非謂語動詞的用法

1、 動名詞是動詞的一種非謂語形式，由動詞 + -ing 構(gòu)成，否定形式為not doing，具有動詞和名詞的性質(zhì)，在句中起名詞作用，可作主語、賓語、表語和定語作主語、賓語、表語和定語。一、動名詞的形式：時態(tài)主動式被動式一般式(謂語動詞同時發(fā)生)doingbeing done完成式(謂語動詞發(fā)生之前)having donehaving been done二、動名詞的用法1.作主語動名詞做主語有三種形式： 動名詞在句首直接做主語 It 在句首做形式主語，而動名詞短語在后面做真正的邏輯上的主語 There be + no + 動名詞 動名詞在句首直接做主語動名詞在句首直接做主語 動名詞動名詞是由動詞變

2、化而來，所以，動名詞的意義往往是表是由動詞變化而來，所以，動名詞的意義往往是表示某個動作或某件事情示某個動作或某件事情。當動名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用。當動名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單單數(shù)。數(shù)。Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good. 早晨朗讀英語會給你帶來許多好處。Cheating on an exam ruins ones character. 考試作弊毀壞人的性格動名詞作主語時，對于一些比較長的動名詞短語，一般動名詞作主語時，對于一些比較長的動名詞短語，一

3、般采用采用“It is ”和和“There is ”兩種兩種句式來句式來表示。表示。（1）用）用“It is ”句型表示句型表示 Its nice talking with you. 和你談話很高興。 Its a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這件事很浪費時間 It is no use waiting for him any longer. 等他是沒有用的。（2）用）用“There is ”兩種兩種句式來表示句式來表示There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。Thereisnolitteringabou

4、t.不許亂扔雜物。Thereisnoharmindoingso.這樣做沒有害處。2.作賓語有些動詞或短語動詞后常用動名詞作賓語賓語，如admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel like，finish，forgive，give up，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practice，put off，resist，risk，suggest，cant help（情不自禁），cant stand（無法忍受）等動詞成詞組后可以用動名詞作賓語，但不能用

5、不定式。但不能用不定式。 I suggest doing it in a different way.我建議用另一種方法做這件事He is not very well；he doesnt feel like eating.他不太舒服，吃不下。She practices speaking English every day.注意：（1）有些動詞后面，如有些動詞后面，如forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等既可等既可帶動名詞或不定式作賓語帶動名詞或不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別。 to do 將要發(fā)生的動作將要發(fā)生的動作 forget remember

6、 regret doing 已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作（2）有些句子中，介詞?？墒∪?。uI have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.u我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難。uHe used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games.u過去他經(jīng)?；ê芏鄷r間玩游戲。uWhat can prevent us (from) getting married?u有什么能阻止我們結(jié)婚呢？（3）動名詞可以和一些介詞如動名詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, b

7、y, for, without, besides等構(gòu)成短語，在句中作狀語。等構(gòu)成短語，在句中作狀語。uHe left ahead of time without saying a word.u他一句話也沒說就提前離開了。uBesides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.u除了做飯和縫紉以外，她還要照顧四個孩子。uOn hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.u聽到這個消息后，所有的學生都高興得跳起來了。（4）在want, need, deserve, r

8、equire等詞后面，我們用動名詞的主動形式表示被動的意思。后跟動名詞的主動式與不定式的被動式作賓語，意義沒有區(qū)別。即V.+ doing = V.+ to be doneYour car need filling.你這車要充氣了。This city deserves visiting.這座城市值得一游。The problem requires studying carefully.這個問題需要認真研究。The trees want watering. 這些樹需要澆水了。3.作表語句子結(jié)構(gòu)：主語句子結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+系動詞系動詞+表語表語 （S. +be + doing）His hobby is co

9、llecting stamps.他的愛好是收集郵票。Their task is exploring oil mines in the west.他們的任務(wù)是在西部探查油礦。In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。動名詞作表語與現(xiàn)在分詞作表語的區(qū)別1.動名詞作表語時相當于名詞名詞，說明主語的含義及內(nèi)容含義及內(nèi)容，它與主語是同等關(guān)系，主語與表語互換位置互換位置不影響句子的基本含義，但不可用副詞來修飾。2、現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時相當于形容詞形容詞，說明主語的特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等，主語與表語不可互換不可互換位置

10、，但可用very, quite等副詞來修飾My job is looking after the children.My job is looking after the children. = Looking after the children is my jobThe volleyball match we watched was very exciting. Our duty is serving the people. Our duty is serving the people. = Serving the people is our duty. The situation is

11、encouraging.4.作定語動名詞作定語時一般前置一般前置，與所修飾的名詞間沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表用途用途。Reading room 閱覽室閱覽室Swimming pool 游泳池游泳池Dining car 餐車餐車Singing competition 歌詠比賽歌詠比賽Waiting room 候車室候車室注意注意:動名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別：動名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別：a walking stick the walking mana swimming pool 區(qū)別 the swimming girla sleeping car the sleeping boy動名

12、詞動名詞修飾名表示名詞的功能功能現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞表示該名詞所處的狀態(tài)所處的狀態(tài)5.動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：1)物主代詞物主代詞/名詞所有格名詞所有格+動名詞動名詞在句子中作主語或賓語，作主語或賓語，e.g.Marys coming late made her teacher angry.I dont mind your opening the window2)人稱代詞賓格人稱代詞賓格/名詞名詞+動名詞動名詞在句中作賓語，在句中作賓語，e.g.Im sure of him coming on time.He has never heard of a woman being a pi

13、lot.1. It was impolite of him _without _good-bye. A) to leave, saying B) leaving, to sayC) to leave, to say D) leaving, saying2. Its no use _ to get a bargain these days. A) to expect B) expectingC) wanting D) you expect 3.We had some trouble _ the house and nobody seemed _ where it was. A) in findi

14、ng.knowing B) finding.to knowC) to find.knowing D) to find.to knowABB結(jié)構(gòu)：結(jié)構(gòu)：to+動詞原形 時態(tài)時態(tài)和語態(tài)：和語態(tài)：一般式、進行式、完成式 主動、被動用法：用法：主語 、表語、賓語、賓補、 定語、狀語、 時態(tài)和語態(tài)：時態(tài)和語態(tài)：時間時間主動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài) 一般式to writeto be writtento have been written進行式to be writing完成式to have written時態(tài)和語態(tài)：時態(tài)和語態(tài)： 一般一般式：式：表示的行為常與謂語動詞所表示的行為同時或在其后發(fā)生 She tri

15、ed to convince me They decided not to take the CET-4 this June時態(tài)和語態(tài)：時態(tài)和語態(tài)：進行式：進行式：表示的動作正在進行，且和謂語表示的動作同時進行It seemed to be getting windy. The leaves were being blown about.時態(tài)和語態(tài)：時態(tài)和語態(tài)：完成式：完成式：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作發(fā)生之前I sorry to have kept you waiting.時態(tài)和語態(tài)：時態(tài)和語態(tài)：完成完成進行式：進行式：表示動作在謂語動作之前一直在進行Frank seems to have b

16、een working there all these years.時態(tài)和語態(tài)：時態(tài)和語態(tài)：動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)當不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式表示的動作的承受者時，不定式一般要用被動形式，不定式的被動式在句中可作主、表、賓、定、狀和賓補等，其時態(tài)有一般式和完成式兩種To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness on earth.句法功能句法功能不定式：表目的和將來；在句子中可充當主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓補、主補以及狀語（一般是原因、目的、結(jié)果等）句法功能句法功能不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別l 動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作

17、；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。 Smoking is prohibited here.這里禁止抽煙 It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽這么多煙 對你身體很 不好l動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗 不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。 句法功能句法功能動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗 不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。 mountains is interesting. a car during the rush hour is tiring.句法功能句法功能Climbing mountai

18、ns is interesting. Driving acar during the rush hour is tiring.句法功能句法功能不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 句法功能句法功能不定式作表語 不定式作表語一般表示具體的動作，特別是表示將來的動作 To do two things at a time is to do neither What I would suggest is to start work at once 如果主語是不定式（表示條件）表語也是

19、不定式（表示結(jié)果） To see is to believe To work means to earn a living.句法功能句法功能如果主語是以aim, duty ,hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明作用 His wish is to buy a house in the near future The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the fu

20、ture of the plan句法功能句法功能不定式作定語不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系He was the last one to leave school yesterdayhe train to arrive was from London句法功能句法功能不定式作定語不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關(guān)系Get him something to eatShe has a lot of work to do in the morning句法功能句法功能不定式作狀語動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。They stood by the roadsi

21、de talking about the plan They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan句法功能句法功能不定式作狀語動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因 Reading attentively ，he forgot the time for lunch.（原因）Reading carefully， he found something he had not known before（時間）Reading carefully， yo

22、u will learn something new.(條件）His family was too poor to support him（結(jié)果）The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.（結(jié)果）We are glad to hear the news.（原因）句法功能句法功能 不定式作賓語英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求句法功能句法功能 不定式作賓語英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求Afford aim appearagree arrange ask be dec

23、idebother care choosecomedaredemanddesiredetermine expect elect endeavorhopefail happen helphesitatelearn longmean manage offer ought planpreparepretend promiserefuseseem tend wait wish undertake句法功能句法功能 不定式作賓補ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, wa

24、nt, wish句法功能句法功能 不定式作賓補His parents meant him -science research, but he showed no interest and turned poet.A going in for B to have gone in forC to go in for D having gone in forC句法功能句法功能 不定式作賓補有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)2)stop to do 停止、的中斷(某件事)，目的

25、是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)remember doing記得做過某事4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾regret doing對做過的事遺憾、的后悔5)try to do努力、的企圖做某事try doing試驗、的試一試某種辦法句法功能句法功能 不定式作賓補6) mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味著7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情)8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建議

26、(做某事)9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為;+doing sth 表示抽象、的傾向概念(注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。 例如：I should like to see him tomorrow.10) need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義;+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要”意思。句法功能句法功能 不定式作賓補Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎? You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記

27、著是明天動身。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔給她講過我的想法。 I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做， 我實在沒辦法。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。 Lets try doing the work some other way.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦 法來做這工作。I didnt mean to hurt your feeling.我沒想要傷害你的感情。 This illness will meango

28、ing to hospital.得了這種病就要進醫(yī)院。形式主語形式主語 it 當當不定式，動名詞，從句不定式，動名詞，從句等用作主語時，為避免等用作主語時，為避免主語過長，給人頭重腳輕的感覺，通常在句首使用形主語過長，給人頭重腳輕的感覺，通常在句首使用形式主語式主語 it,而把而把真正的主語真正的主語放在句子的末尾放在句子的末尾,it無實義。無實義。it作形式主語替代不定式作形式主語替代不定式 1.It + be + adj. /n.(for sb. / of sb.) + to do sth. 這一類形容詞有difficult，hard，easy，impossible，nice，good，b

29、ad，kind等；名詞有a pity,a pleasure,an idea等。例句：It is wrong to tell lies. = To tell lies is wrong. It is a great pleasure to do this.區(qū)別使用用區(qū)別使用用for 和和of 的情況：的情況：該句型中的形容詞通常是表示事物的特點或特征的如difficult，hard，easy，impossible，necessary，important,wrong等，此時用for例句：It is difficult for me to understand his words.表示人的性格特征或

30、特點的如nice，kind，silly，foolish，wise，clever， 等，用 of（同時It is +adj. +of sb. to do sth.=sb. be+adj.+to do sth.）例句：It is kind of you to say so. = You are kind to say so. 2.It + v. + to do sth. 動詞不定式作主語時除動詞be以外，動詞take,cost， need,require,make,sound,occur 等也可用it作形式主語，而把動詞不定式放在后面。例如： It took us three years to c

31、omplete the project（工程）.It didnt occur to me to ask him to help me. 我根本沒想到要找他幫忙。固定表達：固定表達：It is ones turn to do sth. It is your turn to clean our classroom today. It is up to sb. to do sth. It is up to him to clean our classroom today. It is up to parents to teach their children manners. it作形式主語替代動名

32、詞作形式主語替代動名詞1.Its +n.（名詞或名詞短語）/adj.（形容詞）+ doing sth.1）下列名詞或名詞短語作表語時常用動名詞作真正主語:use,good,fun,a waste of,job,task等。例如：Its a waste of time doing this. Its no good (use) doing that. 那樣做沒好處（沒用）。 It is not an easy task doing this work. 做這工作真非易事2）下列形容詞后常用動名詞作真正主語：nice,good,useless,hard,foolish,enjoyable,wort

33、hwhile等。It is nice talking to you.It is useless doing that. 它與不定式作真正主語的區(qū)別在于，它與不定式作真正主語的區(qū)別在于，動名詞動名詞說到的動作說到的動作已經(jīng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生發(fā)生例如：It was nice meeting you. （分別時用） It is nice to meet you. （剛剛見面時用)it作形式主語替代從句作形式主語替代從句It is +名詞+從句： 這樣的名詞有a fact,a surprise,an honor（非常榮（非常榮幸），幸），a pity,common knowledge（常識）（常識）等。例句：I

34、t is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question. It is a pity that he is ill. It is +形容詞+從句: 這樣的形容詞有natural,true,strange,necessary,obvious,important,certain,wonderful,funny,possible,likely等例句：It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city. 我們城市的多數(shù)人將享受免費醫(yī)療，

35、這是一定的。It is probable that he has known everything. 很可能他什么都已經(jīng)知道了。It +動詞+從句：這樣的動詞有seem,appear,happen,look, matter,make,strike,occur等。例句：It appeared that he had a taste for music. It made us very happy that she was saved.It + be +v-ed+從句： It is said (reported， learned.) that . 據(jù)說（據(jù)報道，據(jù)悉） It is said tha

36、t he has come to Beijing. = He is said to have come to Beijing. It is suggested / ordered / demanded/ insisted/ commanded. ) that +should + 動詞原形. 主句中的過去分詞是表示請求，建議，命令等詞時主句中的過去分詞是表示請求，建議，命令等詞時,that后的從后的從句要用虛擬語氣（句要用虛擬語氣（should + 動詞原形），動詞原形），should 可以??；常可以??；常譯為譯為“據(jù)建議；有命令據(jù)建議；有命令” 例句：例句：It is suggested th

37、at the meeting ( should ) be put off.固定句型：固定句型： It is time ( about time ，high time ) that . 該句型中that 后的從句應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣，值得注意的是常用過去時態(tài)表示虛擬常譯為“是（正是).的時侯” It is time that children went to bed. It is the first ( second . ) time that . “是第一(二).次.” It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I

38、 have been here. 3.It doesnt matter whether ( if ) . 該句型中whether(if) 引導(dǎo)的從句是真正主語，常譯為“不論(是否).;沒關(guān)系.”It doesnt matter if they are old.4.It looks ( seems ) as if . 常譯為常譯為“看起來好象看起來好象.”;如果與事實不相符合，則用虛擬語如果與事實不相符合，則用虛擬語氣氣,反之，則不用。反之，則不用。It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）It looks as if he were ill. （沒有生?。?.It is .

39、 when .該句型中的 when 引導(dǎo)的是一個時間狀語從句，主句中的 it 指時間，表語由具體的時間充當。常譯為“當?shù)臅r候,是”It was late at night when he got home.6.It be . before .該句型主句中的 it 指時間, 主句中的時態(tài)常是將來一般時或過去時兩種時態(tài)主句中的表語多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示時間段的詞或短語。常譯為“之后”It was 2 weeks before he met her again.There be句型的用法結(jié)構(gòu):there be +(not/no)+名詞+地點狀語

40、 “某處有/沒有（存在/不存在）某人或某物”There is a pen on the desk.There is no pen in her bag.遵循就近原則：be動詞要和它最靠近的主語保持數(shù)上的一致There is a pen and books on the desk.There are books and a pen on the desk.除此之外, there be句型還有一些特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)： 1. there + 情態(tài)助動詞 + be表示 “預(yù)見”、“可能”、“必然”或“過去習慣存在”等。There might be some desserts if you wait a bit

41、. 如果你等一會兒，可能會有甜點。 There ought to have been someone on duty all the time. 本來應(yīng)該有人全天值班。 也可以用there + 某些半助動詞 + be(很少使用完成體形式)，如：be going to, be certain to, be sure to, be likely to, have to be等。 There is going to be a rain. 要下雨了。 Theres likely to be an interview.可能會有一場面試。 There has to be a mistake. 必定有錯。

42、一般疑問句：一般疑問句：There be結(jié)構(gòu)的一般疑問句變化只需把結(jié)構(gòu)的一般疑問句變化只需把be動詞移到動詞移到句首，再在句尾加上問號即可。句首，再在句尾加上問號即可。例如：1) There is some money in her handbag. Is there any money in her handbag? 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問句：There be句型的特殊疑問句有以下三種形式句型的特殊疑問句有以下三種形式 對主語提問：當主語是人時，用 “Whos + 介詞短語?”；當主語是物時，用 “Whats + 介詞短語?”。其中there在口語中常常省略。注意：無論原句的主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)

43、，對其提問時一般都用be的單數(shù)形式(回答時卻要根據(jù)實際情況來決定)。如： 2) There is a bird in the tree. Whats in the tree? 3) There are some bikes over there. Whats over there?4) There is a little girl in the room. Who is in the room?對地點狀語提問：用對地點狀語提問：用 “Where is are + 主語?”表示（注意其答語變化）：表示（注意其答語變化）：例如： 5) There is a computer in my offic

44、e. Where is the computer? -Its in my office. 6) There are four children in the classroom. Where are the four children?-Theyre in the classroom. 基本構(gòu)成形式:n./pron.+非謂語動詞/adv./adj./n./介詞短語特點：1）獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同， 它獨立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不 定式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系。3）獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。eg:The lights off, we could not go on with the work. n./pron.+n./pron.+非謂語動詞：非謂語動詞：This done, we went home.（表時間）Weather permitting , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. （表條件）An important lecture to be given tomorrow