantipredatormechanismsoccursinyounghognosesnakes.Researchershaveshownthatnewbornsnakesarecapableofmakingverysubtleassessmentsofthedegreeoft

53、hreatposedbyaparticularpredator.Twoexperimentswereconductedinwhichtherecoveryfromdeath-feigning(i.e.,crawlingaway)ofnewlyhatchedsnakesundervariousconditions49. All of the following are part of bluffing EXCEPTrolling over making false strikes hissing forming a hood50. When does the hognose snake feig

54、n death?Immediately upon seeing a predatorWhen attempts to bluff a predator failAfter it has injured a predator When the predator begins to lose interest51. The author mentions the snake's tongue hanging out loosely as an example ofhow the snake provokes a predatorwhat happens when the snake fla

55、ttens its headthe snake's recoveryhow the snake pretends tobe dead52. The word monitored in the passage is closest in meaning todefinedpublished controlled observed53. The experiments described in paragraph 2 measured how long it took for snakes tonotice a predator stop feigning death learn how

56、to feign death recover from the attack of apredator54. The phrase capable of using in the passage is closest in meaning toable to userequired to use supposed to usewasmonitored.Inoneexperimenttherecoveryofsnakeswasmonitoredinthepresenceorabsenceofastuffedscreechowlmountedonatripodonemeterfromtheover

57、turnedsnake.Inanotherexperimentthesnakerecovered(1)inthepresenceofahumanstaringatthesnakefromadistanceofonemeter,(2)inthepresenceofthesamepersoninthesamelocationbutwitheyesaverted,and(3)inacontrolconditioninwhichnohumanwasvisible.Boththepresenceoftheowlandthedirecthumangazeresultedinlongerrecoveryti

58、mesrelativetotherespectivecontrolconditions.Whenthehumaneyeswereaverted,therecoverytimewasimmediate.Thus,youngsnakesarecapableofusingrathersubtlecuestomakeadjustmentsintheirantipredatorbehavior.45. Fromthefirstsentenceinthepassage,itcanbeinferredthatmanypredatorsprefersmallpreydeadpreycomplexpreyactiveprey46. Howisfeigningdeathanantipredatormechanism”?Itfrightensapredator.Itallowsthepreytoprepareasurpriseattack.Itcausesapredatortoloseinterest.Itdistractsapredator,allowingpreytoescapeunnoticed.47. Forwhichofthefollowingreasonsdoesahognosesnakeexpandthefrontthirdofitsbod