新目標(biāo)八年級(jí)下冊-unit1-2

1、八年級(jí)下冊Unit1-2綜合復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)短語1. stay at home 呆在家里2. in five years 在五年之后3. be free 有空4. in the daytime 在白天5. fall in love with 愛上某人6. hundreds 0f .成百上千7. on vacation 渡彳 四8. keep a pet 養(yǎng)寵物9. come ture 實(shí)現(xiàn)10. in the future 將來11. help sb with sth在某方面幫助某人12. try to do sth 盡力做某事13. wake sb up 叫醒某人14. play .too loud

2、 放太大聲15. argue with sb與某人爭吵16. be out of style 過時(shí)17. be in style 時(shí)髦的重點(diǎn)解析18. the same as和樣19. pay for 付款20. fail the test沒有通過測試21. get on well與某人相處好22. too much pressure 太多壓力23. complain about 抱怨24. a ticket to/for一張的門票25. surprise sb讓某人吃驚26. get a part-time job得到一份兼職工作27. borrow sth from sb 從某人處借某物2

3、8. ask sb for sb問某人要某物29. give me some advice 給我 些建議30. find out 發(fā)現(xiàn)31. compare-with 同作比擬32. busy enough十分忙33. fit .into 找到時(shí)間做某事34. as .as possible 盡可能1. Will people use money in 100years? 一百年后人們還會(huì)使用錢幣嗎？in 100 years在100年之后“in+一段時(shí)間常用在將來時(shí)態(tài)中,一般用來答復(fù) how soon提問eg.Ill come in an hour.我一小時(shí)后來.Ill see you aga

4、in in three days. 三天后我再見你.2. There will be less free time.空閑時(shí)間會(huì)更少.1） less 形容詞：較少的是little的比擬級(jí),修飾不可數(shù)名詞,其最高級(jí)是least;反義詞是 more.eg. Janes less beautiful than Mary.簡不如瑪麗漂亮.Five is less than six .5 比 6 少.2） free time 空閑時(shí)間eg. What do you do in your leisure time?你空閑時(shí)間做些什么？3. I dont agree . 我不同意.agree在本句中彳動(dòng)詞,I

5、 dont agree.是一句交際用語,表示“不贊成某人或某人的觀點(diǎn),如果表贊成,貝U為 I agreeo1表示“同意某人意見時(shí)用agree with sb,該短語不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài).eg. Did you agree with him?你同意他的意見嗎 ？I dont agree with what she said . 我不同意她所說的.2表示“就取得一致意見用agree on或upon,指“兩者或兩者以上的商定,達(dá)成協(xié)議.eg. They both agreed on the date for the meeting .他們雙方都同意開會(huì)的日期.3） agree后還可以接不定式,agree

6、 to do sth ,表示“同意做某事.eg. They agreed to leave tomorrow afternoon . 他們同意明天下午動(dòng)身.4. because I dont like living alone.由于我不想個(gè)人住alone 與 lonely 區(qū)另1Jalone adj.=by oneself 單獨(dú)的/地；孤獨(dú)的/地；獨(dú)立的/地eg, He likes living alone. I mended the bike alone.and no other只有.唯有(跟在名詞或代詞后面)eg, Mr Smith alone knows what happened.Yo

7、u alone can help me in the work.注意：alone強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上“單獨(dú),單獨(dú)一人.lonely adv.作表語.其意思為孤單eg, He feels lonely.(作表語).作定語,修飾表示處所的名詞.eg, The old man lives in a lonely mountain village.(作定語)注意：lonely除表示“單獨(dú)外,還帶有感情色彩,形容失去朋友,缺乏友愛和幫助,感到寂寞、甚至悲哀, 它只能做形容詞,在句中做表語,也可做前置定語,用于地點(diǎn)時(shí),意為“荒涼的,偏僻的“eg, Though the old man is alone, he do

8、esn t feel lonely5. During the week I ll look smart, and probably will wear a suit .在工作日里,我會(huì)看上去很精神,也許會(huì)穿一身套裝.1) during表示在期間, during the week是介詞短語,意為“在工作日里.eg. The sun gives us light during the day. 太陽在白天給我們陽光.He fell asleep during the lesson.他在上課時(shí)睡著了.2) look表示“看上去,用作連系動(dòng)詞,其后接形容詞作表語.eg. That dog looks

9、dangerous.那只狗看起來很危險(xiǎn).You look very beautiful today.今天你看上去很漂亮.3) wear表示“穿,表示狀態(tài),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常狀態(tài),用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示暫時(shí)狀態(tài).eg. We wear our rain boots on a rainy day. 我們在下雨天穿雨鞋.She is wearing a new coat.她穿著件新衣服.Does he wear glasses? 她戴眼鏡嗎？put on是“穿上,“戴上的意思,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作.eg. She put on a red coat and went out. 她穿上紅色大衣出去了.注意：put o

10、n是一時(shí)的動(dòng)作,不能跟表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用.他整天戴著草帽.誤：He puts on a hat all day.正:He wears a hat all day.6. What do you think the weather will be like tomorrow?你認(rèn)為明天的天氣怎樣 ？Whats the weather like?是詢問天氣怎么樣,相當(dāng)于 How is the weather ?What belike?可以用來征求對(duì)方對(duì)某事的看法或意見,意思是“怎么樣？類似的說法還有 What do you think of ? How do you like ？等句型.eg.

11、What is the book like?=What do you think of the book?=How do you like the book?你覺得這本書怎么樣 ？Whats the young girl like?那個(gè)年輕女孩長什么樣 ？7. Ill be be able to wear more casually.我能穿得更隨意些.be be able to 與 can 區(qū)另1J 相同點(diǎn)：(1)兩者后跟原形動(dòng)詞.(2)當(dāng)表示現(xiàn)在或過去的“水平時(shí),兩者可通用.eg, No one was able to/could answer the question.不同點(diǎn)：.can是情

12、態(tài)動(dòng)詞,無人稱與數(shù)的變化.過去式是could.eg, I shall be able to speak English well.could沒有這種意思.be able to的過去式還有表示過去經(jīng)過努力而做到的意思,而eg, He studied hard and was able to pass the exam.can表示請(qǐng)求和允許,以及猜想,而 be able to卻無此用法.eg, Mr Smith can t be at home. Can I carry your bag?8. You could give him a ticket to a ball game.你可以給他張球賽的

13、票a ticket to a ball game 一張球賽的票the key to the door 門的鑰匙,t the answer to the question 問題的答案,、the way to school去學(xué)校的路9. I think you should ask your parents for some money.我想你應(yīng)該向你父母親要些錢(1) ask sb. for sth.向某人要某物If you have a problem, you may ask the policeman for help.如果你遇至U麻煩,你可以向警察求助.(2) ask sb. to do

14、要求某人做某事My mom asks me to clean my room twice a week.10. These children may find it hard to think for themselves when they are older.這些孩子們長大后可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)獨(dú)立思考很困難.這里it作形式賓語,不定式作真正賓語的句子.這類句子由于賓語太長,而用it作形式賓語,把真正的賓語移至句末,使句子保持平衡.I found it hard to learn English well.我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語很難.I think it wrong to waste time. 我認(rèn)為浪費(fèi)

15、時(shí)間是錯(cuò)誤的.11. I dont have enough money.我沒有足夠的錢.enough的用法：(1) . enough+n.足夠的,充足的,在句子中可作定語修飾名詞,也可作表語.We have enough time to do it.我們有足夠的時(shí)間來做這件事.(2) . adj./ adv.+enough足夠地,十分地,非常,修飾形容詞,放形容詞后.The clothes are dear enough.那些衣服十分昂貴.Is the river deep enough for swimming? 河水夠深來游泳嗎？(3) . enoughto dd!夠可以He is old

16、 enough to go to school.他足夠大,到了上學(xué)的年齡了.I have enough money to buy a colour TV set.我有足夠的錢買臺(tái)彩電.12. I argued with my best friend.我與我最好的朋友吵架了.(1) argue with sb.意為 與爭吵,爭論.eg. He often argues with his classmates.(2) argue about sth.意為 為某事而爭論 argument 是 argue 的名詞形式,have an argument with sb.相當(dāng)于 argue with sb

17、.e.g. I dont want to argue about the houtse with you.You shouldnt have an argument with your parents about the bike.13. Maybe you should call him up.或許你可以打 給他(1) maybe是副詞,用來表示推測,譯為“也許,或許,大概.e.g. M aybe you are right.Maybe they will go out for a walk.may be是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may加上動(dòng)詞原形be,意為或許,后接形容詞、名詞、代詞等.eg. It ma

18、y be true.He may be the man we are looking for.(2) call sb. up打 給某人可以與名詞、代詞連用.連接代詞時(shí),把代詞放在call與up之間.eg. Please call me up.Don t forget to call up your uncle.Ill call her up this afternoon.14. I dont want to surprise him. 我不想使他驚訝. 在這句話中surprise是個(gè)行為動(dòng)詞,可以說成 surprise sb.,表示“使驚訝.使他/她/他們吃驚：surprise him/her

19、/theme.g. The news surprises us greatly.Surprise也可以當(dāng)名詞使某人吃驚的是：to one s surprise使他/她/我們/他們吃驚的是:to his/her/our/their surprisesurprised 形容詞 吃驚的去干某事： be surprised to dosurprised adj.驚訝的 surprising adj. 令人驚訝的15. I need to get some money to pay for summer camp.我需要些付夏令營的錢 pay for意為“付款買for后跟名詞.pay+錢+for sth

20、.句型表“花錢購置某物易混辨析：pay for ,spend ,cost, take這四個(gè)詞都含有花費(fèi)之意,區(qū)別.(1) pay for: (pay paid paid )付錢,支付；為付出代價(jià)She paid for her medicine and went out.她付了買藥的錢就出去了.sb.pay money for sth.某人為某物付款多少錢I paid three hundred yuan for my new bike. sb.(2) spend money on/doing sth.某人花費(fèi)多少錢在某物上I spent 300 yuan on/buying my new b

21、ike.(3) sth. cost sb. some money某物花費(fèi)某多少錢 My new bike cost me 300 yuan.(4) It takes sb. to do It takes me three hours to finish my homework.16. Everyone else in my class was invited except me除了我以外,我們班其他別的人都接到了邀請(qǐng)(信)(1)此句中else一詞不能單獨(dú)使用它必須跟在不定代詞像someone, anyone nobody等詞的后面,或跟在特殊疑問詞像“ what, where等詞的后面使用意思

22、是“別的eg. What else do you know about it? 關(guān)于此事你還知道什么別的方面(2) except介詞 “除.之外She works very hard every day except Sunday. 除星期天夕卜,她每天者B努力工作.Everyone except Jim was able to answer this question.除了吉姆夕卜,大家者B能答復(fù)這個(gè)問題.(3) Besides 除之外還有“相當(dāng)于 including ,其后面的事物包括在前面的內(nèi)容之中.There are four people in the room besides th

23、e teacher.除了老房間里還四個(gè)人.(包括老共五人)All the people are in the room except the teacher.除了老師以外,所有人都在房間.(老師不在房間里)17. My friend wears the same clothes and has the same haicut as I do.我朋友穿著和我一樣的服裝,留著和我一樣的發(fā)型.the same as.與相同The clothes are the same as my friends. 這些衣服與我朋友的樣.Tom is the same age as Anna三 Tom is as

24、old as Anna. 湯姆和安娜一樣大.Her backpack is the same as mine. 她的背包與我的一樣.18. You left your homework at home.你把你的作業(yè)落在家里了. leave的用法：（1） . leave (離開；退出),Leave for 前往.通常用于以下短語中：leave some place (離開某地),leave for some place (離開至U某地),leave school (退學(xué)). 如： My grandfather has left for Beijing already.我祖父已經(jīng)離開去北京了.Af

25、ter another six months , all of us will leave school.再過六個(gè)月后,我們所有人都將畢業(yè)了.（2） . leave (遺留；遺忘).通常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)中：leave sth / sb at home 把某物遺忘在家；把某人留在家,leave sth / sb behind 留下；遺落.如：I left my English book at home once more.我又一次把英語書遺落在家里.The little baby was left at home.那小孩被留在家里.（3） . leave 留??；留言.常用于以下短語： leave w

26、ord 留信息,leave a message 留言；留口信.如： Sorry, John isnt in , please leave a messageW起,約翰不在家,請(qǐng)留個(gè)口信吧.（4） . leave 準(zhǔn)假；休假；假期.常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：ask for a leave 請(qǐng)假,a sick leave of 病假等.如：His mother was ill , so he asked for a leave他母親病了,因此他請(qǐng)假了.19. I m very upset and don t know what to do.我很沮喪,不知該干什么.句中what to do是不定式作know的

27、賓語,可用賓語從句來代替.可以說成 I don t know what I should do. what to do是由引導(dǎo)詞加不定式構(gòu)成的賓語. 疑問代詞what,which,whom或疑問副詞how,when,where可加一 個(gè)不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句中作賓語.I don t know how to do it.Do you know where to meet?I can t decide which watch to buy.He didn t tell me when to go.語法重點(diǎn)：一般將來時(shí)態(tài)含義：表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)

28、作.I will go to my hometown next month. 下個(gè)月我要回故土去.Next September we will be in Grade 3.明年九月我們將進(jìn)入三年級(jí)了.We will come to see you every Sunday.我們每個(gè)星期天都將會(huì)來.初中階段主要掌握它的三種形式：will, be going to, be doingl肯定句：will do否認(rèn)句： will not do/won t do 一般疑問句：Will+主語+do特殊疑問句：疑問詞 + Will+主語+doI縮略形式：will在主語后可簡略為ll.1. will句式構(gòu)成：

29、由助動(dòng)詞 will+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語,People will have robots in a few years.People (will not/wont) have robots in a few years.Will people have robots in a few years?What will people have in a few years?否認(rèn)形式 will not縮寫為wont o2. 一般將來時(shí)be going to結(jié)構(gòu)的用法.1 . be going to是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu),它后面要接動(dòng)詞原形,用來表示按方案或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,有時(shí)也可以表 示推測將要或肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的

30、動(dòng)作,有 準(zhǔn)備；打算的意思.含有be going to結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中往往有表示將來的 時(shí)間狀語.例如：We are going to have a class meeting this afternoon.今天下午我們打算開班會(huì). 安排Look at the black clouds. Its going to rain.看那些烏云,快要下雨了.推測2 .be going to +動(dòng)詞原形的句式變化： 肯定句：主語+ be going to+動(dòng)詞原形 +其他.He is going to watch TV this evening. 否認(rèn)句： 在 be 后力口 not.He is not goi

31、ng to watch TV this evening.一般疑問句：將 be 動(dòng)詞提于句首.Is he going to watch TV this evening? Yes, he is. No, he isnt. 特殊疑問句：疑問詞+ 一般疑問句句序？ When is he going to watch TV?3. 用be doing表示將來：主要意義是表示按方案、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常用于位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞如go, come, leave, begin, start,begin, meet, arrive等的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表達(dá)將來時(shí).He is leaving for Beijing.他將要

32、離開去北京.She is coming back soon. 她很快就回來.這種用法通常帶有表示將來的時(shí)間狀語,如果不帶時(shí)間狀語,那么根據(jù)上下文表示最近即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.A: Where are you going?B: I am going for a walk. Are you coming with me?A: Yes, I am just coming. Wait for me.4. be going to 跟 will 區(qū)別：表示主語打算、方案最近或?qū)碜瞿呈?這種打算、方案往往是事先考慮好的.Tom is going to learn Chinese next year.湯姆準(zhǔn)備明年

33、學(xué)中文.表示說話人根據(jù)已有的跡象認(rèn)為可能即將發(fā)生某事.Look at the black clouds! Its going to rain.看那些烏云,馬上就要下雨啦.will常純粹表示將來,有時(shí)也常表 意愿的色彩.I will help him with his English. 我將會(huì)幫助他學(xué)英語.帶意愿色彩I will be fifteen years old next month.下個(gè)月我將十五歲.純粹將來5. will和be going to可用于There be結(jié)構(gòu)中,表達(dá)將有 There is going to be a football match on Sunday aft

34、ernoon. 星期天下午將有一場足球賽.There will be a football match on Sunday afternoon. 星期天下午斗各有場足球賽二.重點(diǎn)語法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一幾個(gè)常見情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別與用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有 can, may, might, could, would and should 等.Might ,could ,would, should 四個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞既是 may, can, will, shall的過去時(shí),又不表示過去時(shí),而是情態(tài)動(dòng) 詞,要同實(shí)義動(dòng)詞連用,常用的還有 must ,needn t, can t. might表示小于50%的可能性,could 表

35、示 一種客氣的請(qǐng)求,would表示有禮貌的邀請(qǐng),should表示應(yīng)當(dāng),應(yīng)該.二情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 should和could的用法： should的用法：should是shall的過去式形式,構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)時(shí)態(tài).用做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),意為“應(yīng)該；應(yīng)當(dāng).should用做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化.should主要有以下用法：A.表示“義務(wù)或責(zé)任,意為“應(yīng)該.例如：We should be strict in all our work.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)于一切職守.You should keep your promise.你應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守諾言.B.表示可能性或推測,意為“可能,該.如：He should arrive soon

36、.他可能很快至U達(dá).C.表示建議、命令、要求等,意為“應(yīng)該,必須.例如：We should complete our test in time.我們應(yīng)按時(shí)完成試驗(yàn).He should finish his work before he goes home.他應(yīng)該做完工作再回家. could的用法could是can的過去式形式,使用時(shí),它也沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,可以用在主語是所有人稱的情況下.could的主要用法如下：A.表示水平,意為：能；會(huì).例如：He can ride a bike now, but he couldn t a few weeks ago.他現(xiàn)在能騎自行車了,但幾星期前他不會(huì)

37、.A poor boy like me couldn t go to school.像我這樣的窮孩子上不了學(xué).When my father was young he could run fast.我父親年輕時(shí)能跑得很快.B.表示可能性,意為：可能.用于否認(rèn)句中.例如:He said he couldn t arrive before 6 o clock.他說他不能在六點(diǎn)前到達(dá).C.表示推測,意為：可能.例如：It could rain tomorrow.明天可能要下雨.D.表示建議或娣轉(zhuǎn)的語氣,意為:能,可以.例如：Could you tell us whether you go skatin

38、g in winter?請(qǐng)問冬天你滑冰嗎?Could you help lift the steel plate? 你能幫助抬起這塊鋼板嗎？Unit1-2綜合練習(xí)、單項(xiàng)選擇()1.He is happy that he in a tall apartment next year.A. liveB. livesC. will liveD. will living()2. -Will there be more people in 100 year? ,I hope.,t.pollution.A. No, there isn tB. No, there aren C. No, there won

39、tD. No, they won ()3. Do you like the city life or the country life?It s hard to say. In the city there is interesting, but in the country there is A. less; moreB. more; lessC. more; fewerD. much; much()4.My life will be better than it is now.A. a lotB. a lot ofC. a fewD. more( )5.I predict he will

40、be an engineerten years because he is so interested in making thingsA. inB. afterC. laterD.for()6.Itthat everyoneto laugh.A. seems; lovesB. seem; loveC. seems; loveD.seem; loves()7.Margotcomputer science last year.A. studiesB. studiedC. will studyD. is studying()8.In AD 20 000,whatthe world be like?

41、A. isB. willC. wasD.are()9.There ismeat butcakes on the plate. Please have one.A. a little; a fewB. a few; a littleC. few; littleD.little; a few( )10.I was bad at English last term, I will try my best to learn it.A. from then onB. from last termC. from onD.from now on()11.I think that China will win

42、 the World Cup one day.I. The Chinese team is becoming stronger and stronger.A. agreeB. disagreeC. don t agreeD.think()12.I will have many different.A. kinds of goldfishesB. kind of goldfishesC. kind of goldfishD. kinds of goldfish( )13.Every day he makes meearly andin the morning.A. to get up; runB

43、. get up; to runC. to get up; to runD. get up; run( )14.My parents want meat home every nightA. stayB. stayingC. to stayD.staies()15.I arguemy best friend yesterday.A. withB. atC. aboutD.for()16.My friend is angry with me . What should Ito him ?A . sayB. speakC. argueD.talk()17.He could do nothing e

44、xceptTV .A. watchB. watchesC. watchingD.will watch( )18.Pleasewho broke the window .A. find outB. findC. look forD.look out()19. Maybe he put it in his pocket ,he ?A. doesB. doesn tC. didD.didn t( )20.Please show me the ticket the concertA. ofB. aboutC. toD .on( )21.I need to get some money to the s

45、ummer camp .A . pay onB. pay in()22. I it everywhere , but I didnA . looked for , looked forC. found , looked forC. pay withD. pay for it . tB. looked for , findD. find , look for()23.Our teacher often tells us to the old politely .A. speakB .speakingC. to speak D. speak in()24.I really don t know.C

46、. what doesA. what should I doB. what to doD. what doing( )25.-1 can t learn English we- You could get a tutor to your home.A.to go、完形填空(10)B. goC. goingD. goesA generous gap(代溝)has become a serious problem. I read a 26 about it in the newspaper. Some children have killed themselves after they 27 wi

47、th parents. I think this is because they don often have a talk with each other. Parents now 28 more time in the office, 29 they don t have much time to stay with their children. As times passes, they both feel that they don; 30ivettliiBc(題目)to talk about. I want to tell parents to be more with your

48、31 ,get to know them and 32 them. And for children, show your 33 to your parents. They are the people who love you.So34 them your thoughts.35 this way, youwould have a better understanding of each other.()26.A. messageB. callC. reportD. letter()27. A. talkB. argueC. fightD. play()28. A. spendB. stay

49、C. workD. have()29. A. becauseB. ifC. butD. so()30. A. interestingB. sameC. trueD.good()31. A. businessB. childrenC. workD. office()32. A. get on well withB. look afterC. watchD. love()33. A. interestB. secretC. troubleD. feelings()34. A. tellB. askC. answerD. say()35. A. WithB. OnC. ByD. In三、,閱讀理解(

50、20)ASwimming is very popular in summer. People like swimming in summer because water makes them feel cool. If you swim in a wrong place, it may not be safe. These years, more than ten people died in this city while they were enjoying in the water and most of them were students. But some people are s

51、till not careful in swimming. They often think they swim so well that nothing can h appen to them in water. Summer is here again. If you go swimming, don t forget tswimmers have died in water. They died because they were not careful, not because they were not good at swimming. So don t get into wate

52、r when you are alone. If there is a“No swimming sign, don t get into water, eithall this, swimming will be safer.判斷正誤.T表示正確.F表示錯(cuò)誤( )36. Swimming is a very safe sport.( )37. We shouldn t swim in some wrong places.()38. Only students died in water.( )39. If you are good at swimming, you will not died

53、in water.( )40. If we often practice swimming, we will be safer.sleep at night, but most Chinese students dExpert專家say that students usually need eight to ten hours enough sleep. Some Chinese parents are usually glad to see their children studying late. They will think their children work very hard,

54、 but not all parents are happy about this. Once a mother told us tat every morning her 10-year-old boy put up one finger 手指with his eyes still closed, begging 請(qǐng)求for one more minute to sleep. Like thousands of students“early birds in China, he has to get up before six every morning.A report shows tha

55、t without a good night sleep, students seem to be weaker 虛弱than they should be. Many students have fallen asleep during class at one time or another. Too much homework is not the only reason why students stay up late. Some watch TV or play the computer games late into the night.Experts have ever said that the students should develop good study habits. So some clever students never study last, they are able to work well in class.41. The 10-year-old boy begged fo