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1、英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識 第第 一一 講講 詞詞 句子成分句子成分 句子句子一一. .英語句子的構(gòu)成英語句子的構(gòu)成: :詞(短語)詞(短語)句子成分(從句)句子成分(從句)句子句子段落段落語篇語篇) )二二. .英語詞英語詞( (短語短語) )的分類的分類A A. .根據(jù)詞的形式、意義及其在句子中的功用根據(jù)詞的形式、意義及其在句子中的功用將詞分為若干類,叫做詞類(將詞分為若干類,叫做詞類(parts of speechparts of speech)。)。英語的詞通常分為十大類:英語的詞通常分為十大類:1.名詞名詞(noun,縮寫為,縮寫為n.)是人和事物的名稱。)是人和事物的名稱。2
2、.代詞代詞(pronoun, 縮寫為縮寫為pron.)是用來代替名詞)是用來代替名詞 的詞。的詞。3.形容詞形容詞(adjective,縮寫為,縮寫為adj.)用來修飾名詞。)用來修飾名詞。4.動詞動詞(verb,縮寫為,縮寫為 v.)表示動作和狀態(tài))表示動作和狀態(tài)5.副詞副詞(adverb, 縮寫為縮寫為adv.)是修飾動詞、形容)是修飾動詞、形容 詞和副詞的詞。詞和副詞的詞。6.連詞連詞(conjunction, 縮寫為縮寫為conj.)是連接詞、)是連接詞、 短語、從句和句子的詞。短語、從句和句子的詞。7.介詞介詞(preposition, 縮寫為縮寫為prep.)表示)表示 名詞名詞(
3、或代詞)與句子里其它詞的關(guān)系。(或代詞)與句子里其它詞的關(guān)系。8.冠詞冠詞(article, 縮寫為縮寫為 art.)說明名詞所指的人)說明名詞所指的人 或物的詞。或物的詞。9.數(shù)詞數(shù)詞(numeral, 縮寫為縮寫為num.)是表示)是表示“多少多少” 和和“第幾第幾”的詞。的詞。10.感嘆詞感嘆詞(interjection, 縮寫為縮寫為int.)表示感情。)表示感情。 如如:oh,aha, well, etc.B. 短語(短語(phrase)具有一定意義,在句子里可以)具有一定意義,在句子里可以 單獨作為一個句子成分。單獨作為一個句子成分。英語短語主要有:英語短語主要有:不定式短語不定式
4、短語(infinitive phrase) 如:如:He likes to read newspaper after supper.動名詞短語動名詞短語(gerundial phrase)如:)如:Staying indoors all day is unhealthy.分詞短語分詞短語(participial phrase)如:)如:I saw many people walking along the lake.The bridge built last year is now being repaired.介詞短語介詞短語(prepositional phrase)如:)如:He cam
5、e here by bus.1.名詞名詞(noun)定義:定義:表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞,叫表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞,叫做名詞。做名詞。例如:例如:baby time air Shanghai 名詞的分類:名詞的分類:英語名詞可以分為英語名詞可以分為 1)普通名詞)普通名詞(common noun) 普通名詞是某一類人、某一類事物、某種物質(zhì)或抽象概念普通名詞是某一類人、某一類事物、某種物質(zhì)或抽象概念的名詞。的名詞。例如:例如:student water pleasure machine health 2)專有名詞)專有名詞(proper noun)專有名詞是個別的人
6、、團(tuán)體、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)或事物的名稱。專有名詞是個別的人、團(tuán)體、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)或事物的名稱。其中的實詞的第一個字母必須大寫。其中的實詞的第一個字母必須大寫。例如:例如: Lei Feng China Guangzhou the Great Wall Peiying Middle School普通名詞可進(jìn)一步分為:普通名詞可進(jìn)一步分為:1)集體名詞)集體名詞(collective noun):集體名詞是某一些人或物的總稱。集體名詞是某一些人或物的總稱。例如:例如:class team family army2)物質(zhì)名詞)物質(zhì)名詞(material noun)物質(zhì)名詞表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個體的實
7、物。物質(zhì)名詞表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個體的實物。例如:例如: water air hire steel grain 3)抽象名詞)抽象名詞(abstract noun)抽象名詞表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。抽象名詞表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。例如:例如: happiness sadness work pleasure 名詞又可分為可數(shù)名詞名詞又可分為可數(shù)名詞(countable noun)和不可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞(uncountable noun):可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞: students computers tomatoes pianos 不可數(shù)名詞:不可數(shù)名詞: rain
8、 water pleasure advice注意:注意: glass glasses paper papers tea teas fruit fruits water waters 2.代詞代詞(pronoun)定義:定義:代詞是代替名詞的詞。代詞是代替名詞的詞。 代詞的分類:代詞的分類:英語代詞可以分為英語代詞可以分為 1)人稱代詞)人稱代詞 (personal pronoun) 數(shù)數(shù) 格格人稱人稱 單單 數(shù)數(shù) 復(fù)復(fù) 數(shù)數(shù) 主格主格 賓格賓格 主格主格 賓格第一人稱第一人稱 第二人稱第二人稱 第三人稱第三人稱 2.代詞代詞(pronoun)定義:定義:代詞是代替名詞的詞。代詞是代替名詞的詞。
9、 代詞的分類:代詞的分類:英語代詞可以分為英語代詞可以分為 1)人稱代詞)人稱代詞 (personal pronoun) 數(shù)數(shù) 格格人稱人稱 單單 數(shù)數(shù) 復(fù)復(fù) 數(shù)數(shù) 主格主格 賓格賓格 主格主格 賓格第一人稱第一人稱 Imeweus第二人稱第二人稱 youyouyouyou第三人稱第三人稱he she ithimherittheythem 2)物主代詞)物主代詞 表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫做物主代詞。物主代詞可以分為表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫做物主代詞。物主代詞可以分為形容詞性物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞和和名詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞 形容詞性物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞 數(shù)數(shù)人稱人稱 單單 數(shù)數(shù) 復(fù)復(fù) 數(shù)數(shù)第
10、一人稱第一人稱 第二人稱第二人稱 第三人稱第三人稱 2)物主代詞)物主代詞 表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫做物主代詞。物主代詞可以分為表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫做物主代詞。物主代詞可以分為形容詞性物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞和和名詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞 形容詞性物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞 數(shù)數(shù)人稱人稱 單單 數(shù)數(shù) 復(fù)復(fù) 數(shù)數(shù)第一人稱第一人稱my our第二人稱第二人稱youryour第三人稱第三人稱his her itstheir 名詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞 數(shù)數(shù)人稱人稱 單單 數(shù)數(shù) 復(fù)復(fù) 數(shù)數(shù)第一人稱第一人稱第二人稱第二人稱第三人稱第三人稱 名詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞 數(shù)數(shù)人稱人稱 單單 數(shù)數(shù) 復(fù)復(fù) 數(shù)數(shù)
11、第一人稱第一人稱mineours第二人稱第二人稱yoursyours第三人稱第三人稱his hers itstheirs 3)反身代詞)反身代詞 表示反射(指一個動作回射到該動作執(zhí)行者本身)或強(qiáng)表示反射(指一個動作回射到該動作執(zhí)行者本身)或強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語氣)的代詞叫做反身代調(diào)(即用來加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語氣)的代詞叫做反身代詞。詞。 數(shù)數(shù)人稱人稱 單單 數(shù)數(shù) 復(fù)復(fù) 數(shù)數(shù)第一人稱第一人稱第二人稱第二人稱第三人稱第三人稱 3)反身代詞)反身代詞 表示反射(指一個動作回射到該動作執(zhí)行者本身)或強(qiáng)表示反射(指一個動作回射到該動作執(zhí)行者本身)或強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語氣)的代詞叫做反身
12、代調(diào)(即用來加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語氣)的代詞叫做反身代詞。詞。 數(shù)數(shù)人稱人稱 單單 數(shù)數(shù) 復(fù)復(fù) 數(shù)數(shù)第一人稱第一人稱myself ourselves第二人稱第二人稱yourselfyourselves第三人稱第三人稱himself herself itselfthemselves 4)不定代詞)不定代詞 不是指明代替任何特定名詞(或形容詞)的代詞叫做不不是指明代替任何特定名詞(或形容詞)的代詞叫做不定代詞。定代詞。 some something somebody someoneany anything anybody anyoneno nothing nobody no oneevery ever
13、ything everybody everyoneall both neither either none each other(s) another one much many few a few little a little另外,英語代詞還有:另外,英語代詞還有: 指示代詞指示代詞 疑問代詞疑問代詞 關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞 相互代詞相互代詞 3. 形容詞形容詞 形容詞形容詞(adjective) 是修飾名詞表示名詞屬性的詞,常放是修飾名詞表示名詞屬性的詞,常放在它所修飾的名詞之前在它所修飾的名詞之前 (形容詞修飾不定代詞形容詞修飾不定代詞something, anything, nothing
14、等須后置等須后置)。例如:例如: a lovely baby the beautiful picture modern history something important nothing wrong形容詞有比較級和最高級,不用比較等級的形容詞稱為形容詞有比較級和最高級,不用比較等級的形容詞稱為原級。形容詞的比較級形式是:原級。形容詞的比較級形式是:“adj. er” 或或“moreadj.”adj.”。它的最高級形式是。它的最高級形式是:“adj.est” 或或 most adj.” 例如:例如:great greater greatest brave braver bravest hap
15、py happier happiest clever cleverer cleverest difficult more difficult most difficult 注意:注意:1) 閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞 末尾只有一個輔音字母,須先雙寫這末尾只有一個輔音字母,須先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加個輔音字母,再加-er 和和-est. big bigger biggest hot hotter hottest thin thinner thinnest2)不規(guī)則變化:不規(guī)則變化: good (well) better best bad worse worst many (much) more
16、 most little less least far farther, further farthest, furthest 4. 副詞副詞 副詞副詞(adverb) 修飾動詞、形容詞和其他副詞等,說明時修飾動詞、形容詞和其他副詞等,說明時間、地點、程度、方式等概念。間、地點、程度、方式等概念。例如:例如: often quickly firmly early happily how when where why however therefore otherwise副詞也有比較級和最高級,不用比較等級的副詞稱為原副詞也有比較級和最高級,不用比較等級的副詞稱為原級。副詞的比較級形式和級。副詞
17、的比較級形式和最高級形式變化與形容詞完全最高級形式變化與形容詞完全相同相同 adj.” 例如:例如:hard harder hardest fast faster fastest early earlier earliest quickly more quickly most quickly badly worse worst 5. 數(shù)詞數(shù)詞 表示表示“多少多少” 和和“第幾第幾”的詞,叫做數(shù)詞的詞,叫做數(shù)詞(numeral)。數(shù)次可分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。數(shù)次可分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。 例如:例如: one two three four five nine twelvefirst second th
18、ird fourth fifth ninth twelfth分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù):分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù):1/3 one-third 2/3 two-thirds90% ninety percent 35% thirty-five percent 編號用基數(shù)詞:編號用基數(shù)詞:Unit 1 Exercise 5 Room 302 Class 7 Senior one有的也可以用序數(shù)詞表示:有的也可以用序數(shù)詞表示:the second floor年、月、日表示法:年、月、日表示法:October 1, 1949 May 18, 1996三三. .英語句子成分英語句子成分英語句子成分有英語句子成分有主語主語(subj
19、ect)、謂語、謂語(predicate)、賓語賓語(object)、表語、表語(predicative)、定語、定語(attribute)和狀語和狀語(adverbial)、補(bǔ)語、補(bǔ)語(complement)等。等。 (一)主語:(一)主語:主語是一個句子所敘述的主體,一般位于主語是一個句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。句首。但在但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時)結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時)和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、
20、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如:。例如:During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.We often speak English in class. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(名詞)(名詞)(代詞)(代詞)(不定式)(不定式)It is necessary to master a foreign language.Smoking does harm to the health. When we ar
21、e going to have an English test has not been decided.There is a super market around the street corner.With the bell ringing, in came our teacher.( (二二) )謂語:謂語:謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。 The sun rises in the east.He practices running every morning.Y
22、ou may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. The delegation is to visit a few western countries.(動名詞)(動名詞)(主語從句)(主語從句)(三)表語:(三)表語:表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動詞(如它一般位于系動詞(如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短
23、語、副詞及表語從分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。句表示。Our teacher of English is an American.The new expensive bicycle is mine. The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Our teacher was satisfied with my work. Three times seven is twenty one? His job is to teach English. His hobby is playing football.
24、The machine must be out of order. Time is up. The class is over. The truth is that he has never been abroad.(名詞)(名詞)(代詞)(代詞)(形容詞)(形容詞)(現(xiàn)在分詞)(現(xiàn)在分詞)(過去分詞短語)(過去分詞短語)(數(shù)詞)(數(shù)詞)(不定式短語)(不定式短語)(動名詞短語)(動名詞短語)(介詞短語)(介詞短語)(副詞)(副詞)(表語從句)(表語從句)(四)賓語:(四)賓語:賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者,一般位于賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者,一般位于 及物動詞和介詞后面。例如:及物動詞和介詞后
25、面。例如: They went to see an exhibition(展覽)(展覽)yesterday. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. He pretended not to see me. The old woman didnt know what to do. I enjoy listening to popular music. He is used to working at night. I thi
26、nk(that)he is fit for his office.賓語種類賓語種類:(:(1 1)雙賓語)雙賓語(間接賓語(間接賓語+ +直接賓語),直接賓語),有些及物動詞可以帶兩個賓語,往往一個指人,一個指物,有些及物動詞可以帶兩個賓語,往往一個指人,一個指物,指人的叫間接賓語,指物的叫直接賓語。指人的叫間接賓語,指物的叫直接賓語。Lend me your dictionary, please.(2)復(fù)合賓語)復(fù)合賓語 They elected him their monitor.(名詞)(名詞)(代詞)(代詞)(數(shù)詞)(數(shù)詞)(不定式短語)(不定式短語)(不定式短語)(不定式短語)(動名
27、詞短語)(動名詞短語)(賓語從句)(賓語從句)(動名詞短語)(動名詞短語)(五)賓語補(bǔ)足語(五)賓語補(bǔ)足語: 英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個直接賓語以外,還要有一個賓語補(bǔ)助語,對賓語的動作、直接賓語以外,還要有一個賓語補(bǔ)助語,對賓語的動作、狀態(tài)、身份、特征等內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明狀態(tài)、身份、特征等內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明, ,才能使句子的才能使句子的意義完整。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式意義完整。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式( (短語短語) )、分詞分詞( (短語短語) )、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如:、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如:We elected him our mo
28、nitor. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room. When I came back to my hometown, I found it greatly changed. We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now.(名詞)(名詞)
29、(形容詞)(形容詞)(副詞)(副詞)(不定式短語)(不定式短語)(現(xiàn)在分詞短語)(現(xiàn)在分詞短語)(過去分詞短語)(過去分詞短語) (介詞短語)(介詞短語)(賓語從句)(賓語從句)(六)定語:(六)定語:修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下列詞、短語、句子表示:定語。定語可由以下列詞、短語、句子表示: Guilin is a beautiful city. China is a developing country; America is a developed country. There are thirty women teachers i
30、s our school. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. He is reading an article about how to learn English.Thank you for the help which you have given me.(形容詞)(形容詞)(現(xiàn)在(現(xiàn)在/ /過去分詞)過去分詞)
31、 (名詞)(名詞)(代詞)(代詞)(不定式短語)(不定式短語)(動名詞)(動名詞)(介詞短語)(介詞短語)定語從句定語從句(七)狀語:(七)狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子,說明修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子,說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語??捎梢韵滦问絼幼骰驙顟B(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語??捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆罕硎荆?Light travels most quickly. He has lived in the city for ten years. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examinati
32、on. He is in the room making a model plane. Given more time, well do much better. Once you begin, you must continue. 狀語種類狀語種類: How about meeting again at six?(時間狀語)(時間狀語) Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因狀語)(原因狀語) I shall go there if it doesnt rain.(條件狀語)(條件狀語) Mr Sm
33、ith lives on the third floor.(地點狀語)(地點狀語)(副詞)(副詞)(介詞短語)(介詞短語)(不定式短語)(不定式短語)(現(xiàn)在分詞短語)(現(xiàn)在分詞短語)(過去分詞短語)(過去分詞短語)(狀語從句)(狀語從句) She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式狀語)(方式狀語) She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴隨狀語)(伴隨狀語) In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的狀語)
34、(目的狀語) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(結(jié)果狀語)(結(jié)果狀語) She works very hard though she is old.(讓步狀語)(讓步狀語) I am taller than he is.(比較狀語)(比較狀語)四四. .詞類和句子成分的關(guān)系詞類和句子成分的關(guān)系在句子里,一定的詞類(短語)可以充當(dāng)一在句子里,一定的詞類(短語)可以充當(dāng)一定的句定的句子成分;反過來說,一定的句子成分要由一定的詞子成分;反過來說,一定的句子成分要由一定的詞類(短語)來擔(dān)任。類(短語)來擔(dān)任。閱讀并劃分下列句子成分:閱讀并
35、劃分下列句子成分:1. The teachers decision made John happy.2. He did the work yesterday, but he did not finish it.3. The dishes taste delicious.4. Work and play are both necessary to health.5. The horse is a useful animal.6. You must remember to tell him all that.7. I finished my homework just now.8. A wood
36、fire was burning on the hearth, and a dog was sleeping in front of it.9. I found a note on my car this morning.10. The stream wound its way across the field.閱讀下面短文并指出劃線部分的句子成分:閱讀下面短文并指出劃線部分的句子成分: 1. Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of c
37、onsumer demanding for environment friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of. 2. In the second half of each year, many powerful storms are born in
38、the tropic Atlantic and Caribbean seas. Of these, only about half a dozen becomes the strong, circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that are called hurricane, and several usually make their way to the coast. There they cause millions of dollars of damage, and bring death to large numbers of pe
39、ople. 語法填空語法填空: : (2009年廣東省高考英語試題)年廣東省高考英語試題) 閱讀下面短文閱讀下面短文, , 按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求的要求, , 在空格處填人一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語在空格處填人一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空的正確形式填空, , 并將答案填寫在答題卡標(biāo)號為并將答案填寫在答題卡標(biāo)號為31314040的相應(yīng)位置上。的相應(yīng)位置上。 Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult 31_ was to choo
40、se a suitable Christmas present for her father. She wished that he was as easy 32_ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume.Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not 33_ pleasant experience: people stepped on your feet or 34_ (push) you with their elbows (肘部肘部), hurryin
41、g ahead to get to a bargain. Jane paused in front of a counter 35_ someit to please a pushed where attractive ties were on display. “They are real silk,” the assistant tried to attract her. “Worth double the price.” But Jane knew from past experience that her 36_ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased
42、 her father. Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered. She found some good quality pipes 37_sale. She did not hesitate for long: although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while, she knew that this was a present which was bound to please 38_. When Jane got home, with her small but
43、well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already 39_ table having supper. Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane 39_ (inform).choice on him at was informed 語法填空:語法填空:(2008年廣東省高考英語試題)年廣東省高考英語試題) Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used
44、in Chinese peoples daily life. 1_ these proverbs there are often interesting stories. For example, the proverb, “plucking up a crop 2_ (help) it grow”, is based on the following story. It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(960-1279)was very anxious to help 3_ rice crop grow up qui
45、ckly. He was thinking about 4_ day and night. But the crop was growing much slower than he expected. One day, he came up with an idea 5_ he would pluck up all his crop a few inches . He did so the next day. Behind/ Into helphisthis/itthat He was very tired 6_ doing this for a whole day, 7_ he felt v
46、ery happy since the crop did “grow”8_ (high). His son heard about this, and went to see the crop. Unfortunately the leaves of the crop began to wither. This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their 9_ (nature) course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often 10_(result) in the con
47、trary to our intention.afterbuthighernaturalresults第二講第二講 英語基本句子句型英語基本句子句型英語簡單句有五種基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)形式,即:英語簡單句有五種基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)形式,即:1 1)主語)主語+ +連系動詞連系動詞+ +表語表語(S+V+P )(S+V+P )2 2)主語)主語+ +謂(不及物動詞)謂(不及物動詞)(S+Vi(S+Vi ) )3 3)主語)主語+ +謂(及物動詞謂(及物動詞)+)+賓語賓語 (S+V+O )(S+V+O )4 4)主語)主語+ +謂(及物動詞謂(及物動詞)+)+間接賓語間接賓語+ +直接賓語直接賓語 (S+V+I
48、O+DO)(S+V+IO+DO)5 5)主語)主語+ +謂(及物動詞謂(及物動詞)+)+賓語賓語+ +賓語補(bǔ)足語)賓語補(bǔ)足語) (S+V+O+C)(S+V+O+C)(1)(1)主語主語+ +連系動詞連系動詞+ +表語表語(S+V+P )(S+V+P )在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的系動詞是在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的系動詞是be, look(看起來),(看起來),sound(聽起來),(聽起來),smell(聞起來),(聞起來),taste(嘗起來),(嘗起來),feel(摸起來,感到),(摸起來,感到),seem(似乎,好象),(似乎,好象),appear(顯得,好象),(顯得,好象),remain(仍是),
49、(仍是),keep(保持),(保持),become(變得,成為)(變得,成為)turn(變得,成為),(變得,成為),get(變得),(變得),go(變得)等表示狀態(tài)和變化的詞。(變得)等表示狀態(tài)和變化的詞。e.g. The weather is very cold. We believe that China will become stronger. Our city is at the crossing of some important railways. He was so worn out that he fell asleep as soon as he went to bed.
50、翻譯下列句子:翻譯下列句子:1.Mrs. Li是我們的語文老師是我們的語文老師Mrs. Li is our Chinese teacher. 2.秋天樹葉變黃了。秋天樹葉變黃了。In autumn leaves turn yellow.3.哪輛自行車是我的?哪輛自行車是我的? Which bike is mine?4.他的職責(zé)就是為人民服務(wù)。他的職責(zé)就是為人民服務(wù)。His duty is to serve the people.5.數(shù)學(xué)老師在辦公室里。數(shù)學(xué)老師在辦公室里。The maths teacher is in the office.6.昨天的足球賽真是一場令人激動的比賽。昨天的足球賽真
51、是一場令人激動的比賽。The football match held yesterday was really exciting . 7.大地覆蓋者白雪。大地覆蓋者白雪。The ground is covered with snow.8.這就是他遲到的原因。這就是他遲到的原因。Thats why he was late.系動詞歸納系動詞歸納:1)表特征或狀態(tài)存在:表特征或狀態(tài)存在:be appear feel look prove seem smell sound taste 2)表狀態(tài)持續(xù):表狀態(tài)持續(xù):continue keep remain stay 3)表狀態(tài)變化:表狀態(tài)變化:becom
52、e come fall get grow go run turn (2) (2) 主語主語+ +謂語謂語( (不及物動詞不及物動詞)(S+Vi)(S+Vi ) )此句型的句子有一個共同特點,即此句型的句子有一個共同特點,即句子的謂語動詞都能句子的謂語動詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思表達(dá)完整的意思。 這類動詞叫做這類動詞叫做不及物動詞不及物動詞,后面可以,后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。 1. How time flies.時間飛快。時間飛快。2. I will go back home this Saturday.這個星期六我會回家。這個星期六我會回家。3. The
53、car stopped.車停了。車停了。4. Here comes the bus.公車來了。公車來了。5. Did you sleep well?昨晚睡得好嗎?昨晚睡得好嗎?6. The sun is rising. 太陽正在升起。太陽正在升起。7. The plane took off on time.飛機(jī)及時起飛。飛機(jī)及時起飛。8. When did the war break out?戰(zhàn)爭什么時候爆發(fā)的?戰(zhàn)爭什么時候爆發(fā)的?9. How did the accident come about? 事故是怎樣發(fā)生的?事故是怎樣發(fā)生的? 翻譯下列句子:翻譯下列句子:1.他每天騎自行車上學(xué)。他
54、每天騎自行車上學(xué)。He goes to school by bike every day.2.太陽從東方升起,西方落下。太陽從東方升起,西方落下。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.3.昨天夜晚那家商場發(fā)生了一場大火。昨天夜晚那家商場發(fā)生了一場大火。A big fire broke out at the shop last night.4.會議已經(jīng)開了近兩小時。會議已經(jīng)開了近兩小時。The meeting has lasted two hours. 此句型句子的共同特點是:此句型句子的共同特點是:謂語動詞都具有實義,都是主謂語動詞都具有
55、實義,都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作,但不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須跟有一個賓語產(chǎn)生的動作,但不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須跟有一個賓語,即動作的承受者,才能使意思完整語,即動作的承受者,才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做。這類動詞叫做及及物動詞物動詞。 常用于這句型的動詞有:常用于這句型的動詞有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。等。1. Who knows the answer? 誰知道答案?誰知
56、道答案?2. He has refused to help them. 他拒絕幫他們的忙。他拒絕幫他們的忙。3. He enjoys reading. 他喜歡看書。他喜歡看書。4. They ate what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。他們吃了剩飯。5. He said “Good morning.” 他說:他說:“早上好!早上好! 6. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。我想喝杯茶。7. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承認(rèn)犯了錯誤。他承認(rèn)犯了錯誤。(3) (3) 主語主語+ +謂謂( (及物動詞及物動詞
57、+ +賓語賓語)(S+V+O)(S+V+O ) )翻譯下列句子翻譯下列句子: :1.昨天我給我媽媽寫了一封信。昨天我給我媽媽寫了一封信。Yesterday he wrote a letter to his mother.2.從孩提時代我們就相互認(rèn)識了。從孩提時代我們就相互認(rèn)識了。We have known each other since we were boys.3.他希望中學(xué)畢業(yè)后去上大學(xué)。他希望中學(xué)畢業(yè)后去上大學(xué)。He hopes to go to college after he finishes middle school.4.你喜歡讀中國日報嗎?你喜歡讀中國日報嗎?Do you e
58、njoy reading China Daily?5.我真得不知道如何是好。我真得不知道如何是好。I really dont know what to do?6.你能告訴我去最近的郵局怎么走好你能告訴我去最近的郵局怎么走好?Could you tell me how I can get to the nearest post-office?(4) (4) 主語主語+ +謂謂( (及物動詞及物動詞+ +間接賓語間接賓語+ +直接賓語直接賓語) ) e.g. She taught them physics. A car factory will bring the province more jo
59、bs. 翻譯下列句子:翻譯下列句子:1.他給我們講了一個動人的故事。他給我們講了一個動人的故事。They told us a moving story.2.她父親給她買了一件漂亮的生日禮物。她父親給她買了一件漂亮的生日禮物。Her father bought her a beautiful gift for her birthday.3.請給我們唱支歌吧!請給我們唱支歌吧!Please sing us a song!4.你能幫我一把嗎?你能幫我一把嗎?Could you give me a hand?5.公共汽車上她把她的座位讓給了一位老人。公共汽車上她把她的座位讓給了一位老人。She off
60、ered an old man her seat on the bus. 這類句子結(jié)構(gòu)大部分可以和這類句子結(jié)構(gòu)大部分可以和主語主語+ +謂謂+ +賓語賓語+ +介詞介詞短語短語結(jié)構(gòu)互換結(jié)構(gòu)互換She gave me a book.She gave a book to me.Bill offered her a candy.Bill offered a candy to her.Ill buy you some clothes. Ill buy some clothes for you.Ill cut you a piece of cake.Ill cut a piece of cake for
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