人教版高中英語(yǔ)必修三Unit4Astronomy：thescienceofthestars課文知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析

1、高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)材料madeofjingetiejiUnit 4 Astronomy ： the science of the stars課文知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析Warming UpDiscuss in pairs which science subjects are part of medicine,biochemistry, geophysics or astronomy.分組討論哪些科學(xué)科目是醫(yī)學(xué)，生物化學(xué)，地理學(xué)或天文學(xué)的一部分。in pairs=two at a time=in twos一次兩個(gè)，兩個(gè)一組e.g.Shoes and slippers are sold in pairs.鞋子都是論雙

2、賣的。注意：in+ 數(shù)詞 /名詞（數(shù)詞/名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式）e.g.in threes and fours三三兩兩的in groups 成群的思維拓展in 在這里表示：以數(shù)量/ 形式、形狀等。e.g.Touristsqueueinthousands to see the tomb.游客數(shù)以千計(jì)排著隊(duì)看陵墓。Reading1.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clearwhether the solid shape was to last or not.這一問題變得越來越不確定，因?yàn)檫@一球體形狀是否能夠維

3、持尚未明朗。（1）violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；強(qiáng)暴的a violent language激烈的語(yǔ)言a violent storm猛烈的風(fēng)暴a violent 猛攻思維拓展violence n. U1. 暴力，強(qiáng)暴2. 猛烈，劇烈，強(qiáng)烈（2）whether.ornot.“是還是”在這里是主語(yǔ)從句 ,它還可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。 e.g.I don t know whether he will agree with me.（賓語(yǔ)）我不知道他是否同意我的觀點(diǎn)。 The question is whether he will agree to my proposa

4、l.（表語(yǔ)） 問題是他是否同意我的建議。I have no idea whether he can do it or not.（同位語(yǔ)）我不知道他是否能做這件事。2.It exploded loudly with fire and rock,which were in timeto produce the water vapour,carbon dioxide,oxygen,nitrogenand other gases,.球體發(fā)生劇烈爆炸，伴有火焰和巖漿，這些最終生成水蒸氣、二氧化碳、氧氣、氮?dú)饧捌渌麣怏w，全析提示whether or not 其后還可跟不定式，構(gòu)成whether to do

5、 or not 。e.g.Whether to go there or not is still a question.是否去還是個(gè)疑問。在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，whether 不能用if替換。explode v. 爆發(fā)；爆炸e.g.The bomb fell in a field and exploded.一顆炸彈落在田野上爆炸了。At last his anger exploded.最后他發(fā)火了。explode with laughter突然大笑3.As the earth cooled down,water began to appear on its surface.在地球冷卻的過程中，其表面開始

6、出現(xiàn)水。思維拓展 explosion n.1. C & U 爆炸；爆發(fā)2. C激增；擴(kuò)大 explosive adj.1. 爆炸的; 爆發(fā)的2. 極易引起爭(zhēng)論的cool vi. & vt.（使）涼快；（使）冷卻e.g.The hot water began to cool. 熱水開始冷卻。Cool the drinks,please; put some ice in them. 請(qǐng)把這些飲料弄涼，在里面放些冰。思維拓展cool adj. 涼的，涼快的；（指人）冷淡的，冷漠的：e.g.She was rather cool towards us.她對(duì)我們相當(dāng)冷淡。4.What s

7、cientists think is that the earth was different because of the arrival of small plants growing in the water on its surface.科學(xué)家認(rèn)為, 地球與眾不同，是因?yàn)樯钤谒械囊恍┪⑿≈参飦淼降厍虮砻?。這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句式。其中what 一詞引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句。全析提示what 在主語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。5.They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen.地球上的植物細(xì)胞增加并使海洋中富含氧氣。(1)mult

8、iply vt.& vi.乘 ; 增多，增加e.g.Multiply 3 by 5.用五來乘三。Efficiency would be multiplied several times.效率將提高好幾倍。Rabbits multiply rapidly.思維拓展multiplication n.1. C乘法2. U增加，繁殖兔子繁殖得很快。（2）fill.with把裝滿；用充滿e.g.He filled the glass with water.他把玻璃杯倒?jié)M水。It filled his heart with sadness.這件事使他心里充滿悲傷。全析提示be filled wit

9、h充滿；擠滿e.g.I am filled with joy.我內(nèi)心充滿著喜悅。The streets were filled with people.街上擠滿了人。6.This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.思維拓展這促進(jìn)了早期貝類、魚類的進(jìn)化。development n. U發(fā)展 ; 沖洗e.g.With the development of modern agricultureandindustry,more and more waste is produced.隨著現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)的

10、發(fā)展，越來越多的廢物產(chǎn)生了。develop vt. 發(fā)展，養(yǎng)成；開發(fā)；沖洗（膠卷）e.g.Can you develop this film for us?你能代我們沖洗這個(gè)膠卷嗎？He is engaged in the development of his business.他正忙于業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展。The development of photo films requires a dark room.沖洗照片底片需要暗房。7.They produced young generally by laying eggs.思維拓展它們通常為卵生。generally adv.(1) 廣泛的，普遍地e.g.

11、The new plan was generally welcomed.新計(jì)劃受到普遍歡迎。(2) 通常；一般e.g.He is generally on time.他通常不遲到。generally speaking=in general一般說來e.g.Women,generally speaking,live longer than men. 總的說來，女人比男人長(zhǎng)壽。general adj.1. 普遍的；全體的，總的，全面的a general strike總罷工a general election大選2. 泛指的；一般的general knowledge 一般知識(shí)3. 大體的；籠統(tǒng)的8.T

12、hey laid eggs too.它們也為卵生。lay vi. 下(蛋)，產(chǎn)(卵)e.g.Laying eggs is her full-time job.產(chǎn)卵是她的專職工作。The hens don t lay eggs during this cold weather.這樣冷的天氣母雞是不會(huì)下蛋的。思維拓展lay 還有其他含義：1. 放，擱lay aside 放在一邊, 擱一擱（暫不解決）2. 安排，安置lay the table擺桌子9.Small clever animals,now with hands and feet,appeared and spread all over t

13、he earth.一些靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物，長(zhǎng)有手和腳，出現(xiàn)并在世界各地蔓延開來。spread vi. 伸展，延伸；傳播, 傳開；展現(xiàn)e.g.The city spreads for ten miles to the north.這座城市將向北延伸十里。But the story of the little boy spread quickly.但小英雄的故事很快傳開了。思維拓展extend 和 spread 都有“伸展、延伸”之意，但 extend 既可用作及物動(dòng)詞又可用作不及物動(dòng)詞，而 spread 常用作不及物動(dòng)詞。10.They developed new methods of growing

14、food,hunting and moving around.它們開發(fā)出種植食物、狩獵、行走的新方法。method n. C方法，辦法e.g.They use modern methods of teaching math.他們用現(xiàn)代教算術(shù)的方法。There is a method in doing anything.做什么事都有方法。思維拓展 method n. U規(guī)律，秩序e.g.He is a man of method. 他是個(gè)有條理的人。There is method in his madness.他表面瘋狂，實(shí)則理性。11.They are putting too much car

15、bon dioxide into the atmosphere,which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.它們向大氣層中釋放太多的二氧化碳，使得熱量無法散發(fā)到太空。prevent sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止或妨礙某人/某事物e.g.Nobody can prevent us/our getting married.誰(shuí)也阻止不了我們結(jié)婚。全析提示在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，preventsb.fromdoing sth.和stopsb.fromdoing sth. 中的from都可以省略。但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不可以

16、。注意：在keep sb. from doingsth. 中，from 省與不省意思不The government took immediate measures to prevent the disease from spreading.政府立刻采取措施來阻止疾病的蔓延。類似的詞還有：stop sb.from doing sth./keep sb.from doing sth.e.g.Nothing can stop us from going there.什么也不能阻止我們?nèi)ツ抢?。They wanted to keep him from mixing with other children

17、 immediately.他們想讓他暫時(shí)別和其他孩子一起玩。同。keep sb.from doing sth. 使某人不做某事keep sb.doing sth.使某人做某事e.g.We d better keep the fire burning.最好讓爐火繼續(xù)燒下去。12.Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.生命是否能夠在未來幾百萬年繼續(xù)在地球存在，將取決于這一問題能否得到解決。(1)de

18、pend on sth. 根據(jù)某事物而定、取決于某事物e.g.A lot will depend on how she responds to the challenge. 在很大程度上將取決于她對(duì)這一難題的反應(yīng)。(2)depend on/upon 確信，堅(jiān)信，信賴e.g.You can never depend on his arriving on time.你決不可指望他能準(zhǔn)時(shí)來。思維拓展depend on 同義詞是：rely on/upon 信賴; 依靠count on/upon 指望; 仰賴; 依賴e.g.We count on your help. 我們仰賴你的幫助。You may

19、rely upon my early arrival.你放心好了，我會(huì)早到的。A VISIT TO THE MOON1.Last month I was lucky enough to have a chance to make a trip into space with my friend Li Yanping,an astronomer.上個(gè)月我有幸和我的朋友李顏平( 天文學(xué)家) 一起去太空旅行。trip n. C旅行；旅程全析提示表示進(jìn)行旅行的短語(yǔ)有：take atripgo on a tripmake a triphave a trip去 某 地 旅 游 ， 其 后 加 介 詞 ,即

20、 trip to+some place2.Before we left,Li Yanping explained to me that the force of gravity would change three times on our journey.出發(fā)前，李顏平對(duì)我解釋說旅途中地心的引力會(huì)變化三次。force n.(1) 力，力量e.g.Don t use force on your friend.對(duì)朋友不要?jiǎng)游洹e had to use force to get the lid off the bottle.他得使勁才能打開瓶的蓋子。(2) 常用復(fù)數(shù)軍隊(duì)，生力軍e.g.Both

21、land and sea forces were stationed on that island. 陸軍和海軍都駐扎在那個(gè)島上。思維拓展force vt. 強(qiáng)迫，迫使e.g.Don t force yourself towrite when you have nothing to say.寫不出時(shí)，不要硬寫。Don t force your ideas upon others.別將自己的意見強(qiáng)加于人。3.At first it pushed us so hard back into our seats that we could not say anything to each other.

22、思維拓展so+adj.+a/an+ 名 詞 單 數(shù) +that起初這種壓力使勁把我們向后推倒在座位上，以致于我們彼此不能說話了。so.that “如此以至于”引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。so 是副詞，后跟形容詞、副詞。e.g.He speaks so fast that I can hardly keep up with him.clause可以和such+a/an+（adj.）+ 名 詞 單 數(shù) +that 引導(dǎo)的句子互換。但要注意不定冠詞a/an 的位置。他說得太快了以致于我?guī)缀醵几簧纤?。The views of the West Lake in Hangzhou is so beautiful

23、that we are all struck by its beauty.西湖的景色太美了以至于我們都被它的美景給迷住了。比較：such .that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。其中such 是形容詞，所以其后應(yīng)跟名詞。e.g.This is such a difficult problem that I can hardly work it out.這道題太難了以致于我?guī)缀踅獠怀鰜?。They are such good students that the teacher takes pride in them.他們是如此好的學(xué)生以至于老師以他們?yōu)闃s。注意：so.that句型中，so 后有時(shí)也可跟名詞，

24、但名詞前須有many,much,little,few 。e.g.I have so little money in my pocket that I have to ask my parents for some.我兜里錢太少了以致于我得向父母再要點(diǎn)。e.g.It is such an interesting novel that we all like to read it.= It is so interesting a book that we all like to read it.這本書太有意思了以至于我們都喜歡讀。4.Gradually the weight lessened an

25、d I was able to talk to him.逐漸地, 重力減輕了, 我能和他說話了。（1）gradually adv. 逐漸地，逐步地gradual adj. 逐漸的，逐步的 漸進(jìn)的，逐漸上升的全析提示a gradual slope 緩坡a gradual increase in the cost of living生活費(fèi)的逐漸增高（2）lessen v. 減少，變少；使變小，使較不重要e.g.lessen the impact/effect of sth.減少事物之沖擊力（影響）lessen a person s importance貶抑某人的重要性思維拓展less adj. 更

26、少（或更?。┑?；較少（或較?。┑腶 matter of less importance次要的事情5. “ We are too far from the earth now to feel its pull,” heexplained.他解釋道： “我們現(xiàn)在離地球很遠(yuǎn)已感受不到它的拉力。 ”too.to.太而不能e.g.The soldier was too weak to be sent to the front.那士兵身體太弱，不能送往前線。She has to help her mother,who s too old to work.她得幫助她母親；她母親年紀(jì)太大，不能干活了。思維拓展

27、too 與表示性質(zhì)、程度或特征的形容詞、分詞或副詞一起和動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）連用時(shí)，該不定式（短語(yǔ)）是肯定形式表示否定意義，但若形容詞或過去分詞是表示態(tài)度、情緒、心情或傾向時(shí)，該不定式表示的則是肯定意義。6.When we get closer to the moon,we shall feel its gravity pulling us.當(dāng)我們靠近月球時(shí)，我們會(huì)感到它的重力在拉我們get close to 走近，靠近思維拓展close to 離很近，在附近be as close as lips to teeth唇齒相依e.g.Come close to me. 再靠近我一點(diǎn)。Someone

28、followed close behind me.有人緊跟著我。stand close to緊挨著keep a close watch嚴(yán)密注視7. I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin.我立刻歡呼起來，身體失重在宇宙飛船中到處飄來飄去。cheer vt. 歡呼；高呼e.g.Everyone cheered the news that the war was over.人人為戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束的消息而歡呼。Your visit has cheered （up） the sick man

29、.你的訪問使病人高興。cheer up 高興起來e.g.He cheered up at once when I promised to help him.當(dāng)我答應(yīng)幫他忙時(shí)，他立即高興起來。思維拓展英國(guó)人常用cheers 表示祝酒用語(yǔ) “干杯”， 尤其用于打電話時(shí)說“再見”。Goodbye.Cheers. 再會(huì)！再見！口語(yǔ)What cheer ？ =How doyou feel? 你好嗎？cheerful adj. 令人快樂的；高興的；愉快的8.If you are right,my mass will be less than on the earth because the moon is

30、 smaller and I will be able to move more freely.如果你說的是正確的話，我的身體重量會(huì)比在地球上輕得多，因?yàn)樵虑蛞〉枚啵夷軌蚋幼杂傻剡\(yùn)動(dòng)。（ 1 ） mass n. C 團(tuán)；塊 e.g.It is a mass of sand. 這是一堆沙子。The trees are a mass of green to the eye. 這些樹木看上去是一片綠色。大宗；眾多e.g.a mass of treasure大宗財(cái)寶the great mass of the people人民的大多數(shù)思維拓展（復(fù)數(shù)前加定冠詞）群眾，大眾e.g.We should

31、learn from the masses of the people.我們應(yīng)該向人民群眾學(xué)習(xí)。（ 2） less than:not as much as不到，少于e.g.The total number of students is less than 100.學(xué)生總數(shù)不到100 人。no less than:as much as 多達(dá)，有之多（加上數(shù)字）（強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量之多）e.g.No less than 3 000 people attended the lecture.參加講座的人多達(dá)三千。He speaks English no less fluently than his partne

32、r.他講英語(yǔ)的流利程度不亞于他的伙伴。not less than 不少于（ 不強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量）e.g.Not less than 3 000 people attended the lecture.聽講座的人不少于3 000 。more than +名詞“不僅僅是” +adj. “極其” +數(shù)詞“多”思維拓展no more than+ 數(shù)詞 =only not more than= 數(shù)詞“不超過 , 最多”e.g.A boy of no more than 6 got on the bus.一個(gè)只有6 歲的男孩上了公共汽車。 （只有6 歲）A boy of not more than 6 got o

33、n the bus.一個(gè)最多6 歲的男孩上了公共汽車。 （可能不到6 歲）9.I cried, “ Walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed. ”我大叫： “走路確實(shí)需要練習(xí)，因?yàn)橐σ寻l(fā)生變化。 ” now (that) conj. 由于，既然e.g.Now (that) you mention it,I do remember the incident.經(jīng)你一提，我想起那件事了。Now you ve passed your test you can drive on your own.駕駛考試既然合格了

34、，你就可以獨(dú)自開車了。思維拓展和 now that 用法相似的連詞還有 ： as 由 于 /since 既然這三個(gè)連詞引導(dǎo)的從句都表示已知或已經(jīng)存在的事實(shí)。e.g.As you have known aboutit,I won t keep it secret.既然你已知道了，我也就不隱瞞了。10.After a while I got the hang of it and we began to enjoy ourselves.過了一會(huì)兒，我熟悉了它。我們開始痛痛快快地玩起來。hang n. 做法，竅門，要點(diǎn)get the hang of 熟悉，理解，掌握e.g.get the hang o

35、f driving a tractor得知開拖拉機(jī)的竅門I don t quite get the hang of the discourse.我并不十分了解談話的要點(diǎn)。思維拓展go hang 不再被關(guān)心，被忘卻e.g.let things go hang 聽之任 之11.We watched,amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth s gravity increased.隨著地球引力的增加，我們觀察著，宇宙飛船的外面著火時(shí)，我們感到很吃驚。break out 不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，(激烈的事件)突然發(fā)生e.g.A fighting between the two friends broke out ending the friendship kept for many years.兩個(gè)朋友打起來了，同時(shí)也結(jié)束了兩人多年的友誼。The war broke out in 1937.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)于1937 年。全析提示break out 的 主 語(yǔ)一 般